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To perform addition operation, first the numbers are written in such a way that they have the same exponent. The coefficients are then added.

(5.55 × 10⁴) + (6.95 × 10³)

= (5.55 × 10⁴) + (0.695 × 10⁴) 

= (5.55 +0.695) × 10⁴ 

= 6.245 × 10⁴

i. 1.223 to two digits = 1.2 

This is because the third digit is less than 5, so we drop it and all the other digits to its right. 

ii. 12.56 to three digits = 12.6 

This is because the fourth digit is greater than 5, so we drop it and add 1 to the third digit. 

iii. 122.17 to four digits = 122.2 

This is because the fifth digit is greater than 5, so we drop it and add 1 to the fourth digit. 

iv. 231.5 to three digits = 232 

This is because the fourth digit is 5, so we drop it and add 1 to the third digit.

(a) Union Public Service Commission

(a) not to reply to the customer’s query

The person who does the transaction by becoming a member of the stock exchange is called broker.

Co-parceners

These are divided into 2 parts: 

• Life Insurance. 
• General Insurance.

(c) Problem-solving system

• Tally.
• NAAC. 
• Munimji. 
• Accountant

(d) All of the above

A partnership which has one or more limited partner in addition to one or more general partners is called “Limited partnership”.

Among the largest retail business group, four companies operate in the departmental store format. These are, Shoppers Stop. Westside, Lifestyle and Pantaloon. The contribution of all these in the annual retail sale is not more than 2700 crore rupees, whereas the emerging hypermarkets and joints, Food World and Big Bazaar, which are food and grocery supermarkets, contribute up to 2500 crores annually. Among food services, top players like Haldiram, Café Coffee Day, Yum, McDonald’s, Nirulas and Barista exceed revenue of 600 crores. 

(1) The object of the special consumer market – All those products and services are included in this category, which is used by common people in routine daily life.

1. Jewellery and fashion jewellery – 

Today, there is an increasing trend of fashion and over show in India. The need for jewellery in the middle and upper class has become as useful as food. The number of jewellery shops has increased in the cities and town. 

2. Games and infra – textile products- 

Extensive changes have come in lifestylerelated sectors. Demand for a special attire for sports and men’s/women’s innerwear products is also increasing. Thus, possibilities exist in the consumer market in this sector. 

3. Health protection and nutritious products – 

The fact has emerged from various research institutions that people in India are becoming quite aware of their health.

(2) Food trade – Due to the changes that have taken place in the lifestyle and culture of Indian youth, eating habits, methods and products have also changed rapidly.

1. Indian sweets and savouries – 

There are plenty of Indian savouries, sweets and snacks in the market. Local savouries and snacks, such as cutlets and vegetable-stuffed bread are in great demand. Thus, the retailing of these products at the regional and national level has enormous business possibilities and ensures a high ratio of success. 

2. Fast food – 

The trend of consuming fast food is increasing among all income and age groups in India. The push to the market in this sector may have been provided by foreign brand products-pizza or burger, but customers for local fast food remain in large numbers even today, and they dislike local fast food and are satisfied only with these. Thus, keeping the focus on good customer service, cleanliness, quality and reasonable pricing, local fast food items like – Mirchi vada, Dosa, Idli, Pav-Bhaji, Kachori, Samosa, Bhujiya, Sattu, etc. also have great business possibilities. 

3. Bakery Food Items – 

Today, the trend of baked food products has increased in society and in addition to this, the demand for various kind of bread is increasing. The trend of bread with varying tastes and protein-based bread is growing. In upper-class people, brand-based bread of star hotels, like ‘Bread and More’ and ‘hot bread’ are a favourite, and their success indicates enormous business possibilities which lie in this sector. 

4. Ice cream and Juice Parlours: 

The current changes in eating habits of Indians have resulted in a continuous increase in the demand for ice creams and juices. Nowadays, eating ice cream after meals or while walking in parks in the evening or having juice is becoming a common habit. Thus, considerable business opportunities exist in this sector. Local products can be made popular by paying attention to their quality, packing and price.

Personnel is mainly recruited at the post of clerk-cum-cashier, and probationary officer in the management cadre. In addition to this, employment opportunities are being made available for the post of the computer network in charge, marketing officer, vehicle loan officer, personnel training officer, home loan sales officer and credit card sales representative. 

