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(b) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct

H. R. Boven in his research paper gave the concept of pro-company in 1963 in America. As per Boven a company that favours social responsibility is called a pro-company.

Given M = 0.32 JT^-1 B = 0.15 T, U = ?

• If \(\overrightarrow M||\overrightarrow B\) then we have stable equilibrium and U = -MB = -0.32 × 0.15 T = -4.8 × 10^-2J
• If is \(\overrightarrow M\) anti-parallel to \(\overrightarrow B\) we have unstable equilibrium and

U = MB = 0.32 × 0.15 J = 4.8 × 10^-2 J

1. Magnetic dipole moment, M = nIA

= 2000 × 4.0 × 1.6 × 10^-4 = 1.28 JT^-1 

2. Net force = 0

Torque, τ = MB sinθ

= 1.28 × 7.5 × 10^-2 × sin 30°

= 1.28 × 7.5 × 10^-3 × 1/2 = 4.8 × 10^-2 Nm.

(a) the declination varies between 11.3° W to 11.3° E. 

Solving the Moving Charges and Magnetism Multiple Choice Questions of Class 12 that can be of outrageous assistance as you will know about every one of the concepts. We have gathered the Class 12 Physics MCQ Questions of Moving Charges and Magnetism with Answers free covering the whole syllabus.

These MCQ Questions of Moving Charges and Magnetism Class 12 with answers for a quick revision accordingly assisting you with improving subject knowledge.  Practice Multiple Choice Questions for Class 12 Physics with Answers consistently and score well in exams. MCQ Questions for Class 12 Physics with Answers is ready according to the Latest Exam Pattern.

Practice MCQ Question for Class 12 Physics chapter-wise 

1. The current sensitibility of a moving coil galanometer increases with decrease in:

(a) magnetic field
(b) area of a coil
(c) number of turns
(d) None of these

2. The permeability of a paramagnetic substance is:

(a) very large
(b) small but more than unity
(c) less than unity
(d) negative

3. Which of the following shows that the earth behaves as a magnet?

(a) Repulsion between like poles.
(b) Attraction between unlike poles
(c) Null points in the magnetic field of a bar magnet
(d) No existence of isolated magnetic poles

4. What is the angle of dip at the magnetic poles?

(a) \(30^\circ\)
(b) \(0^\circ\)
(c) \(45^\circ\)
(d) None of these

5. The strength of the magnetic field around an infinite current carrying conductor is :

(a) same everywhere
(b) inversely proportional to the distance
(c) directly proportional to the distance
(d) None of these

6. A current carrying power line carries current from west to east. Then the direction of the magnetic field 2 m above it is :

(a) west to east
(b) south to north
(c) north to south
(d) None of these

7. When charged particle enters a uniform magnetic field, its K.E.:

(a) remains constant
(b) increases
(c) decreases
(d) becomes zero

8. To convert galvanometer into voltmeter one should connect :

(a) high resistance in series with galvanometer
(b) low resistance in series with galvanometer
(c) high resistance in parallel with galvanometer
(d) low resistance in parallel with galvanometer

9. Isoclinic lines are the lines joining places with :

(a) equal dip
(b) equal declination
(c) equal dip and declination
(d) None of these

10. The most suitable metal for making permanent magnets is :

(a) iron
(b) steel
(c) copper
(d) aluminium

11. Earth’s magnetism was discovered by:

(a) Gauss
(b) Oersted
(c) Ampere
(d) Gilbert

12. The radius of the trajectory of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field is proportional to the:

(a) charge on the particle
(b) energy of the particle
(c) momentum of the particle
(d) all the above

13. A current carrying circular loop of radius R is placed in the x-y plane with centre at the origin. Half of the loop with x > 0 is now bent so that it now lies in the y-z plane.

(a) The magnitude of magnetic moment now diminishes
(b) The magnetic moment does not change
(c) The magnitude of B at (0, 0, z), z > R increases
(d) The magnitude of B at (0, 0, z), z >> R is unchanged

14. An electron is projected with uniform velocity along the axis of a current carrying long solenoid. Which of the following is true?

