Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

The diffusion of hydrophilic substances along the concentration gradient through fixed membrane transport protein without involving energy expenditure is called facilitated diffusion. For this the membrane possess aquarporins and ion channels. No energy is utilized in this process.

Imbibition is the phenonmenon of adsorption of water or any other liquid by the solid particles of a substance without forming a solution. 

Some examples of Imbibition : 

(i) If a dry piece of wood is placed in water, it swells and increases in its volume. 

(ii) If dry gum or pieces of agar-agar are placed in water, they swell and their volume increases. 

(iii) When seeds are placed in water they swell up.

The water loss in its liquid phase at night and early morning through special openings of vein near the tip of leaves.

Transport of substances in plants over longer distances through the vascular tissue (Xylem and Phloem) is called translocation.

Diffusion occurs from region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration across the permeable membrane. It is passive and slow process. No energy expenditure takes place.

Mass flow is the movement of substances (water, minerals and food) in bulk from one point to another as a result of pressure differences between two points.

A hydrostatic pressure existing in roots which pushes the water up in xylem vessels.

Water is absorbed by root hairs, then water moves upto xylem by two pathways − apoplast and symplast pathway. The transport of water to the tops of trees occurs through xylem vessels. The forces of adhesion and cohesion maintain a thin and unbroken columns of water in the capillaries of xylem vessels through which it travels upward. Water is mainly pulled by transpiration from leaves. (Cohesion-tension-transpiration pull Model)

The transport of material into and out of the cells is carried out by a number of methods. These are diffusion, faciliated diffusion and active transport.

Correct Answer is: (B) Lamarck 

• Lamarck is best known for his Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, first presented in 1801 (Darwin's first book dealing with natural selection was published in 1859) 

• If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring.

Root pressure is defined as the positive hydrostatic pressure developed in the root cortical cells, which pushes water into xylem upto a certain height. Root pressure can be demonstrated in the following ways:

• Choose a well-watered soft-stemmed plant
• Cut the stem horizontally near the base with sharp blade.
• Drops of fluid ooze out of the cut stem indicates a positive hydrostatic pressure, the root pressure.
• If the cut end is contracted to a rubber tube, the liquid can be collected and the rate of exudation measured.

(i) The external solution is isotonic, if it balances the osmotic pressure of the cell i.e. it has the same solute concentration as the cytoplasm.

(ii) If the external solution is weaker than the cytoplasm, it is said to be hypotonic.

(iii) If the external solution is more concentrated than the cytoplasm, it is hypertonic.

Correct Answer is:(B) 45 Db

• Noise is measured in decibels. Experts believe that continuous noise levels in excess of 90 decibels can cause loss of hearing and irreversible changes in nervous systems. 

• The World Health Organization [WHO] has fixed 45 decibels as the safe noise level for a city

Diffusion is defined as the random movement of ions or molecules of any substance from the region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until equilibrium is attained. It is a passive process. Importance to plants:

• It is the only means of gaseous exchange within the plant body.
• During transpiration, water vapour moves out of the leaf surface by diffusion.

Correct Answer is: (D) O 

People with type O- blood are called universal donors because their donated red blood cells have no A, B or Rh antigens and can therefore be safely given to people of any blood group.

Correct Answer is: (A) Assam 

• Kaziranga National Park (Assamese: [kaziɹɔŋa ɹast(ɹ)iɔ uɪddan]) is a national park in the Golaghat, Karbi Anglong and Nagaon districts of the state of Assam, India. 

• The sanctuary, which hosts two-thirds of the world's great onehorned rhinoceroses, is a World Heritage Site.

Espirit De Corps: As per this principle, a manager should continuously make efforts to develop a team spirit among the subordinates. To do this, he/she should use the word ‘We’ instead of ‘I’ during the conversation with subordinates. For example, a manager should always say that ‘we will do this work’ instead of ‘I will do it’. This behaviour of a manager will keep alive the spirit of cooperation among the subordinates.

(a) The name of the poem is ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’.

(b) The poet is S. T. Coleridge.

