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(d) All the above

(b) variable cost

The cost that remains constant at all levels of output is Fixed cost.

The cost per unit of output is denoted by average cost.

53700000 = 5.37 × 10⁷

= (53700000/10000000) × 10000000

= 5.37 × 10⁷

Any number can be expressed as a decimal number between 1.0 and 10.0 (including 1.0) multiplied by a power of 10. Such form of a number is called its standard form or scientific notation

(6/13)¹⁰ ÷ [(6/13)⁵]² = (6/13)⁰

In the given question first consider [(6/13)⁵]²

For any non-zero integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ and whole numbers m and n,

(a^m)ⁿ = a^mn

[(6/13)⁵]² = (6/13)^{(5 × 2)}

= (6/13)¹⁰

Then, (6/13)¹⁰ ÷ (6/13)¹⁰

For any non-zero integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ and whole numbers m and n,

a^m ÷ aⁿ = a^m–n , m>n

(6/13)¹⁰ ÷ (6/13)¹⁰ = (6/13)^{10 – 10}

= (6/13)⁰

The supply curve of the firm slopes upward from left to right indicating a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied. When there is technological progress, it will affect the supply. Now the firm will be in a position to produce and supply more output at the same price. Therefore the supply curve will shift towards the right side.

1. supply curves: 

S₁ Elastic supply 

S₂ Unitary elastic supply 

S₃ Inelastic supply 

2. Geometric method is applied here.

Equilibrium quantity is 4. At this level of output MC = MR & MC cuts MR from below.

1. Price = 8 

2. Price-taker, a firm has no influence on price determination under perfect competition. 

3. Equilibrium quantity is 3. At this level of output MC=MR. 

4. Firm is at no profit-no loss condition, i. e., he is at break even point.

This market represents a perfectly competitive market because in this market, P = AR = MR.

This market represents a monopoly market. In this market, AR and MR are different and AR > MR.

1. Perfect competition 

2. It is assumed that under perfect competition compared to the industry the share of each firm is meager. No firm can influence the market supply. So even if a firm doubles the quantity supplied the market supply will not change. The price remains the same. So the AR or the demand curve is horizontal.

In sex ratio, Tamil Nadu ranks Third.

Total outlay or the total expenditure method is one of the methods of measuring elasticity of demand. Under this method, we examine how the total expenditure or total outlay incurred on the good changes with a change in its price. Total outlay or total expenditure of a good is defined as the product of its price and the quantity demanded at that price. Algebraically,

Total outlay = Price × Quantity Demanded

There can be following three possible situations of total expenditure.

1. If with a rise (or fall) in the price of good, the total expenditure remains constant, then demand for the good is said to be unitary elastic i.e. |e_d|= 1.

2. If with a rise (or fall) in the price of a good, the total expenditure falls (or rises), then demand for the good is said to be greater than unitary elastic i.e. |e_d| > 1.

3. If with a rise (or fall) in the price of a good, the total expenditure rises (or falls), then demand for the good is said to be less than unitary elastic i.e. |e_d|< 1.

In health index, Tamil Nadu is ahead of Gujarat.

In India’s total cement production, Tamil Nadu ranks Third.

Population Growth in Tamil Nadu: At a glance (2011 census)

1. Sex Ratio (per 1000 males) District with highest: The Nilgiris (1041 females) Thanjavur (1031 females) Nagapattinam (1025 females)

2. Sex Ratio (per 1000 males) District with Lowest: Theni (900 females) Dharmapuri (946 females)

1. The Gross State Domestic Product refers to the total money value of all the goods and services produced annually in the state. 

2. Tamil Nadu is the second largest economy in India with a GSDP of $ 207.8 billion in 2016 – 2017 according to the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Tamil Nadu.

The Bhartiya Lok Dal was started in the year 1974

(b) International Decade of Women – 1975- 1998

1. Tamil Nadu has since ancient past been a hub for tourism. 

2. In recent years, the state has emerged as one of the leading tourist destinations for both domestic and foreign tourists. 