(a) The electron will be accelerated along the axis
(b) The electron path will be circular about the axis
(c) The electron will experience a force at \(45^\circ\) to the axis and hence execute a helical path
(d) The electron will continue to move with uniform velocity along the axis of the solenoid

15. In a cyclotron, a charged particle

(a) undergoes acceleration all the time
(b) speeds up between the dees because of the magnetic field
(c) speeds up in a dees
(d) slows down within a dee and speeds up between dees

16. Assertion : Free electrons always keep on moving in a conductor even then no magnetic force act on them in magnetic field unless a current is passed through it.

Reason : The average velocity of free electron is zero.

(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct

17. According to oersted, around a current carrying conductor, magnetic field exists

(a) as long as there is current in the wire
(b) even after removing the current in the wire
(c) only few seconds after removing the current
(d) None of these 

18. The magnetic field around a long straight current carrying wire is

(a) spherical symmetry
(b) cylindrical symmetry
(c) cubical symmetry
(d) unsymmetrical

19. If a copper rod carries a direct current, the magnetic field associated with the current will be

(a) only inside the rod
(b) only outside the rod
(c) both inside and outside the rod
(d) neither inside nor outside the rod

20. Magnetic field inside a solenoid is

(a) directly proportional to its length
(b) directly proportional to current
(c) inversely proportional to total number of turns
(d) inversely porportional to current

21. A long solenoid has a radius a and number of turns per unit length n. If it carries a current i, then the magnetic field on its axis is directly proportional to

(a) ani
(b) ni
(c) ni /a
(d) n2i

22. If a long hollow copper pipe carries a direct current, the magnetic field associated with the current will be

(a) only inside the pipe
(b) only outside the pipe
(c) neither inside nor outside the pipe
(d) both inside and outside the pipe

23. The unit of reduction factor of the tangent galvanometer is 

(a) Ampere
(b) Gauss
(c) Radian
(d) None of these

24. The resistance of an ideal voltmeter is 

(a) Zero
(b) Very low
(c) Very large
(d) Infinite

25. The direction of magnetic lines of forces close to a straight conductor carrying current will be :

(a) Along the length of the conductor
(b) Radially outward
(c) Circular in a plane perpendicular to the conductor
(d) Helical

Answer:

1. Answer : (d) None of these

Explanation: Sensitivity of a galvanometer increases when number of turns, area of coil and magnetic field increases whereas couple per unit twist decreases.

2.  Answer: (b) small but more than unity

Explanation: A paramagnetic material has a constant relative permeability slightly more than 1. When a paramagnetic material, such as platinum, is placed in a magnetic field, it becomes slightly magnetized in the direction of the external field. A ferromagnetic material, such as iron, does not have a constant relative permeability.

3. Answer: (c) Null points in the magnetic field of a bar magnet

Explanation: Null points exist where the field due to the magnet is equal and opposite to the horizontal component of the earth's field. Existence of null points in the magnetic field of a bar magnet shows that the earth behaves as a magnet.

4. Answer: (d) None of these

Explanation: At poles , \(\delta\) = 90^∘

5. Answer: (b) inversely proportional to the distance

Explanation: The strength of magnetic field around an infinite current carrying conductor is inversely proportional to the distance. In other words, if the distance between the magnetic field and the current is more, the strength of the field will be less. However if the distance is less, the strength is high.

6. Answer: (c) north to south

Explanation: The direction of magnetic field around a straight current carrying wire is given by the direction of curling of fingers of right hand when thumb points towards the direction of current. Hence, the magnetic field above the wire carrying current west to east is from north to south.

7. Answer: (a) remains constant

Explanation: When a charged particle enters a uniform magnetic field, its kinetic energy remains constant. The magnetic field always exerts a force perpendicular to the particle's velocity, so the magnitude of the velocity remains constant.

