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Simple tissues are made up of only one type of cells, which look like each other. On the other hand, complex tissues are made up of more than one type of cells. Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma are examples of simple plant tissue, whereas xylem and phloem are examples of a complex tissue. Simple tissues are protective and supportive in function. Complex tissues conduct water, minerals, and nutrients from roots and leaves to different parts of the plant.

Simple: Parenchyma and Collenchyma 

Complex: Xylem and Phloem.

(a) Dry apricots when left in pure water, will gain water due to endosmosis, and swell. When placed in a concentrated sugar solution, they lose water due to exosmosis and will shrink.

(b) If an RBC is kept in concentrated saline solution, it will lose water and shrink.

(c) Boiling of Rheo leaves in water kills the cells in the plasma membrane. When a drop of sugar syrup is put on it, the process of plasmolysis will not occur, because only the living cells can absorb water by osmosis, dead cells are not able to do so.

(d) If plasma membrane of a cell breaks down:

(i) Shapes of the cell will be affected.

(ii) Cell components of that cell may get damaged.

(iii) Harmful substances may enter the cell.

(iv) Useful substances may flow out of the cell.

(e) If the Golgi apparatus is removed from the cell:

(i) Secretion process of the cell will be stopped.

(ii) Packaging and transportation of useful material will be stopped.

(iii) There will be no formation and repair of broken membranes, lysosomes, plasma membrane etc. No removal of dead cell components will take place.

(iv) Acrosome formation in sperms will not take place, so it will not be able to enter the egg.

The answer is (B) Similar in origin, structure, and function.

The answer is (A) Chiasmata

The answer is (B) Metaphase

This is because centromere does not divide at Metaphase-I.

The longest stage of the first meiotic division is prophase.

Interphase is stage of cell division, DNA contents get doubled

Mitosis is significant because it produces identical cells.

Lysosomes are tiny vesicles, each of which is surrounded by a single membrane and contains enzymes, which are capable of breaking down all sort of organic materials. They are called the ‘suicide bags’ of the cell, as they contain hydrolytic enzymes which can digest incoming food materials; remove the foreign bodies, toxic molecules, and debris; breakdown wore out cells and cell organelles to component molecules, for building the new organelles and cells.

Centrioles structure of animal cells forms the asters of the spindle

Centromere: Chromosomes are mostly of the same length and thickness, but at one or more places they are constructed. These places are known as primary constrictions or centromere. Usually, one chromosome possesses only one centromere, but some of them may have more than one centromere. 

Centriole: It is a cell organelle of animal cells. It takes part in the spindle formation, during nuclear division. Each animal cell normally possesses a pair of centrioles, lying with their axes at right angles to each other. 

Charismata: Charismata is the region on homologous chromatids where the exchange of genetic material (crossing over) takes place.

The answer is (C) Meiosis

The answer is (B) Centromere

The answer is (B) S phase

The division of cytoplasm occurs after karyokinesis in the cytokinesis phase of mitosis.

The answer is (C) Synthesis period

Anaphasic movement: In Anaphase, centromere splits into two as a result of which each chromosome separates into two sister chromatids. These sister chromatids or daughter chromosomes move towards the opposite poles. This movement is due to repulsion between the centromeres and contraction of the spindle fibres. This movement is known as Anaphasic movement.

The answer is (A) 4

The significance of Meiosis. 

1. Due to this division, the gametes formed are haploid. Hence, meiosis is an important and essential part of the life history of living beings. 

2. During fertilisation, the gametes on fusion form diploid zygote. Thus the original number of chromosomes in somatic cells is restored. 

3. New characters are introduced in the new generation due to crossing over of the genes. 

4. Due to changes in parental characters, variations occur, which are necessary for the evolution process.

All living organisms are made up of cells. Thus, the cell is the structural unit of life. Each living cell has the capacity to perform certain basic functions, that are characteristics of all living forms. Each cell acquired distinct structure and function, due to the organisation of its membrane and cytoplasmic organelles in a specific way. Each kind of cell organelle performs a special function, such as making new materials in the cell (e.g. chloroplast, ribosomes), clearing up the waste materials from the cells (e.g. lysosomes), utilisation of oxygen, oxidation of food and energy production (e.g. mitochondria), movement (microtubules containing spindle, cilia flagella), etc. A cell is able to live and perform all its functions because of these organelles. These organelles together constitute the basic unit called ‘cell’.

Parenchyma is a simple permanent tissue of angiospermic plants. It is present in cortex and pith of stem and roots. It is also present in the mesophyll of leaves.

Plasma membrane allows movement of only selected molecules across it, so it is called selectively permeable membrane. For instance, it permits the entry of gases through diffusion and water through osmosis. Larger molecules may pass through the plasma membrane by an active process. The plasma membrane is impermeable to certain other materials. Therefore, it is selectively permeable.

