Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

On every birthday, we should joyfully count our age by friends and not by the years that pass.

We should not remember the dark clouds at all.

According to the poet, we should count our garden by the flowers in it

A friend is a gift from God. Someone who is by our side through happy and sad times, through our smiles and tears. A friend’s worth can be measured when he/ . she displays the values of love and care and never leaves our side when we are in distress and helps us in every way he/she can

A journey can teach us so much. As we travel, we see various sights and scenes which encourages to think, learn and understand… A journey is worth the effort if it is interesting, educative and enriching.

The above line means that there will be happy times and sad times in our lives. We should count our blessings by the happy times and not those which moved us to tears.

A sports event provides us different/varied experiences. It sometimes brings forth our competitive spirit. We witness joy in victory and sorrow in loss. We learn to be humble in victory and take defeat with a smile. We learn to give our best. The worth of a sports event can be measured by the enjoyment it provides and the lessons it imparts.

A book is a storehouse of information. It helps us to know the meanings of difficult words. It tells us interesting things and provides us happiness. It is an ideal companion/friend especially when we are lonely. A book’s worth can be measured on the basis of the knowledge it has and the joy it provides

According to Borges, books will never disappear.

According to Borges, of the many inventions of man, the telephone is the extension of our voice.

(b) he was educated in his father’s library too.

Because hundreds of biochemical reactions occur during preparation of DNA copies. Few of them are liable to run and form a different product and hence they are not identical to the original. Thus, this gives rise to variations.

1. Parents’ help 

2. Teacher’s guidance 

3. Loyal friends 

4. Our inner strength (confidence) 

5. Faith in God.

According to Borges, poetry is magical, mysterious and unexplainable.

According to Borges, Bernard Shaw quoted that every book worth being re-read has been written by the spirit.

According to Borges, his mother was an extraordinary person.

Borges always remembers Emily Dickinson’s line in a poem.

In his interview, Borges mentions ‘The Odyssey’ written by Homer.

1. They are made of Karstic limestone.

2. At a height of 705 metres above the sea level

3. The echo of shouts of visitors

4. Chilly

5. Handicrafts made with bamboos, spices collected from forests and products of their farming, etc.

Precise words.

but; and; Therefore; If.

(c)  Goethe.

परमाणु विस्फोट, सड़क तथा औद्योगिक दुर्घटनाएँ, आग, विषैली गैस का रिसाव, सामुदायिक दंगे आदि मानवजनित आपदाएँ हैं।

(क) भगदड़ एक प्राकृतिक आपदा है। (✗)
(ख) भूकम्प की तीव्रता रिक्टर मापक पर नापी जाती है। (✓)
(ग) भारत में चक्रवात को विली-विली कहते हैं। (✗)
(घ) तापलहर मानवजनित आपदा है। (✗)

सही विकल्प है (क) प्रधानमंत्री

In physical geography, the earth’s – level surface structures, (Land forms), oceans and seas, biosphere and atmosphere is included in the subject matter of study.

Geography is a wide – domain science whose study area is very extensive. Everything that is visible on the earth’s surface is included in the subject matter of geography. Geography is like a tree in which there are innumerable branches which are related to different facts. But physical geography is the very foundation of all the branches of geography.

The existence of geography remains intact due to physical geography. Without a physical environment, it is not possible to imagine geography. The branches of the geography tree study each aspect of human activity. Direct relationship of all these human actions is given stability in the form of a geography tree by physical geography.

Study is done in the form of physical geography of various terrestrial forms, seas and oceans, biosphere and atmosphere. According to all these, the activities of human beings are accomplished. Physical geography is the synthesized study of many land sciences. Physical geography encompasses all human and social sciences and their branches.

It is not possible to imagine geography without physical geography, as without the roots, the trunk and branches cannot be imagined. Physical geography was developed along with the origin of the earth. Therefore the history of physical geography is very old as is geography. Geography and physical geography both complement each other.

Earth is studied primarily in physical geography and geography is also related to earth. The physical geography is detailed and comprehensive in relationship. Physical geography involves the study of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. All these components have now become a huge branch of geography, in which the branches have developed in the form of many subjects of science.

Analytical study of the distribution, format and interconnection of physical and biological environment is done under physical geography. It provides information about various components of physical and biological environment and their interaction. It plays its role in the same way as the root of the tree is sure to grow and strengthen the tree.

In the same way, by the growth and development of physical geography, the geography tree has been developed more strong. It can be said in general, that geography without physical geography has no existence of its own. Physical geography is the cornerstone of geography.