8. Answer: (a) high resistance in series with galvanometer

Explanation: Voltmeter is always connected in parallel to a circuit. Since Galvanometer is a very sensitive instrument, therefore it can not measure high potential difference. In order to convert a Galvanometer into voltmeter, a very high resistance known as "series resistance" is connected in series with the galvanometer.

9. Answer: (a) equal dip

Explanation: Isogonic lines join the points of equal declination, agonic lines pass through points of zero declination, isoclinic lines joins the points of equal dip or inclination, aclinic lines join the places of zero dip and isodynamic lines joins the places of same horizontal field.

10. Answer: (b) steel

Explanation: Steel is highly effective for this purpose because of the natural positioning of its atoms. Steel isn't the only material used to make permanent magnets. Permanent magnets are also made of ceramic, iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium and neodymium.

11. Answer: (d) Gilbert

Explanation: William Gilbert was the man who discovered the Earth's magnetic field.

12. Answer: (c) momentum of the particle

Explanation: q₀ BR = Mv 

i. e. R = Mv / Bq₀

13. Answer: (a) The magnitude of magnetic moment now diminishes

Explanation: For a circular loop of radius R carrying current I placed in x−y plane, the magnetic moment M =I x πR². It acts perpendicular to the loop i.e., along z-direction. When half of the current loop is bent in y−z plane, then magnetic moment due to half current loop in x−y plane, M₁=I(πR²/ 2) acting along z-direction. Magnetic moment due to half current loop in y−z plane, M₂ =I(πR²/2) along x -direction.

14. Answer: (d) The electron will continue to move with uniform velocity along the axis of the solenoid

Explanation: Magnetic field (\(\overset{-}{B}\) ) due to the current-carring solenoid is along its axis, i.e in the direction of unifrom velocity (\(\overset{-}{v}\)) the electron Clearly, as, the electfon continues to move with uniform velocity along the axis of the solenoid.

15. Answer: (a) undergoes acceleration all the time

Explanation: In a cyclotron, charged particle experiences coulombic force(force due to electric field) between the Dees and magnetic force ( force due to magnetic field ) while circulating inside the Dees. In total, it always experiences a force. 

16. Answer: (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion

Explanation: In the absence of the electric current, the free electrons in a conductor are in a state of random motion, like molecule in a gas. Their average velocity is zero. i.e. they do not have any net velocity in a direction. As a result, there is no net magnetic force on the free electrons in the magnetic field. On passing the current, the free electrons acquire drift velocity in a definite direction, hence magnetic force acts on them, unless the field has no perpendicular component.

17. Answer: (a) as long as there is current in the wire

Explanation: According to oersted, around a current carrying conductor, magnetic field exists as long as there is current in the wire.

18. Answer: (b) cylindrical symmetry

Explanation: The magnetic field around a long straight current carrying wire is cylindrical symmetry.

19. Answer: (c) both inside and outside the rod 

Explanation: For solid rod, there will be current flowing inside the rod, so there will be magnetic field (Ampere circuital law). There will magnetic field outside the rod and it will decrease as we increase the distance.

20. Answer: (b) directly proportional to current

Explanation: Magnetic field inside a solenoid is given by

B = μ₀nI therefore, B \(\propto\) I

21. Answer: (b) ni

Explanation: The magnetic field due to a long solenoid is given by:

B = μ₀ni

⇒B\(\propto\)ni.

22. Answer: (b) only outside the pipe

Explanation: For a loop inside the hollow portion of the conductor, the current enclosed is zero until the loop is on the surface or inside the material of the conductor.
∴B_inside = 0 ∴B_inside = 0
For any loop outside, current enclosed by the amperian loop is not zero, hence magnetic field is non-zero.

23. Answer: (a) Ampere

Explanation: Reduction factor of a tangent galvanometer is equal to current, required to be passed through galvanometer to produce a deflection of 45^∘. Reduction factor is measured in ampere.

24. Answer: (d) Infinite

Explanation: A voltmeter is a device that is used to measure the potential difference between the two points in a circuit. The resistance of an ideal voltmeter is infinite.

