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Romeo and Juliet happen to see each other for the first time in the hall where the dancers have gathered. The moment Romeo sets his eyes on Juliet, he is so charmed by her beauty that he stands apart and rapturously praises her beauty. It is night and the room is lit with torches. Romeo is overwhelmed by the beauty of Juliet and so he exclaims and says that Juliet is brighter than the blaze of the torches. Next, he compares Juliet to a jewelled earring hanging against the cheek of an African. He then praises her beauty likening Juliet to a white dove in the midst of a flock of crows.

He tells himself that he had never felt so much in love because he had never seen anyone truly beautiful like Juliet until that night. Romeo is so overwhelmed by her beauty that he tells himself that when that dance is over, he will watch her where she stands and will touch her hand and make his coarse hand blessed.

Juliet  is compared to a ‘snowy dove’.

Juliet  is compared to a ‘rich Jewel in an Ethiope’s ear’.

Subhash Chandra Bose was a great freedom fighter. He inspired Indians to give their blood and he would give him freedom But Gandhiji promised to give freedom without violence. Hindu, Muslims and Sikhs adored Subhas and called him ‘Netaji’.

As he was a good organiser he organized an army of about 75,000 men and women. He inspired them with intense patriotic fervour and desire to free their enslaved motherland. Subhash had a special regard for his Muslim countrymen and he said they are not different from us in any way, except that they go to pray in a mosque.

Bose was rebellious, as a student he organised a student strike to demonstrate against on English professor who had insultingly pushed away an Indian student. Though he was appointed as High executive his conscience would not allow him to serve the alien rulers. So he resigned and returned to India.

In his presidential address, he talked not only of freedom but also of reconstructions need of planning by setting up of planning commission and of gradual socialization of the entire agriculture and industrial system.

Subhash went to south-east Asia and organised the I.N. A to fight against British. He also took Gandhiji’s blessings and in a fought well, but when Japanese forces were withdrawn war went badly for them Nethaji was badly, burnt in a plane crash he was rushed to a hospital where died the same night. People refuse to believe that Nethaji is dead they are right, for martyrs never die.

Juliet expects Romeo to come in the night

While Launching the war against, the Imperial British army, Netaji went on air on July 6th, 1944 and sought Gandhiji’s blessings in the following words. ‘Father of our Nation, in this Holy war of India’s Liberation, we ask for your blessings and good wishes.”

After being cut into little stars, Romeo will make the face of heaven so fine that the world will stop paying attention to the sun.

Romeo compares Juliet to a white dove and the other ladies in the hall to a flock of crows.

Subhas was born at Cuttak, Odisha on January 23, 1897. His father JanakinathBose was a famous lawyer. Bose was a brilliant student. Some of his ancestors like Mahipati Bose and Gopalnath Bose held the offices of minister and naval commander under the Muslim CPC Honest Success series rulers of Bengal. He was brought up in touch with English people, English education and English culture.

Administrative field: Subhas made an impact on Congress that he was elected twice as President of INC in 1938 and 1939. In his presedential address, he talked not only of freedom but also of reconstruction, the need of planning by setting up planning commission and of gradual socialization of the entire agriculture and industrial system. He urged strongly to give an ultimate to the British government for complete “swaraj”.

Journalism: Bose’s intention was to bring awareness of polities of British as well as every indian to urge for the freedom. He found the latest media to reach the people through journals, newspapers After being released from the prison, he was appointed as the editor of party’s journal ‘Forward’. Bose became executive officer of Calcutta corporation and gained valuable experience of planning and practical administration.

Education field: Subhash joined Scottish Church College in Calcutta where he secured first class in B. A exam. Then he left for England to appear at ICS, he came fourth in order of merit. After having long discussions with Gandhi and C.R. Das he settled down as Principal which was later on resigned by him.

