Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Oparin suggested that amino acids were very important for the origin of life

The answer is (A) J.B.S Haldane

The answer is (C) Chemical evolution

The two planets show similarity with Earth is: 

1. Kepler – 452 b 

2. Kepler – 186 f

The answer is (A) Miller’s experiment

Miller tested the biochemical hypothesis of the origin of life

The answer is (D) None of the above

Louis Pasteur rejected the theory of Spontaneous Generation.

The answer is (C) 7

The answer is (B) God

The answer is (A) Kepler – 186 f

The answer is (D) All the above

(c) have not succeeded

The answer is (D) Mars

(d) Fresh weight

1. Name A, B and C pyramids:

• Expanding
• Stable
• Declining

2. Expanding

Pre reproductive individuals are more in number than reproductive and post reproductive.

3. It reflects the growth status

1. Wasp and fig tree.

2. The female wasp lays its egg in the ovary locule and uses the developing seeds within the fruit for nourishing its larvae. The wasp pollinates the g inflorescence while searching for suitable egg laying sites.

3. Pseudocopulation

Regeneration: It is the ability of an organism to give rise to a new organism/individual from their body parts.

Regeneration in Hydra:

(i) The body of Hydra by any means is cut into a number of pieces.

(ii) Each piece contains specialized cells.

(iii) These cells proliferate and make a large number of cells.

(iv) From this mass of cells different cells undergo changes to become various cell types, and tissue which finally develops into a new organism.

(a) Bio Engineering

The tropical rainforest is found in the equatorial region due to excessive rainfall and temperature. These are known as ‘Selvas’ in the Amazon basin. Other regions are Zaire basin, Indonesia, Malaysia, and S. Philippines. Main types of trees are ebony, mahogany, cinchona, rosewood, rubber etc.

The amount of insolation decreases as the latitude increases. So there is the difference in different seasons in differing latitudes, e.g., the equatorial region remains hot and wet throughout the year, the tropical monsoon land experiences particular summer, rainy, autumn winter and spring seasons. The tropical deserts are almost dry and hot. The temperate grasslands are noted for short summer and long winters. 

The Mediterranean region is noted for warm summer and rainy winter. Taiga region has a long cold winter and a very short summer. Tundra region is known for perpetual snow due to freezing temperature all the year. Due to the tilted axis of the earth. North and South Polar region experience six months day and six months night respectively with a continuous lowest temperature below – 58°C.

Jallianwalla Bagh massacre holds an important and significant position in the Freedom Movement of India. It took place in Amritsar on 13 April, 1919. On this very day a protest meeting against the government’s new repressive measures (the Rowlatt Act) was being held at Jallianwalla Bagh in Amritsar. The meeting was attended by a large number of men, women and children. The only entrance of the park was blocked by the British army on the orders of General Dyer. He ordered his troops to fire on the crowd without giving a word of warning. Thousands of people were killed and many were injured. It was the cold blooded murder of innocent people.

As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to streets in many north Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression. The Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on the streets and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs. People were flogged and villages were bombed.

This house was built by my grandfather in 1943.

You are warned not to hurt the animals.

You are warned not to drop litter in the streets.

Let it be carried to home

Graham Wallace thinks that study of Political Science should be done not in context of institutions, but in the context of human behaviour.

(b) New Aspects of Politics

Charles Merriam.

According to David Easton, “Behaviouralism concentrates fully on real powers. Basic unit of Behaviouralism is such behaviour of man which can be analyzed, measured and verified by every human being. Behaviouralism wants to develop scientific explanations about organization and reactions of politics through study of political behaviour.

(d) All of the above

The basic concept of Behaviouralism is that there is a qualitative continuity between natural sciences and social sciences.

Integration or ‘Wholeness 1 is the main assumption of Behaviouralism According to Behaviouralism, man is a social animal. His political behaviour is affected by many non – political elements like social economical, religious and cultural factors. Thus, it is not possible to study human behaviour in small parts. In such situation, it become compulsory to study political activities and behaviour in relation to the other activities of the society.

Behaviouralism lays stress on inter-disciplinary study by connecting Political Science and other social sciences. Researchers of Political Science should use the researches and achievements of other social sciences. Thus, behaviourialistic thinkers believe that knowledge of different social sciences should be integrated.

P.V Smith, Charles Merriam and Harold Lasswell.

(a) David Easton

• Stress on social change 
•  Important role of values.

1. Regulation: 

Regulation means that it is possible to make rules and methods for study of Political Science Behaviourialistic thinkers are of the view that political behaviour contains such facts on which principles can be made.