Mast cells are oval-shaped cells of areolar connective tissue, having dense granules in their cytoplasm. These secrete matrix of connective tissue, heparin and histamine.

The plasma membrane is made up of proteins and lipids.

The answer is (A) growth in thickness

426 में 4 का स्थानीय मान = 400

(क) 750 > 39

(ख) 31 < 850

(ग) 50 = 50

(ङ) 16 > 4

(च) 950 > 300

(छ) 116 = 116

(13/14)⁵ ÷ (13/14)² = (13/14)³

We know that,

For any non-zero integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ and whole numbers m and n,

a^m ÷ aⁿ = a^m–n , m>n

Therefore, (13/14)⁵ ÷ (13/14)²= (13/14)^{5 – 2}

= (13/14)³

1 lakh = 10⁵

Any number can be expressed as a decimal number between 1.0 and 10.0 (including 1.0) multiplied by a power of 10. Such form of a number is called its standard form or scientific notation.

1 lakh = 1,00,000

= 10⁵

(b) 2

2⁶ = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2

= 64

8² = 8 × 8 = 64

(c) minimum point AVC

Correct answer is (a) P = AVC

(-2)³¹ × (-2)¹³ = (-2)⁴⁴

For any non-zero integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ and whole numbers m and n,

a^m × aⁿ = a^m+n

(-2)³¹ × (-2)¹³ = (-2)^{31 + 13}

= -2⁴⁴

(b) total revenue

A bookseller sold 40 books with a price of Rs.10 each. The total revenue of the seller is Rs. 400.

(-3)⁸ ÷ (-3)⁵ = (-3)³

For any non-zero integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ and whole numbers m and n,

a^m ÷ aⁿ = a^m–n , m>n

(-3)⁸ ÷ (-3)⁵ = (-3)^8-3

= -3³

340900000 = 3.409 × 10⁸

= (340900000/100000000) × 100000000

= 3.409 × 10⁸

1. A new and improved technique is discovered: increase market supply 

2. The price of fertilizers falls: increase market supply 

3. The government offers new tax concessions to farmers: increase market supply 

4. Bad weather affects the crops: decrease market supply

Price elasticity of supply (ES) = \(\frac{ΔQ}{ΔP}\times\frac{P}{Q}\) in the given situation,

Es = 1.25

ΔQ = ?

ΔP = 20

P = 10

Q = 4

Applying these values in formula,we get,

1.25 = \(\frac{ΔQ}{20}\times\frac{10}{4}\)

1.25 = \(\frac{10ΔQ}{80}\)

100 = 10ΔQ

ΔQ = \(\frac{100}{10}\) = 10

Since ΔQ = 10,Firm's new output = 4 + 10 = 14

Yes,

I do agree to the statement that a rm cannot make super normal profit in the long run under perfect competition. This is because; freedom of entry will prevent super normal profit in the long run. We first determine the firm’s profit maximizing output level when the market price is greater than or equal to the minimum (long run) AC. This done, we determine the rm’s profit maximizing output level when the market price is less than the minimum (long run) AC.

Case 1: Price greater than or equal to the minimum LRAC

Case 2: Price less than the minimum LRAC Combining cases 1 and 2, we reach an important conclusion. A rm’s long run supply curve is the rising part of the LRMC curve from and above the minimum LRAC together with zero output for all prices less than the minimum LRAC.

Factors determining the supply curve of a firm are : 

Technical progress

Input prices

Unit tax

(i) True 

(ii) True

Multiflier effect K = \(\frac{1}{1-MPC}=\frac{1}{1-80}\)

= \(\frac{1}{0.20}\) = 5

Total increase in income is K x 200 Crores

That is 5 x 200 Crores = 1,000 Crores

Total increase in income = 1,000 Crores

(i) Wrong. A perfectly competitive market deals with homogenous products 

(ii) Wrong. Each seller under perfect competition is a price taker. 

(iii) Wrong. A monopoly market is the market where there is only a single seller.

[(-1/4)¹⁶]² = (-1/4)³²

For any non-zero integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ and whole numbers m and n,

(a^m)ⁿ = a^mn

[(-1/4)¹⁶]² = (-1/4)^{(16 × 2)}

= (-1/4)³²

Equilibrium is determined by the condition, 

Qd = Qs. 

In this example, 

7000-500 p = 4000 +250 p 

7000-4000 = 250 p + 500 p 

3000 = 750 P

\(\therefore P = \frac{3000}{750} = 4\)

Therefore, the equilibrium price in the market is ₹ 4.

700 - 500P = 4000 + 250P

7000 - 4000 = 250 P + 500 PP

3000 = 750 P

\(\therefore P = \frac{3000}{750} = 4\)

Identify the formula of estimating average variable TVC/Q cost.

The costs of self-owned resources are termed as implicit cost.