3. Tourism in Tamil Nadu is promoted by Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC), a Government of Tamil Nadu undertaking. 

4. The State currently ranks the highest among Indian States with about 25 crore arrivals (in 2013). Approximately 28 lakh foreign and 11 crore domestic tourists visit the State.

1. Tamil Nadu has three major ports; one each at Chennai, Ennore, and Tuticorin as well as one intermediate port in Nagapattinam, and 23 minor ports. 

2. All the minor portsare managed by the Tamil Nadu Maritime Board, Chennai Port. 

3. Ennore port was recently converted from an intermediate port to a major port and handles all the coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu.

Correct option: (a) loans from IMF, World bank, etc.

Correct option: (d) capital receipts and capital payments

wrong pair: (3) – c

Yes, I agree with this statement. 

Revenue Budget explains how revenue is generated by the government and how it is allocated among various expenditure heads.

Revenue receipts of government refers to income, which is received by government from all sources i.e., tax and non-tax revenue. These receipts do not create a liability. Revenue expenditure is the expenditure incurred for the normal running of government departments and various services.

They neither create any asset nor cause reduction in any liability of the government. E.g. expenditure on defence, police, medical public health, education, transport, etc.

(c) (1) – d, (2) – c, (3) – a, (4) – b

(i) Globalisation has a positive effect on Indian Society: (Debate 1^st side) 

• It’s a universal process.
• Transformation of the national economy into global economy. 
• The growing economic interdependence of the countries of the world. 
• Integration of the world economy, free trade.

(ii) Globalisation has a negative effect on Indian Society: (Debate 2^nd side)

• The role of the state, the public sector has been curtailed by privatisation. 
• An increasing number of young immigrations of the young technocrats to the developed countries, leaving behind the aging parents.
• There is an increase in the family discords and break up of more and more families and marriages. 
• The small-scale industries face stiff competition from the largescale industries and their multinational counterparts.

(a) (1) – c, (2) – d, (3) – b, (4) – a

saving the environment

Poverty is really called a curse. It is the cause of all social evils.There are lots of people in society. Who are unable to afford daily recessities of their life. They have hardly a square meal in their mouth. They live in slums and jhuggi it honparis. They lead a life of misery and distress.They easily commit many kind of crime. Poverty is also me main reason of poor healthy and early death. Poetry is really a curse.

• In democratic societies, collective voice on various issues like rights, welfare, and well-being of people has brought changes in society. 
• Social movements are collective actions of organised groups who have goals or a demand to change the existing system.
• For instance, during the women’s movement when various issues of consent like equal rights, education, women’s empowerment were raised they demanded a change in the existing system of authority. 
• The result of their protest brought various changes. The Constitution of India and Indian law laid down measures for the protection of women’s rights, all these have improved the position of women in present times. 
• So, when social concern is raised through social movement, it brings about changes in all aspects of society.

The study of environmental education has promoted pro-environmental behaviour which plays important role in solving the problem of the environment. It has increased concern about global and local environmental problems and issues.

Environmental education has created awareness about various environmental issues like how industrialisation and development have led to deforestation and after problems like various pollution, land sliding degradation that endangers our human life and society Above all it has made me release there is need to protect and preserve our environment.

It has helped me to engage in environmental activism like taking shorter showers, reducing private transport, etc. It has taught us how to use the present and future resources optimally to avoid further depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, etc.

Field trips and cleanliness drive camp has taught us to keep our surrounding clean and preserve our natural resources for future. Environmental education has promoted a sense of community involvement in me and has helped me to understand how nature works.

Yes, I agree with this statement.

Deficit budget is one where the estimated government expenditure is more than the l expected revenue.

Normally developing countries have deficit budget.

During depression, it is used as a stabilizing tool to control economic fluctuation. Recession occurs mainly due to lack of effective demand.

So increase in government expenditure tends to increase the income of people.

As a result, the aggregate demand increases, which will help in reducing unemployment and expanding the economic activities in the economy.