Statesmanship and war: Bose Believed that Gandhiji tactics of non-violence would .never be sufficient to secure India’s independence and advocated violent resistance He established a separate political party. All India forward Bolo and continued to fight for the full and immediate independence from British rule. This famous motto was “Give me blood and I will give you freedom At the outset of the war, he left India, traveling to Soviet Union, Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan seeking an alliance with each to attack British government in India.

Bose belonged to an educated and prosperous family. As he was very spiritual in nature, his quest for truth and the right ‘Guru’ had taken him to each and every comer of the country. At last he made up his”mind to follow Swami Vivekananda and Aurobindo Ghosh in the spiritual sphere and C.R.Das in politics.

To quote about Boss’s broad-mindedness. He had broad minded views on freedom and other social issues and his hungry soul was not satisfied with only text-books. He also said, though he has brought up from his childhood into touch with English people, English education and English culture. He went back again to our culture both classical and modem, shows his broad mindedness.

Subhas was a wonderful organiser. One of the example is he raised a modem army of about 75,000 men and women. He inspired them with intense patriotic fervour and a burning desire to free their enslaved motherland.

Vivekananda taught him the way to spiritual development. He also taught yogic exercise has to be supplemented by social service. Bose joined a group students who used to go to villages to bring relief to victims of epidemics like plague, cholera and small pox.

In the Presidency college, Calcutta, he organised a students strike to demonstrate against an English professor who had insultingly pushed away an Indian student for this, Bose was expelled from college.

Nethaji organised Indian National Army (I.N.A) to fight against the British. The Indians soldiers and civilians at once declared their allegiance to him and began to call him ‘Nethaji’. He gave them the inspiring call of ‘ Jai hind’ and “Dilli chalo”.

Bose has strong views and advocated total freedom. He traveled throughout the country to organize public opinion against the was effort. Bose went on hunger strike against the ill-treatment of prisoners inspiring Indian to wage was against British.

Bose preferred a life of trials and tribulations as a fighter for his country’s freedom. He was a doer as well as thinker, and a fighter who never submitted to defeat. In life, he was a natural leader of men who inspired immense devotion and loyalty.

Subhas promised his father .to take up ICS examination, and after a year he came out passing in merit. But his conscience did not allow him to serve the alien rulers even as a hight executive he resigned the job to sacrifice his life to serve the motherland.

When Britain was engaged world war, Bose traveled throughout the country to organize public opinion against the war effort. So he was arrested and went on hunger strike to protest against ill treatment of prisoners. He was ready to undergo sacrifice until he got justice.

Mahadji Shinde trained his army because the Marathas generally used the guerrilla tactics in 1 the hilly regions of the South. But would not be suitable in the plains of the North.

It was crystal clear that whoever will rule India will be ultimately decided by the war between the Marathas and the British.

(a) Punyashloka Ahilyabai ruled for twenty-eight years and enhanced the Maratha prestige in the North.

(b) She brought peace and order in her kingdom and made her people happy.

• Madhavrao Peshwa was conferred the title of Vakil-i-Mutlak by the Emperor. He was brave and an astute statesmen.
• After the Maratha defeat at Panipat, he played a major role in re-establishing the Maratha dominance and prestige in the Northern India.
• He realised that the guerilla tactics of Marathas would not be useful in the plains of the northern region.
• He trained his army under the French military expert de-Boigne and updated his artillery.
• With the help of his trained army, he subdued the Rohillas, Jats, Rajputs, Bundellas, etc.

After the death of Madhavrao Peshwa, the Maratha Empire went in a disarray, Nana Phadnavis and Mahadji Shinde brought it back to normal. Mahadji was busy in the North to establish the supremacy of Marathas, Nana Phadnavis managed to take care of the politics in South. Leadership and capability helped the Maratha power to reach to a new pinnacle. Hence the Maratha Sardar became successful in establishing the supremacy in north and south India.

Bajirao II became the Peshwa. He didn’t have any leadership qualities. On the contrary he had many vices. He couldn’t create solidarity amongst the Maratha Sardars. Because of many such reasons, the supremacy of the Maratha power in the North and the South declined in the times of Bajirao II.