(1) Employment opportunities in the Insurance sector: 

Two types of insurance are there life insurance and general insurance. Life Insurance Corporation of India is providing employment in different categories through its 1 corporate office, 8 regional offices, 105 divisional offices and 3250 branch offices. After 1991, the life insurance sector was reopened to private and foreign companies. At present, employment opportunities are available through 8768 offices in the private sector.

About 2 lac 85 thousand personnel are currently employed in the Life Insurance sector and employment is also provided to 29 lac 10 thousand personal agents. In the private sector, Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Company Limited, ICICI Lombard General Insurance Company Limited, TATA AIG General Insurance Company limited, Star Health And Allied General Insurance Company Limited are mainly included. Employment opportunities in General Insurance business include posts of Clerk, Marketing officer, Actuary, Insurance agent, Development officer, Administrative officer, Surveyor.

(2) Employment Opportunities in the Banking Sector: 

Banks are considered to be the foundation of trade, industry and economy. After the nationalization of banks in 1969, banking services were extended to distant areas by public sector banks. Under the economic liberalization in 1991, banking was introduced in the private sector. The banking business is growing rapidly due to various facilities such as debit card and tally banking. Net banking, ATM machines and credit cards are providing 24×7 banking services.

The major banks in the public sector include State Bank of India, Bank Of Baroda, Punjab National Bank, United Commercial Bank, Dena Bank, Indian Bank, Syndicate Bank. At present, about 70421 branches of these Banks are functioning and 6.18 lakh personnel are employed in them. The private sector banks include HDFC, ICICI, Axis Bank, Yes Bank, etc. About 14581 branches in the private sector are operational at present.

Personnel is mainly recruited on the post of clerk-cum-cashier, and probationary officers in the management cadre. Other than that, the computer network in charge, marketing officer, vehicle loan officer, home loan sales officer, legal advisor and credit card sales representative are also appointed.

(3) Employment opportunities in Capital Market: 

The trading of shares, credit notes, bonds and debentures is done in the capital market. Capital market is the blood of the economy of a country where trading worth billions of rupees is done every day. Both direct and indirect trading is done. Direct Business is the one in which the traders themselves apply to the public holding and sale/purchase shares and debentures in the stock market.

This involves higher risks of profit and loss. While indirect business includes mutual funds, where the trader himself does not do the trading, instead. fund companies buy and sell in large volumes in the form of their representatives, so that the risks are minimized for traders and returns are assured. Employment opportunities in Retailing, Products related to pregnant women, infants and children are available.

Today, there is an increasing trend in fashion and show in India. There exists a very great possibility in the retailing of sarıs and traditional attire. The trend and extent of the practice of giving-receiving gifts are increasing rapidly in India. The possibilities of health-promoting products have increased in the retail business. Extensive changes have come in lifestyle due to such related sectors.

• Fast food. 
• Salad and sandwich parlours.

Hindu succession Act, in 2005 mitakshara law

Co-operative society

At least two members and ancestral property

On the basis of liability, partnerships may be divided into two classes.

1. General Partnership or Unlimited partnership: A partnership which has only general partners is called “General partnership”. The partners whose liability is unlimited are called “General partners.”

2. Limited partnership: In a general partnership, the liability of every partner unlimited. This has proved to be a serious drawback from the growth of partnership organization. In order to remove the drawback of “unlimited liability”. Limited partnership has been introduced in Western European countries and in U.S. A. This type of partnership is governed by a separate act called the Limited partnership Act. This type of partnership is not permitted by law in India.

A partnership which has one or more limited partners in addition to one or more general partners in called ‘Limited Partnership”. The partners whose liability is limited to the extent of capital contributed by them are called “limited partner” or “special partners”.

From tlte point of view of duration, partnerships may be classified into three kinds they are:

1. Partnership for a fixed term 

2. Particular partnership 

3. Partnership at will.

i. Partnership for a fixed term: When a partnership is formed for a fixed term (i.e., for a particular period), it is called partnership for a fixed term. A partnership for a fixed term comes to an end on the expiry of the fixed period. It may be noted that a partnership formed for a fixed period may be continued even after the expiry of the fixed period, if the partners decide to continue their partnership after the expiry of the period, the rights and obligations of the partners will remain the same as before, and the partnership will become partnership at

ii. Particular partnership: When a partnership is formed for a particular venture (i.e., undertaking or business), it is called particular partnership. A partnership formed for a specified or particular venture comes to an end on the completion of the specified venture. As in the case of a partnership formed for a fixed term, a particular partnership also can be continued even after the completion of the particular venture, if the partners decide to continue their t partnership after the completion of the particular venture.

iii. Partnership at will: Where no provision is made in the contract between ‘ the partners for the duration of their partnership or- for the termination of their partnership, the partnership is called “partnership at will”, f As the duration is not fixed in the case of partnership at will, the partnership at will is uncertain and indefinite. Such a partnership can be dissolved at any time at the will and pleasure of any partner

(a)  Surveyor

The first insurance was done in London of William Gibbons. It was done in the year 1583.