Therefore, for the period of depression deficit budget is prepared.

Yes, I agree with this statement. 

One of the important and major source of public revenue is the tax revenue. A tax is a compulsory payment made by the citizens of the country to the government without any direct quid pro-quo. It implies that a tax has to be paid by all people and it does not involve any corresponding obligation on the part of the government i.e., government need not repay anything. 

Taxes are of two types:

(1) Direct Tax 

(2) Indirect Tax.

Importance of Budget: 

Budget is important in number of ways.

• Tax rates presented in the budget indicates disposable income of the tax payer. It also determines the development of business and individuals.
• Government expenditure is also a part of budget. This public expenditure on defence, administration, infrastructure, education, health care, etc. affects the lives of the citizens and overall economy.
• Government uses budget as a medium for implementing economy policies in the country.
• Budgetary actions of the government affect production size and distribution of income, utilization of human and material resources of the country. Thus, implementing suitable budgetary policy is very important for overall development of the economy.

Gadgil and Guha have defined Environmental Movement as, “An organised social activity consciously directed towards promoting sustainable use of the natural resource, halting environmental degradation or bringing about environmental restoration.” The terms Green Movement, Conservation Movement are also used alternatively to refer to the Environmental Movement.

Environmental Movement, is centered around a genuine concern for the conservation and improvement of the habitat around us, more specifically the environment and civilization.

Environmental Movement as an organized social activity consciously directed towards promoting sustainable use of natural resources halting Environmental degradation or bringing about Environmental restoration.

Environmental Movement has utilized nonviolent ways to fight on issues like sustainable management of natural resources, protection of the Environment many movements are centered on ecology, tribal rights, human rights, ecofeminism, etc.

Environmental Movements are highly organised, its scope is wide ranges from being local to the global level.

The environmental movement surrounds issues related to ecology, health, human rights, tribal rights eco-feminism etc.

Harsh Sethi has presented five prominent categories of struggles associated with environmentalism, namely

• forest and forest resources 
• land use 
• water 
• anti-dam 
• against different types of pollution and marine resources.

Examples 

The Chipko Movement took place in 1973 in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand where villagers and women in large numbers hugged the trees where the contractors reached the villages to cut the tree. This was to protest against deforestation and save the forest. Narmada Bachao Andolan – When it was realised that the building of a dam would deprive local inhabitants of their livelihood and displace them, the need to mobilsed and protest against such a venture was felt. In 1985, the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) emerged as one of the powerful resistance movements under the leadership of Medha Patkar.

Yes, I agree with this statement. 

Surplus budget implies that government’s expected revenue is greater than government’s proposed expenditure. When there is too much inflation, the government can adopt the policy of surplus budget.

In order to curb inflation, government increases revenue by levying taxes on people. This reduces the disposable income of people and also consumption.

Since governments spending will be less than its income, aggregate demand will decrease and which will help to reduce the price and control inflation.

Prakash asked his teacher to permit him to come into the classroom. The teacher asked him why he was so late Prakash replied that he had missed the school bus and he had to walk all the way to school. The teacher again asked him why he had missed the school bus. He replied that he had woken up late. The teacher asked him not to be late once again. He advised him to go to bed early so that he would wake up early. Prakash replied that he wouldn’t be late once again. The teacher permitted him to enter the classroom and Prakash thanked his teacher.

In 1985, the Narmada Bachao Andolan emerged as one of the powerful movements under the leadership of Medha Patkar

No, I do not think that there is caste discrimination in our village.

1. He was a voracious reader.

2. His thirst was for books.

3. To buy books

4. In London

5. He was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee. .

1. Dolphins look like fish.

2. Dolphins come up to breathe air.

3. B) Warm blood

4. B) Fish

5. C) Dolphin babies drink their mother’s milk just like other animals.

Professor Mehta has presented economics as a purely practical science. In Mehta’s words, it would be appropriate to say that under pure science we study the general principles and under practical science, we study the appropriate principles in the framework provided. Since the subject matter in economics is the study of human behaviour, pure economics studies the principles governed by this behaviour. This topic of economics manages the study of human behaviour under the definite perspective of ‘sources are limited’. In practical economics, we see how these principles are applied in a particular area of human activities.

