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Plane mirror, spherical mirrors, periscope, kaleidoscope.

Fermat Principle: Light selects the path which takes the least time to travel.

Correct option is C) Pierre de Fermat

Data : dy = 0.1 mm = 10^-2 cm, dv = 2 cm/s

The velocity gradient, \(\frac{dv}{dy}\) = \(\frac{2\,cm/s}{10^{-2}\,cm}\) = 200 s^-1

Correct option is (b) Formalisation.

Correct option is (b) To increase productivity.

Correct option is (a) Max Weber

Correct option is (b) Worker control of production.

Correct option is (c) Work specialisation.

(c) Jobs became too complex for workers to handle.

Correct option is (d) It rejects rational approaches to managing organizations

Correct option is (c) Striving to be a ‘first-class worker’

The celestial bodies revolving around the Sun in their fixed elliptical orbit, due to heat, disperse the substances and gases in the opposite direction of the Sun, due to which a tail is formed, such stars are called caudal stars or comets.

The first atomic material was formed under the initial three minutes of beginning of the the big bang.

The process of separation of materials of light and heavy density found in the Earth is called differentiation.

Layers called Crust, Mantle and Core are found when going from top to bottom in the internal structure of the Earth.

After 3 million years of the Big Bang incident, the temperature fell to 4200°C and atomic material was formed, due to which the universe became transparent.

Karl Weizascar considered the Sun surrounded by a solar nebula that was made mainly of hydrogen, helium and dust. The friction of these particles was thought to be the reason of the creation of the planets by a flat screen process.

Light year is a unit of astronomical distance equivalent to the distance which light travels in one year.

The Palaeozoic is divided into Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian Period

The presence of many substances is found in the internal structure of the earth. The three layers found in the earth are made up of a mixture of different substances. The formation of igneous rocks under the sea bottom is found in the construction of the upper layer (crust) of the Earth. In the continental plane, igneous and metamorphic rocks are found.

They mainly have the prominence of silica and aluminum. Also, acidic substances are found more. The layer of silica and magnesium substances is there in the lower layer of the crust,called sima in the intermediate section. In this, the alkaline substances are primarily found. The primacy of nickel and iron is mainly found in the inner most layers of the earth.

Earth’s geological history is divided into four elements, the third eclipse, the Cretaceous, the Jurassic, the Triassic, the Parmian, the Carboniferous, the Devonion, the Silurian, the Evolution of the Cambrian.

Edwin Hubble discovered the expansion of the universe.

Astronomer Fred Hoyle had rendered a steady state concept. According to this concept, the universe has remained the same at any time. Apart from this, he also collaborated with Little ton to present the novel concept. The burning of hydrogen in it led to the creation of heavy elements. Through the process of becoming a nova, the star’s light was told to grow millions more times than before.

The history of the earth is divided into four Eras: 

1. Cainozoic. 

2. Mesozoic. 

3. Palaeozoic. 

4. Pre Cambrian.

Life on earth has been possible because the earth is at such a distance from the sun that ideal solar energy is received on its. This type of condition is known as ‘Goldilocks Zone’. Where there is a certain distance from the Sun, the presence of water is found on the planet. Life has been possible due to availability of water and favorable atmospheric conditions. Scientists are engaged in discovering conditions like Goldilocks so that the ideal conditions for life can also be found on other planets similar elsewhere in the universe, to Earth.

There are eight planets of the Solar System – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Many rocky objects of small size are found between the orbits of planets Mars and Jupiter. These rocky bodies are called asteroids.

The universal principle regarding the origin of the universe is the ‘Big Bang Theory’. This is called the expanded Universe hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the universe is constantly expanding. Along with the passage of time, the distance between the galaxies is increasing. Scientists believe that the distance between the galaxies is constantly increasing. But the expansion of galaxies is not certified by observation.

The second name of the rocky circle is lithosphere.

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars that are near the Sun are called inner or terrestrial planets.

Initially, the earth was rocky, hot and barren, and its atmosphere was sparse, which was made of hydrogen and helium.

(d) at the center of the Earth

(c) at the third place

The main reason for terrestrial planets originating near the sun was excessive temperature due to which the gases did not condense.

According to some scholars, the origin of the Moon in the form of Earth’s satellite is the result of a major collision, which is called ‘The Big Splat’.

Correct Answer is : (c) Earth

(d) from Mercury to Mars

(b) 3 lakh km/sec

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune that are located away from the Sun are called outer or Jovian planets.

Such planets whose orbits are not circular or who take the orbit of any other planet and lack sufficient gravitational force, they are called dwarf planets.

Correct Answer is: (a) moon

Correct Answer is : (b) Saturn

Pluto is a celestial body which has no circular cell, it lacks enough gravitational force and it rotates in the orbit of another planet. Therefore, it has been declared a dwarf planet.

Correct Answer is : (c) 5

Planet is such a celestial body, which revolves around a massive star. 

For example: 8 planets revolving around the Sun in our solar system.

Indian philosophers classify matter in 5 types.

(c) the Jurassic era