(c) ‘We’ here refers to the sailors of the ill fated ship.

(d) They were sad because they were stranded in a deep, silent sea with the sun beating down on them.

Espirit de Corps given by Henry fayol.

According to this principle, management should promote team spirit of unity and harmony among its employees. This will give rise to a spirit of mutual unity and harmony among the employees. This will give rise to a spirit of mutual trust and will create a sense of belongingness towards the organisation.

i. Time Study: To get the estimated figure of labour cost.

ii. Motion Study: To increase the speed of work.

Fayol’s Principle of Equity: This principle tells that the managers should treat their subordinates in a just and kind manner so that they develop a feeling of dedication and attachment for their work.

For example, a labourer completes 10 units of goods in a day. Another labourer who happens to be a relative of the supervisor completes 8 units but both get equal remuneration. This violates the principles of equality. The second labourer should get less remuneration than the first one.

Fayol’s Principle of Order: According to Fayol every enterprise should have two different orders– Material Order for Physical Resources and Social Order for Human Resources. Keeping the physical resources in order means that ‘a proper place for everything and everything in its right place’. Similarly, keeping the human resources in order means ‘a place for everyone and everyone in his appointed places’.

Equity: Fayol advocated that there should be no discrimination against anyone on account of sex, religion, language, caste, belief, nationality etc. and emphasises kindness and justice in the behavior of the managers towards the workers to ensure loyalty and devotion.

For example, Now-a-days, in multinational corporations, equal opportunities are available to everyone.

Order: Fayol advocated that people and resources must be in suitable places at appropriate time for maximum efficiency i.e., there should be a place for everything and everyone in an organisation and that thing or person should be found in its allotted place. This will lead to increased productivity and efficiency.

For example, Raw material should be available at the place prescribed for it.

Scientific management is a mental revolution on the part of particular unit of employees in factory. It is a total mental revolution towards their tasks, duties, colleagues and owners.

Rule of thumb is where the workers were asked to do work as per order. No voice of workers was heard and there existed high dominance of owners.

Correct option is (D) Elton Mayo

(1) The principle of equity suggests that employer should give kind, fair, just and equal treatment to the employees. Managers should be kind, impartial and fair to their subordinates.

(2) The principle of equity further states that there should not be any discrimination between the employees while making the payment of wages. The employees working on the same level but in different departments should be paid same wages.

(3) The wages payable to employees should not depend on the departments but the level at which they are working, e.g. Foremen should be paid higher wages than that is paid to employees working under them.

(4) The principle of equity also states that there should not be any discrimination between the employees while distributing work between them. As far as possible, there should be equal distribution of work. Thus, equality in treatment of employees boosts the morale and develops a sense of belongingness among the employees. It helps to develop loyalty of employees towards organisation and avoid conflicts.

(a) completely dry weather.

(b) all the Mariners in the ship.

(c) plant, the roots of which had gone dry.

(d) All the sailors in the ship

(1) Fredrick Winslow Taylor published Principles of Scientific Management. His primary objective was to increase efficiency of employees by scientifically designing jobs. According to his views, management problems should be solved through experiments and use of scientific techniques rather than rules of thumb and triad and error approach.

(2) Taylor had conducted many experiments at workplace and as a result of those experiments, he advocated standardisation of tools and equipment. Standard here, means a level of quality or achievement, especially a level that is acceptable.

(3) According to him, standardised working environment and standardised methods of production tools and equipment help to reduce spoilage and wastage of materials. This in turn reduces the overall cost of production.

(4) Similarly use of standardised tools and equipment increases efficiency of employees and also helps to reduce fatigue among the workers. This improves the quality of work.

The ship started moving in the southern direction. There is a clear indication in the 87th line: ‘And the good south wind still blew behind’. So, there is no doubt that the ship was moving towards the south before entering the silent sea.

At first, the mariners condemned the terrible act of killing the innocent and auspicious bird, the albatross. They considered that killing of such a lucky bird that caused the breeze to blow was a sin. It would bring woe and despair to them. They changed their stand and soon they started justifying the killing of the bird that brought mist and snow. It tells only their ficklemindedness.