According to Mehta, under pure economics, we are more in the field of welfare, whereas under practical economics we are in the material field of world. Thus, it can be said that the brain plays a more important role under special economics. The study of practical economics is the ultimate goal and should be achieved.

It uses common principles and sees how to work under certain practical fields. Prof. Mehta has called the ultimate goal to be the achievement of wantlessness. Explaining the difference between pure and practical economics of Professor Mehta, it is said that the principles can be incorporated under pure economics, while rules are included under practical economics.

1. Lack of education

2. He decided to uplift the oppressed classes and remove caste barriers.

3. The Maharaja Sayajirao of Baroda

4. He completed his M.A. and Ph.D from Columbia University, the U.S.A.

5. His graduation in Political Science

1. In the year 2009-10, the total public expense was ? 10,24,487 crores.

2. The difference between public expense of 1991-92 and 2001-02 is ? 2,90,133 crore (3,62,450 – 72,317).

3. The year 2018-19 shows greater trend in public expense.

4. The given table shows that, there is a tremendous growth in the total public expense of the country over the period of time.

Correct option is (c) economic man

Deficit Budget: 

1. A deficit budget is one in which estimated expenditure exceeds estimated revenue. 

2. It leads to flow of money from government to the economy and increases aggregate demand. 

3. It is suitable for governments especially when the economy suffers from depression. 

4. The policy of deficit budget would lead to employment and revival of economic activities. 

5. Deficit budget is not desirable during inflation.

Surplus Budget:

1. A surplus budget is a budget in which estimated revenue are greater than estimated expenditures. 

2. It leads to flow of money from economy to government and lead to decrease in aggregate demand. 

3. It is suitable for individuals and families but not favoured for government. 

4. The policy of surplus budget would lead to unemployment and recession due to low investment.

5. Surplus budget is advocated during inflation to reduce demand and prices by imposing high taxes.

Revenue Expenditure (Budget):

1. Revenue expenditure of the government refers to expenses incurred on day-to-day functioning of the government.

2. It is recurring in nature as it is incurred regularly. 

3. E.g. administration cost, salary, allowances, pensions of the government employees, etc. 

4. It does not create any asset to government.

Capital Expenditure (Budget):

1. Capital expense of the government refers to expenses incurred for the development of a country. 

2. It is not recurring in nature as it does not incur regularly. 

3. E.g. investment in different developmental projects, loans granted to state government, repayment of loan, etc. 

4. It makes addition to the assets of the economy.

Public expenditure is an important aspect which is incurred by the public authority (central, state and local government). Public expenditure is required for the protection of the citizens of a country, for satisfying social needs or collective needs and for promoting social and economic welfare of the people in a country.

Classification of public expenditure is as under:

(1) Revenue expenditure : It is the expenditure of the government to carry out day-to-day functions. It is recurring in nature. It does not create any assets to government It consists of administrative expenditure, interest payment, pensions and salaries to government employees, etc.

(2) Capital expenditure : It refers to the expenditure of the government for the development of a country. It consists of huge investment in different developmental projects, repayment of government loans, investment on land, building, machines, etc. It is non-recurring in nature.

(3) Developmental expenditure : The expenditure which results in generation of employment and price stability, it is known as developmental expenditure.

It consists of expenditure on education, social welfare, industrial development, etc. It leads to an increase in production. It is s productive in nature.

(4) Non-developmental expenditure : It is that government expenditure which does not yield any direct productive impact on the economy. It is mainly in form of expenses on administration costs, war expenses, etc. It is unproductive in nature. It is observed that, since last 30 years, there is a tremendous growth in the total public expenditure of a country because modern government performs many functions for the social and economic development of a country.