2. Value determination: 

Behaviourialistic thinkers keep facts and values separate. They have no concern with moral values and ethics. Democracy, equality and liberty may be high ideals, but their authenticity can not be judged scientifically. Researchers should be aloof to values for scientific and objective research. Thus, behaviouralists emphasize valuefree approach.

• Regulation 
• Verification 
• Quantification 
•  Value.

• Traditionalism is satisfied with the present state of Political Science, whereas Post – Behaviouralism believes in the continuous development of Political Science. 
• Traditionalism, by its nature, is past – oriented, whereas Post-Behaviouralism is future-oriented in continuous development of Political Science.

Meaning of Behaviouralism: 

Behaviouralism is a special method of organizing and analyzing political facts which was developed by American political thinkers after the Second World War. This approach concentrates fully on political behaviours in context of Political Science and propounds the fact that scientific study of political activities can be done only on the basis of political behaviour of men.

Purpose of Behaviouralism: 

Purpose of Behaviouralism is to explain the experiential side of political life through such methods, concepts, techniques and criteria that fulfil requisites of experiential science. This approach wants to make Political Science a pure science like natural sciences. For this purpose, Behaviouralism tries to generalize by analyzing political behaviours of man through scientific methods.

Limitations of Behaviouralism: 

Limitations of Behaviouralism are following –

1. Behaviouralists failed to present the science of human behaviour. 

2. Political behaviour of man cannot be presented in mathematical techniques. 

3. It is wrong to lay more stress only on scientific techniques. 

4. Behaviouralists consider themselves to be value – free, but they cannot remain aloof from values while choosing topics for research. 

5. Behavioiuralists have used very difficult terminology which seems to be jargon. 

6. This is a very expensive method.

7. Behaviouralism has posed a threat to independent existence of Political Science. 

8. Fixed principles cannot be made in Political Science. 

9. It is wrong that Behaviouralism does not accept the importance of other study methods. 

10.Value free study is neither possible nor desirable in Political Science. 

11.It is a difficult task to apply results of study at small level to the larger scale.

‘Behaviouralistic science’ is used for all the subjects which come under social science.

Limitations: 

Limitations of Behaviouralism are as below: 

1. Verbose Terminology 

2. Undue emphasis on techniques and methods 

3. Value – free study is not possible 

4. Wrong concept of political behaviour 

5. Expensive method 

6. Threat for independent existence of Political Science 

7. Fixed methods and predictions are not possible 

8. Contrast between saying and doing 

9. Undue neglect of other methods of study 

10.Measurement of political behaviour is not possible 

11.It is difficult to apply the result of micro study at macro level 

12.Unable to help in policy formation.

Achievements of Behaviouralism: 

Achievements of Behaviouralism are as under – 

1. Establishment of new Political Science 

2. Scientific approach to Political Science 

3. Great changes in aim, subject matter, nature and study methods of Political Science.

4. Establishment of Inter- disciplinary approach, 

5. Realistic approach to study of Political Science, 

6. Central role of human behaviour, 

7. Provision of alternative concepts.

(a) Post – Behaviouralism

Behaviouralism is a special method of organising and analysing political facts which was developed by American political thinkers after the Second World War.

(c) Traditionalism

• Dissatisfaction with traditional study methods 
•  Inspiration from other social sciences.

According to post – behaviouralists, Political Science, is, by nature, a human science as well as an action – based science. Its both aspects need appropriate balance. The main supporter of post – behaviouralism David Easton has considered Political Science, an action – based science. Post – behaviorists lay stress on action. According to them, Political Science should be engaged in re – construction of society. Knowledge should be meaningful and practical. Researchers should do such acts which can help in solving social problems.

(d) Experientialism

Following are the reasons of rise of Behaviouralism: 

1. Dissatisfaction with traditional study methods: 

Political thinkers were dissatisfied with the study method and the outcomes of traditional approach by 20th century. The main reason was that the real picture of political life could not be obtained through the traditional approach.

Those were not given any importance in government’s policy-making. Traditional approach lacked realistic study. Apart from this, this method was unable to explain the reasons of development and popularity of Fascism, Nazism, Racism and Totalitarian ideologies.

2. Effect of Second World War: 

The happenings during Second World War inspired the political thinkers for new researches and concepts. This became a common belief among political thinkers that it was necesarry to concentrate on political organizations and on the behaviour of persons working there,, rather than institutions and their organizations, to understand completely the complexities of political life.

3. Inspiration from various social sciences: 

Scientific study methods and realistic approach had already been used in other social sciences. So inspired by them, Political Science also started using scientific and new methods of study.

4. Use of New Study Methods: 

Increasing use of new methods, techniques, instruments, research methods, statistical approaches, etc. made study of Political. Science more realistic and helped behaviouralism to grow.

(a) Post – behaviouralism