25. Answer: (c) Circular in a plane perpendicular to the conductor

Explanation: The direction of magnetic lines of forces close to a straight conductor carrying current will be circular in a plane perpendicular to the conductor.

Click here to practice  MCQ Question for Moving Charges and Magnetism Class 12

(i) caring attitude, sensitive towards society,and concern for others.

(ii) it is a temporary magnet made by magnetising a soft iron core by passing electric current.

(i) Awareness, concern for conservation of energy and fossil fuels and sharing the knowledge.  

(ii) Copper, silver, gold and bismuth susceptibility is independent of temperature as they have no permanent dipoles

Students preparing for CBSE Class 12 Physics Board Exam usually ask about important MCQ Questions here, we’ve provided important MCQ Questions for class 12 Physics Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter of NCERT here. Check important Class 12 Physics MCQ Questions of Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter with Answers. Here you’ll also get important links to access some important articles for the preparation of CBSE Class 12 board exams.

The MCQ Questions for class 12 Physics with answers are prepared as per the newest syllabus, and examination pattern suggested in school 12 by CBSE, NCERT. Multiple Choice Questions for important part of exams for Class 12 Physics and if practiced properly can assist you to induce higher marks. Have a glance at the MCQ Questions for Class 12 and cross-check your answers during preparation.

Practice MCQ Question for Class 12 Physics chapter-wise

1. De-Broglie equation states the:

(a) dual nature
(b) particle nature
(c) wave nature
(d) none of these

2. Protons and alpha particles have the same de-Broglie wavelength. What is same for both of them?

(a) Energy
(b) Time period
(c) Frequency
(d) Momentum

3. Kinetic energy of emitted electrons depends upon :

(a) frequency
(b) intensity
(c) nature of atmosphere surrounding the electrons
(d) none of these

4. The strength of photoelectric current depends upon :

(a) angle of incident radiation
(b) frequency of incident radiation
(c) intensity of incident radiation
(d) distance between anode and cathode

5. Millikan’s oil drop experiment makes use of:

(a) Stokes’ law
(b) Boyle’s law
(c) Gas equation
(d) Bernoulli’s theorem

6. When a yellow light is incident on a surface, no electrons are emitted while green light can emit electrons. If the red light is incident on the surface then:

(a) no electrons are emitted
(b) photons are emitted
(c) electrons of higher energy are emitted
(d) electrons of lower energy are emitted

7. Evidence of the wave nature of light cannot be obtained from:

(a) diffraction
(b) interference
(c) doppler effect
(d) reflection

8. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation the plot of the kinetic energy of the emitted photo-electrons from a metal vs the frequency of the incident radiation gives a straight line whose slope

(a) depends on the nature of the metal used
(b) depends on the intensity of the radiation
(c) depends both on the intensity of the radiation and the metal used
(d) is the same for all metals and independent of the intensity of the radiation

9. A metal surface ejects electrons when hit by green light but nothing when hit by yellow light. The electrons will be ejected when the surface is hit by

(a) blue light
(b) heat rays
(c) infrared light
(d) red light

10. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the photoelectric experiment?

(a) The photocurrent increases with intensity of light
(b) Stopping potential increases with increase in intensity of incident light
(c) The photocurrent increases with increase in frequency
(d) All of these

11. Which phenomenon best supports the theory that matter has a wave nature?

(a) Electron momentum
(b) Electron diffraction
(c) Photon momentum
(d) Photon diffraction

12. A strong argument for the particle nature of cathode rays is that they

(a) produce fluoroscence
(b) travel through vacuum
(c) get deflected by electric and magnetic fields
(d) cast shadow

13. In an electron gun the control grid is given a negative potential relative to cathode in order to

(a) decelerate electrons
(b) repel electrons and thus to control the number of electrons passing through it
(c) to select electrons of same velocity and to converge them along the axis.
(d) to decrease the kinetic energy of electrons

14. When the speed of electrons increase, then the value of its specific charge

(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) ramains unchanged
(d) increases upto some velocity

15. In which of the following, emission of electrons does not take place?

(a) Thermionic emission
(b) X-rays emission
(c) Photoelectric emission
(d) Secondary emission