It is necessary for an insurance agent to have passed the 10th or 12th board exam. In addition, they have to undergo practical training of 100 hours duration. The training is provided by district-level insurance companies. After, completion of training, the agent has to work under a development officer.

• National Insurance Company Limited. 
• New India Insurance Company Limited.

(d) All of the above

A Surveyor is needed by the insurance companies to scrutinize an incident and give an assessment in order to determine the damages, for compensation and settlement of claims.

• Establishment of RIICO. 
• Setting up of Economic Development Board.

Bombay Mutual Life Insurance Society.

• On a large scale chlorine is obtained by an electrolytic process. 
• The electrolyte is brine, a concentrated solution of NaCl. 
• Nelson’s two compartments diaphragm cell is used for electrolysis in which stout graphite rod is used as an anode while U shaped steel vessel is used as a cathode. 

Reactions : 

NaCl → Na⁺ + Cl^- 

H₂O ⇌ H + OH

At cathode : 

2H₂O + 2e → H + 20H⁺

Na⁺ + OH^- → NaOH

At anode : 

2Cl → 2Cl + 2e^- 

2Cl → Cl_2(g)

It is divided into 3 parts: 

• Fire insurance. 
• Water insurance. 
• Accidental insurance.

• Helps in reducing unemployment. 
• Better use of environmental means.

(b) In the year 1989

(a)  10 lakh

(d) All of the above

• On the large scale, ammonia is prepared by direct combination of dinitrogen and dihydrogen by Haber process. 
• In this process, dinitrogen reacts with dihydrogen under high pressure of 200 × 10⁵ Pa (200 atm) and temperature around 700 K to produce ammonia. N_2(g)  + 2H_2(g)  ⇌ 2NH_3(g)  ; Δ_f H° = -46.1 kJ mol^-1
• Iron oxide with trace amounts of K₂O and Al₂O₃ is used as catalyst in Haber process.
• High pressure favours the formation of ammonia as equilibrium is attained rapidly under these conditions.

The Entrepreneurship in which the single individual takes the entire decision is called Individual Entrepreneurship.

(a) Bombay Mutual Insurance society

The life insurance business in India was nationalized in the year 1956.

Hydrogen combines with sodium to form sodium hydride (NaH) while it reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride (HCl).

The calculation of risk in life insurance is done by Actuary.

(c) Mahatma Gandhi Employment Scheme

Motivating the educated unemployed to establish and operate an industry or business by providing them with financial guidance.

• Individual Entrepreneurship. 
• Group Entrepreneurship.

The bond dissociation enthalpies of halogen molecules decrease down the group with an increase in atomic size.

• Large-scale industry. 
• Small-scale industry.

The type of business in which the risks are borne by a single person and the capital invested is also arranged by a single person only.

• The acidic strength of haloacids vary in the following order, HF < HCl < BHr < HI 
• The stability of hydrogen halides decreases down the group. HF > HCl > HBr > HI. 
• This is because from F to I, atomic size increases and bond dissociation enthalpy of H-X decreases. 

The running of the business through minimum available resources only is called small business.

(b) Large-scale industry

Density :

• Down the group, density of halogens increases.
• This is, because down the group, van der Waals forces of intermolecular attraction increase, and hence tendency for agglomerisation increases. Therefore density increases.

Melting point and boiling point : 

• Halogens have low melting points and boiling points. 
• Melting points and boiling points increase down the group. 

(d) All of the above

• The atomic size of halogens increases on moving down the group and hence the strength of van der Waals forces between the molecules also increases. 
• In the lighter elements, F and Cl, these forces are weak, hence they are gases at room temperature and possess low melting and boiling points. 
• In the heavier elements of the group, the van der Waals forces become stronger. Thus, bromine is a liquid and iodine is a solid and they possess higher melting and boiling points.