Nana Phadnavis

Answer is: 1818 CE

Maratha dominance over Odisha.

The battle of Ashti.

The British hoisted the Union Jack in Pune.

(a) He played a major role in re-establishing the Maratha power in the North after the defeat of the Marathas at Panipat.

(b) He realised that guerilla tactics would not be any more useful so he trained and modernised his army under a French military expert de Boigne.

(c) With this trained army, he defeated the Rohillas, the Jats, the Rajputs and the Bundellas.

(d) Mahadji managed the difficult affairs with strong determination and looked after the Delhi affairs during CE 1784 to CE 1794.

The Mughal Emperor honoured him with the title Vakil-i-Mutlak.

Guerrilla warfare

Ahilyabai Holkar

Answer is: Khanderao

Khanderao Dabhade and his son Trimbakrao laid the foundation of the Maratha power in Gujarat.

Raghuji Bhosale was assigned the Chauthai rights of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha.

Nana Phadnavis

According to the principles of democracy, majority rule should be a means of organizing the government and taking legal actions without depriving the minority groups of their basic rights or privileges. It implies that the will of the majority if considered must not exclude any minority community. In India, however this a challenge because most citizens believe that and if a political party gains popularity in any part of government then their will is legal and ultimate. The will of minorities is shaped largely by the will of a single political party due to their ignorance or reluctance to participate in the political decisions or overpowering influence of parties.

A desirable condition that a good democracy should have is that all elections should be conducted in a free and fair manner. Conducting impartial and unbiased elections is very significant in the formation of a good democratic government. Electing genuine, good-willed, and hardworking candidates is very rewarding to the success of democracy.

The laws of a country play an important role in bringing about reforms. But, laws alone cannot resolve challenges, democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens.

The greatest challenge that India faces is of corruption. Corruption is rampant in all government departments and the few clean politicians are lost in the multitude of corrupt politicians.

Part from that, people are divided on the basis of caste and religion. You cannot have reforms implemented unless people and politicians overcome the barriers of caste and religion.

(a) foundational challenge

One guideline which can be kept in mind while devising ways for political reforms in India is that any proposal for political reform must include the process of implementation to ensure its success. Only a process of implementation can ensure the success of the political reform. For example, getting the right people to carry out the reforms, like, political activists, movements and politically conscious citizens. Each one must know his/her duty and fulfil them accordingly.

(c) India and US

The challenge of deepening of democracy. 

The main focus of political reforms should be an ways to strengthen democratic practice.

(c) Uttar Pradesh

(i) It should think about what is a good solution. 

(ii) It should think about who will implement it and how

(a) Foundational challenge

India and USA.

(b) One-fourth

1. The government should make it compulsory for the doctors to live in the village where they are posted; otherwise their service should be terminated. 

2. Surprise raids to check the attendance of the doctors by district administration and police should be carried out. 

3. Village panchayat should be given the power to write the annual report of the doctor which should be read out in the gram sabha meeting. 

4. Uttar Pradesh should be split into several smaller states which can be administered more efficiently.

It means strengthening those institutions that help people’s participation and control.

Correct answer is: (c) mosquitobite

Discount or loss on issue of debentures is capital loss. It should be written off as early as possible but within the lifetime of the debentures.

• The various types of loans can be conveniently grouped as formal sector loans and informal sector loans. 
• Among them, formel are loans from banks and cooperatives. 
• The informal lenders include moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc

• Credit refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or services in turn for the promise of future payment. 
• Credit helps us to meet our needs or expenses.

• Bank loans require collateral. 
• Absence of collateral is one of the major reasons which prevent the poor from getting bank loans. 
• In such cases, they approach the moneylenders.
• However, the moneylenders charge high interest rates. 
• Finally the poor may be pushed into a situation from which recovery is very difficult. 
• Hence the demand for collateral against loans may force the poor to approach informal sources.