Geography is the inclusive study of physical and human activities. The arrival of humans on the earth’s surface is the most recent. Human birth occurred about 2 million years ago on earth. Humans have also made adjustments with physical. conditions during their development. But as the human has used modern techniques and various methods such as aerial survey, remote sensing technique, communication revolution, modern computer etc., the definition of development has changed along with the spread of modernity and technology.

The surface of the earth having undergone many changes over time, is very complex and varied, due to which modern research in geography and efforts for better survival on the earth are also deeply related to the, subject. With increased human focus on geographical topics, the spread of human geography and, related branches has increased manifold. Due to this, physical geography has gone a little bit in the background. Geography is the science of earth’s surface.

In this, the surface of a place and its various characteristics, description and local relations are studied in context to the human world. Earth is the cornerstone of geography on which all physical and human phenomena and actions are accomplished. After 1975, geography has emerged as a scientific study of the Earth’s surface. After this, the humanistic perspective in geography was developed continuously and it transformed into the science of human – oriented geographic interpretations.

Since 1990, geographical knowledge began to be used in the implementation of social, cultural, economic, political sectors and public policies. This made geography more practical and useful for the society and it is currently seen in the form of a human welfare science.

Due to today’s human intervention, due to human interaction with physical geography and due to the human involvement in geography, the dominance of human geography is gradually increasing. Many sub – branches have emerged from human geography according to human needs. In a nutshell, it can be said that in the present age of modern and technological development, the nature of human influence is seen, which reflects the nature of human – centered geography.

एड्स सामान्यतया संक्रमित रक्त के संचरण के द्वारा फैलता है। इसके अतिरिक्त यह एच०आई० वी० वायरस संक्रमित सूइयों के प्रयोग, संक्रमित माती से उनके गर्भस्थ शिशु में तथा नशीली दवाइयों का सामूहिक सेवन के लिए प्रयुक्त एक ही सूई व सिरिंज द्वारा भी फैलता है।

एड्स से बचने के उपाय

1. इंजेक्शन लगाने के लिए विसंक्रमित तथा नई सूइयों का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।

2. रक्त चढ़ाने से पूर्व उसकी जाँच अवश्य करवानी चाहिए।

3. नशीली दवाओं के सेवन से बचना चाहिए।

4. एड्स की जानकारी ही इसके बचाव का सबसे अच्छा उपाय है।

According to Lobeck, the study of the interrelationship between the organism and its physical environment is the subject matter of geography.

Importance of physical geography: Under physical geography, the study of earth, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere is included. At present, physical geography is evolving as a topic related to the assessment and management of natural resources. Understanding the relationship between physical environment and human beings is essential to fulfill this objective.

Physical environment provides various resources and ensures the economic and cultural development of human beings by their proper utilization of these resources. Increasing use of technology has created ecological disturbances throughout the world. Therefore, knowledge of the physical environment is vital for sustained growth, which demonstrates the importance of physical geography.

Intra – disciplinary science means a study domain which includes various pure sciences. The topic of study of Geography is the earth’s crust, and to fully understand it, interdisciplinary subjects including many branches of science and humanities are also studied. Geography is also described as an inter – disciplinary science as it involves the study of many fields such as physics, chemistry, sociology, economics, etc.

Human geography is the name of an important branch of geography. This science performs the inter – analytical study of human activities. For this reason, many of its subheads have emerged over time. These branches mainly include economic geography, agricultural geography, resource geography, industrial geography, transport geography, population geography, domicile geography, urban geography, rural geography, political geography, military geography, historical geography, plant geography, animal geography, social geography, cultural geography, regional planning and remote sensing and GIS, etc.

1. Trichoderma is an effective biocontrol agent against soil borne fungal plant pathogens. 

2. It is a free-living fungus found in the root ecosystem (rhizosphere). 

3. It produces substances like viridin, gliotoxin, gliovirin, etc. that inhibit the soil borne pathogens which infect root and rhizomes to cause rot disease.

1. Bacteria, fungi and insects which kill the dicot herbs which acts as weeds in the fields of monocot cereal crops, are known as bioherbicides. 

2. Pseudomonas spp. and Xanthomonas spp. kill several weeds. 

3. Fungus Alternaria crassa controls water hyacinth.

(C) Salmonella typhi

Typhoid 

• It is caused by pathogenic bacterium Salmonella typhi. 

• It is spread by contaminated food and water. 