16. Photoelectric emmision occurs only when the incident light has more than a certain minimum

(a) power
(b) wavelength
(c) intensity
(d) frequency

17. A photoelectric cell is a device which

(a) converts light into electricity
(b) converts electricity into light
(c) stores light
(d) stores electricity

18. Of the following properties, the photon does not possess

(a) rest mass 
(b) momentum
(c) energy 
(d) frequency

19. The minimum energy required to eject an electron, from the metal surface is called

(a) atomic energy 
(b) mechanical energy
(c) electrical energy 
(d) work function

20.  Electron volt (ev) is the unit of

(a) energy 
(b) potential
(c) current 
(d) charge

21. In the Davisson and Germer experiment, the velocity of electrons emitted from the electron gun can be increased by

(a) increasing the filament current
(b) decreasing the filament current
(c) decreasing the potential difference between the anode and filament
(d) increasing the potential difference  between the anode and filament

22.  A particle which has zero rest mass and non-zero energy and momentum must travel with a speed:

(a) Equal to c, the speed of light in vacuum
(b) Greater than c
(c) Less than c
(d) Tending to infinity

23. Photocell is a device to: 

(a) Store photons
(b) Measure light intensity
(c) Convert photon energy into mechanical energy
(d) Store electrical energy for replacing storage batteries

24. When ultraviolet radiation is incident on asurface, no photoelectrons are emitted. If asecond beam causes photoelectrons to beejected, it may consists of    

(a) infra-red waves
(b) X-rays
(c) visible light rays
(d) radio waves

25. In Davison-Germer experiment, an electron beam is incident on a crystal. The reflected beam consists of

(a) photons
(b) protons
(c) x-rays
(d) electrons

Answer :

1. Answer : (a) dual nature

Explanation: De Broglie equation states that a matter can act as waves much like light and radiation, which also behave as waves and particles. The equation further explains that a beam of electrons can also be diffracted just like a beam of light.

2. Answer : (d) Momentum

Explanation: As \(\lambda\propto\frac{1}{p}\)∴ momentum is some for both

3. Answer : (a) frequency

Explanation: Thus the kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons depends on wavelength, frequency of the incident photon, and work function of the metal but does not depend on the intensity.

4. Answer : (c) intensity of incident radiation

Explanation: Current in a photoelectric effect is dependent on the intensity of the incident light because as the intensity of light increases, number of electrons ejected per second increases, so, current increases.

5. Answer : (a) Stokes’ law

Explanation: In Millikan's oil drop experiment, we make use of Stoke's law. In this experiment, charge on electron was determined to be −1.6×10^-19 C.

6. Answer : (a) no electrons are emitted

Explanation: λ_r > λ_y > λ_g. Here threshold wavelength <λ_y .hence, no electrons are emitted.

7. Answer : (d) reflection

Explanation: The wave nature of light can not be obtained from reflection of light.

8. Answer : (d) is the same for all metals and independent of the intensity of the radiation

Explanation: KE_max = hν − W_y = mx + C

9. Answer : (a) blue light

Explanation: The photoelectric emission is possible if the wavelength of the incident light is less than that of yellow light.

10. Answer : (a) The photocurrent increases with intensity of light

Explanation: The photocurrent increases linearly with intensity of the incident light, but is independent of its frequency The stopping potential increases linearly with the frequency of the incident light, but is independent of its intensity .

11. Answer : (b) Electron diffraction

Explanation: Electron diffraction is the diffraction of a beam of electrons by atoms or molecules. The fact that electrons can be diffracted in a similar way to light shows the particles can act as waves.

12. Answer : (c) get deflected by electric and magnetic fields

Explanation: A strong argument for the particle nature of cathode rays is they are deflected by electric and magnetic fields.

13. Answer : (b) repel electrons and thus to control the number of electrons passing through it

Explanation: In an electron gun the control grid is given a negative potential relative to cathode in order to repel electrons and thus to control the number of electrons passing through it.