The ancient Mariner describes that when the ship entered the silent sea there started a period of stagnation. They were completely motionless in the middle of the sea. The ship was stuck and didn’t move at all. It looked like an immobile painted ship. Similarly, there was no movement in the sea or in the waves. The sea itself appeared totally motionless like a painted sea.

(a) Division of Work: According to this principle the whole work should be divided into different parts and each individual should be assigned only a part of the work according to his ability, specialisation and taste. This is because single person cannot do whole work.

(b) Authority and Responsibility: According to Fayol, “Authority is the right to give orders and obtain obedience and Responsibility means accountability which is the result of authority. The person who has given authority should be made responsible. There should be a balance between authority and responsibility.

(c) Discipline: Discipline is the obedience to organisational rules and employment agreement. Discipline includes rules and regulation, maintaining good relationship with other, performing given task honestly etc.

(d) Unity of Command: According to Fayol there should be one and only one boss for every individual employee. Each one should be commanded by one and responsible to that one only. This helps to avoid confusion regarding tasks to be done.

(i) 'Principle of Equity' is not followed in this case. Principle of Equity states that the employees should be treated with kindness and justice and equity if devotion and loyalty are expected from them. The managers in the organisation should be impartial and should not discriminate on the basis of sex, caste, religion etc. Each subordinate should get a fair treatment in the matter of reward or punishment. The management should not give undue favours to some and neglect others. The workers performing similar jobs should be paid the same wage rates.

(ii) The values which are being ignored are:

(a) Gender Based Equity: The boss decided to promote Salman stating that being female Niketa will not be able to handle the complications of a higher post.

(b) Fair and Just Treatment to Employees: Salman had the habit of backbiting; that is why Boss decided to promote Salman at the time of performance appraisal.

(c) Non Favouratism: At the time of performance appraisal, their boss Mohd. Sharif decided to promote Salman (both are muslims).

(d) Altruism, Selflessness: Salman had the habit of backbiting and wrong reporting about his colleagues.

 According to table ‘A’ not exceeding 6 % p.a.

(i) Dr. Bank A/C Rs. 16,90,000, Cr.Eq.share Application A/C Rs.16,90,000.

(ii) Dr.Eq.Share Application A/C Rs.16,90,000, Cr.Eq. share Capital A/C Rs.10,00,000,

Cr. Security premium A/C Rs.300,000, Cr. Bank A/C Rs.3,90,000.

(i) Amount received on allotment Rs. 26,100. 

(ii) Amount transferred to share forfeited A/C Rs. 900 

(iii) Amount transferred to Capital Reserve Rs. 600.

Interest on Calls in advance Rs. 2.80 

Interest on Calls in arrears Rs. 5.50

A company issuing Debentures by way of public issue is required to appoint the trustees and execute a trust deed. It is a document created by the company which issues the Debentures.

Case (i) – No. of Equity shares to be issued 1,600. 

Case (ii) – No. of Equity shares to be issued 1,440.

No’ because Interest on debentures is a charge against profit and not an appropriation of profit.

Redemption of debentures by conversion.

(1) Case a (i) – No. of preference shares issued 7752. 

(2) Case a (ii)- No. of debentures issued 1530. 

(3) Remaining 85000 debentures paid in cash.

 Basis of difference :

(i) Ownership 

(ii) Return 

(iii) Voting Right 

(iv) Convertibility 

Mention the provisions of section 78. 

a. By natural predation or biological control.

Examples: Lady bird used to kill aphids, dragon flies used to kill mosquitoes, Bacillus thuringiensis used to kill cotton bollworm.

b.

(c)  morphine

Muscular extension of cauda epididymis is Vas deferens.

Proinsulin is called so because it is an inactive form of insulin.

a. Hydrogen bonds 

b. Purines, i.e., adenine or guanine. 

c. Pentose sugar (deoxyribose sugar) 

d. d is the 5′-end.

The largest cell measuring 170 mm × 130 mm, is the egg of an ostrich.