• It generally enters the small intestine and then migrates to other organs through blood. 

• Typhoid fever can be confirmed by Widal test. 

• Mary Mallon, called Typhoid Mary, was a cook and a typhoid carrier who continued to spread the disease for several years through the food prepared by her, before it was discovered. 

Symptoms 

a. Constant high fever (39°C to 40°C) 

b. Weakness 

c. Stomach pain 

d. Loss of appetite 

e. Constipation 

f. Headache 

g. Intestinal perforation and death may occur in severe cases.

(a) Salmonella typhi is a pathogenic bacterium that causes typhoid fever in human beings. 

(b) Typhoid fever could be confirmed by a Widal test. 

(c) The pathogens generally enter the small intestine through food and water contaminated with them and migrate to other organs through blood. Symptoms: Sustained high fever (39^o- 40^oC) weakness, stomach pain, constipation headache and loss of appetite are some of the common symptoms of this disease. Intestinal perforation and death may occur in severe cases. Mainly this disease attacks the alimentary canal and brain.

DNA fingerprinting technique is widely used in forensic applications such as identifying the – culprit. It is also used for paternity testing in case of disputes. It also helps in the study of genetic diversity of population, evolution and speciation.

(a) Foreign DNA in all its cell

Embryonic stem cell and Adult stem cell or somatic stem cell, are the two types of stem cells.

Mendel’s three laws of inheritance are as follows:

1. Law of Dominance
2. Law of Segregation
3. Law of Independent Assortment.

When the ovary directly develops into fruit without fertilization, this is called parthenocarpy. Fruits develop in such a way that they do not contain seed. Example: banana, grapes etc.

Jasmine, banana, rose etc. reproduce without seeds.

Curry leaf, Coriander etc. can reproduce by both means.

1. All plants do not reproduce in the same way. Given below the plants and their parts which can reproduce. 

2. Vegetative reproduction in some plants.

In our garden we grow plants like rose, hibiscus, and jasmine by cutting a small branch and planting them in the soil.

IT plays a vital role in the field of environment education. IT means collection, processing, storage and dissemination of information. The internet facilities, information through satellites, www and geographical information provides up to date information on various aspects of environment, weather.

Application of computers in the field of Environment & human health:

1.Unknown parameters can be stimulated by computer techniques .

2.EIA(Environmental Impact Assessment) problems can be analyzed

3.Inventories of emission sources are compiled and maintained

4.Net-work analysis, statistical analysis and the status of environmental pollutions can be high lighted

5.Comprehensive administrative system can be developed by using computer network techniques.

6.Remote sensing-Graphical Interface System are useful for coral reef mapping and ocean resources. They are also useful to access the loss of biodiversity/hot spots etc.

Family welfare programme was implemented by Govt. of India as a voluntary programme. It is a policy of growth covering human health, family welfare children and women’s right.

Objectives:

1.Slow down the population explosion by reducing fertility.

2.Pressure on the environment, due to over exploitation of natural resources is reduces.

Family planning Programme

If provides educational and clinical services that help couple to choose how many children to have and when to have them. Family planning programme provides information on birth spacing birth control and health care for pregnant woman and infants. It also reduced the number of legal and illegal abortions per year and decreased the risk of death from pregnancies.

Objectives:

1.Reduce infant mortality rate to below 30 / 1000 infants

2.Achieve 100% registration of births, deaths marriage and pregnancies.

3.Encourages late marriages and late child bearing.

4.Encourages breast feeding.

5.Enables to improve woman’s health education, employment.

6.Constrain the spnead & Aids / HIV.

7.Prevent and control of communical diseases.

Fertility control methods:

1.Traditional methods: It includes taboos and folks medicine.

2.Modern methods: It includes birth control techniques like mechanical barriers, surgical methods, chemical pills and physical barriers to implantation. More than 100 contraceptive methods are on trial.

Family planning programme in India:

1.In 1952 India started family planning programme.

2.In 1970 Indian govt. forced FP campain all the over country.

3.In 1978 govt. legally raized the minimum age of marriage for men from 18 to 21 and for women 15 to 18 years.

4.In 1981 census report showed there is no drop in population. Hence funding for FP programme has been increased.

According to first law of thermodynamics work can be completely converted into heat. Since the system comes back to the initial stage, the change in the internal energy is zero. in cyclic process, heat can flow in to system and heat flow out of the system. The net heat transferred to the system is equal to work done by the gas.

Q_net = Q_in = Q_out = W (for 3 cyclic process)