14. Answer : (b) decreases

Explanation: When speed of electron increases the specific charger decreases because with increase in velocity charge remains constant. Another reason is specifice charge is the ratio of the charge to mass.

15. Answer : (b) X-rays emission

Explanation:  (i) Thermionic emission : When a metal is heated to a high temperature, the free electron gain kinetic energy and escape from the surface of the metal.

(ii) Secondary emission : When an electron strikes the surface of a metallic plate, it emits other electrons from the surface.

(iii) Photoelectric emission : Emission o felectrons from the metal surface on irradiation with radiation of suitable frequency

(iv) X-rays emission : They are due to transitions in the inner energy levels of the atom.

16. Answer : (d) frequency

Explanation: Photoelectron emission take place when certain minimum "frequency" light fall on metal surface.

17. Answer : (a) converts light into electricity

Explanation: Photoelectric cell or photocell, device whose electrical characteristics (e.g., current, voltage, or resistance) vary when light is incident upon it. The most common type consists of two electrodes separated by a light-sensitive semiconductor material. The photoelectric effect is the observation that many metals emit electrons when light shines upon them. Electrons emitted in this manner can be called photoelectrons.

18. Answer : (a) rest mass 

Explanation: A particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation. A photon carries energy proportional to the radiation frequency but has zero rest mass.

19. Answer : (d) work function

Explanation: Electrons ejected from a sodium metal surface were measured as an electric current. The minimum energy required to eject an electron from the surface is called the photoelectric work function.

20. Answer : (a) energy 

Explanation: The electronvolt (eV) is a unit of energy whereas the volt (V) is the derived SI unit of electric potential. The SI unit for energy is the joule (J).

21. Answer : (d) increasing the potential difference  between the anode and filament

Explanation: Velocity of electron emitted from the electron gun can be increased by potential difference between the anode and filament.

22. Answer : (a) Equal to c, the speed of light in vacuum

Explanation: Particle is photon and it travels with the velocity equal to light in vacuum.

23. Answer : (b) Measure light intensity

Explanation: Photocell is an optoelectronic device that works on the principle of photoelectric effect. It is mainly used to detect light of suitable wavelength.

24. Answer : (b) X-rays

Explanation: Energy of photon of X-rays is more than energy of photon of ultraviolet rays. Because frequency of X rays is more than ultraviolet rays.

25. Answer : (d) electrons

Explanation: The scattered beam consists of electrons.

Click here to practice  MCQ Question for Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Class 12

Aristotle concluded that the natural state of an earthly object is to be at rest. Hence the object at rest requires no explanation as any moving object naturally comes to rest.

(b) Work done by all forces on man is zero.

(d) The reaction force from a step does not do work because the point of application of the force does not move while the force exists.

Types of vascular bundles in angiosperms: In angiosperms vascular bundles occur in distinct patches. Based on the arrangement in the plant body. These are radial in roots and conjoint in case of stems and leaves. 

(i) Radial Bundles: Here xylem and phloem are arranged separately in different radii, called xylem bundles and phloem bundles. 

(ii) Conjoint Bundles: In this type, the xylem and phloem lie together on the same radius with phloem on the outer side and xylem towards the inner side Based on the presence or absence of cambium, vascular bundles are divided into open and closed vascular bundles. When a strip of cambium is present between xylem and phloem, they are called as open bundles while if cambium strip is absent between xylem and phloem, they are called closed bundles. Open bundles are characteristics of dicot plants whereas closed bundles are characteristics of monocot plants only.

Gross domestic income (GDPfc) refers to the sum total of factor income generated within the domestic territory of a country in an accounting year.

Metalloids or semi-metals behave like semi-conductors.

The properties of elements which are intermediate between the properties of metals and non-metals are called metalloids.

Correct option is (a) Web casting.

Correct option is (c) Customer desired value

National income committee was formed in 1949 to calculate national income.

For the first time national income was calculated by Shri Dada Bhai Naoroji in 1868.

National income is calculated because it gives knowledge about economic condition and economic growth, it is helpful in comparing various countries, and gives information about contribution and importance of various economic sectors in the economy. Apart from this future planning can be done for the economy.

(b) only (iv) is correct

Agriculture forms the backbone of the Indian economy.

The Karkhanis.

(i) Shivaji Maharaj had an excellent agricultural policy like fixed revenue. He paid attention to the welfare of the peasants.

(ii) Concessions to the farmers who had crop failure due to floods, famine, etc.

(iii) He provided bullocks, ploughs and good seeds to the farmers.

(iv) He increased trade so that kingdom could prosper.

(v) He protected industries, e.g. The salt industry in the Konkan.

(vi) Salt imported from the Portuguese territory would then cost more so he protected the salt industry in Konkan. Hence the above stories reveal that Shivaji Maharaj was concerned about the welfare of his subjects.

• Agriculture was the backbone of the village/ rural economy
• Shivaji Maharaj paid attention to the welfare of the peasants.
• The officers were warned not to collect more revenue than the fixed amount.
• Peasants were encouraged to bring more land under cultivation.
• Special concession was granted if: There was famine, floods or if any army of the enemy had devasted the area.
• Bullocks, ploughs and good seeds were provided to the peasants.

(i) The Shiledar with his own horse and weapons

(ii) The Bargirs who were provided with a horse and weapons by the state.

(i) Pratapgad

(ii) Pavangad

(iii) Rajgad

(i) Gurab

(ii) Galbat

(iii) Pal

Answer is: Eight

1. Sarnobat

2. (a) Havaldar (b) Jumledar

3. (a) Shiledars (b) Bargirs

4. 300 Forts

5. 400 ships

• Shivaji Maharaj divided the administration in to eight different departments.
• For the convenience of the administration, Shivaji Maharaj appointed a Council of Eight Ministers called ‘Ashtapradhan Mandal’.

Answer is: agriculture

The enemies on the west coast of India created obstacles in the work of expansion of the Swaraj.

It was necessary to curb their activities and to protect the west coast.

Shivaji Maharaj also realized that the one who has a navy, controls the sea. Hence, Shivaji Maharaj raised a navy.

Ashtapradhan Mandal

• At that time, traders imported salt from the Portuguese territory and sold in Swaraj.
• They paid heavy duty on the salt.
• That affected the local trade in Konkan areas. Hence Shivaji Maharaj protected the salt Industry in Konkan.

The Indian Army – General

The Indian Navy – Admiral

The Indian Air force – Air Chief Marshal

• The Indian Army
• The Indian Navy
• The Indian Air force

The President of India is the head of all the three forces.

Intelligence department.

Bahirji Naik was the head of the intelligence department.

He was extremely skilled in his job.

He collected accurate and detailed information about the subject.

The different factors responsible for low agricultural productivity in India are :

• Heavy dependence on rainfall.
• Excessive pressure of population on land.
• Lack of improved seeds.
• Lack of manures and plant protection.
• Out-of-date implements.
• Lack of irrigation facilities.
• Lack of adequate finance.
• Lack of marketing facilities and price incentives.
• Poor implementation of land reforms.
• Neglect of agricultural research.
• Ignorance and illiteracy of farmers etc.

Because the manure and fertilizers are not used.

Increase in irrigation facilities.

Dr. Norman Verlog and Dr. M.N. Swaminathgh.

By excessive pressure of population on land we mean that each year the new labour force unable to get employment elsewhere becomes dependent on agriculture.

Shivaji Maharaj appointed a council of eight ministers handling the affairs of eight different departments. These eight heads of department constituted the Ashtapradhan Mandal.

विजयनगर के स्तंभों पर देवों, मनुष्यों, पशु, योद्धाओं, नर्तकी आदि की आकृतियाँ है ।

विजयनगर स्थापत्य शैली की मुख्य विशेषता विशाल पत्थरों को काटकर बनाए गए भव्य, ऊँचे और कलात्मक स्तंभ है ।

Shivaji Maharaj appointed the council on the basis of their merits and achievements, and they were paid handsome salaries.