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Saturated hydrocarbons show substitution reaction in which hydrogen atom gets substituted by other elements or atoms. Unsaturated hydrocarbons show addition reaction, in which hydrogen atom gets added across the double bond or triple bond of the compound.

(i) Self Employed Women’s Association: SEWA is a trade union registered in 1972. It is an organisation of poor, self-employed women workers. These are women who earn a living through their own labour or small businesses. They do not obtain regular salaried employment with welfare benefits like workers in the organised sector. They are the unprotected labour force of our country. Constituting 93% of the labour force, these are workers Of the unorganised sector. Of the female labour force in India, more than 94% are in the unorganised sector. However, their work is not counted and hence remains invisible.

(ii) National Federation of Dalit Women (NFDW): All India Dalit Women Forum and Maharashtra Dalit Mahila Sangasthan etc., address the issues of women empowerment from socially marginalized communities.

Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a clean flame and do not decolourise brown colour of bromine. Unsaturated, hydrocarbons burn, with sooty flame and decolourise brown colour of bromine.

• During rains fertlizers used for agriculture spreads to the lakes.
•  Fertilisers contain phosphates and nitrates by which water body became enriched with these chemicals. 
• These chemicals promote excessive growth of aquatic plants and the surface of water was completely covered with plants. 
• (Eutrophication) Depletion of light in the water body and insufficient availability of dissolved oxygen and nutrients resulted in the death of fish.

Since people used excessive fertilisers in the fields, they were carried down to the lake during rains. As many fertilisers contain phosphates and nitrates, the water body became enriched with these chemicals. These chemicals promote excessive growth of aquatic plants and the surface of water was completely covered with plants (eutrophication).
Depletion of light in the water body and insufficient availability of dissolved oxygen and nutrients resulted in the death of fish.

In India, social movements are helpful in extension of democracy. 

The following arguments can be given in favour of this statement : 

1. History of social movements helps us in understanding democratic politics in a better way. These movements eliminate the shortcomings in politics. 

2. Social movements raise those social and economic problems of those new sections, which they themselves could not raise in the environment of electoral politics. 

3. In a way, these movements have protected democracy by giving a positive direction to deep social tension and public unrest. 

4. These movements give birth to interest-groups and pressure groups. Later these groups take the form of regional and national parties. In the times of participation in power, it is necessary to have control on political parties. Public movements play an important role in doing so.

During the decade of 1980, the aim of the feminist movement was – elimination of sexual violence in family or outside. On the basis of gender equality, many laws were demanded. This feminist movement created awareness in the society towards women issues. Women also became aware of their rights. They felt more self-confident.

Gradually, this awareness increased and by the decade of 1990, the movement started demanding equal political representation for women. By 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment women were given reservation in local political bodies. After this, demand was made for reservation in parliament and legislative assemblies also. ‘All India women council’ and several other women organization are raising their voice even today against women atrocities and gender inequality.

New social movements in India-New social movements include those issues or demands which were ignored by other social movements. These issues are : environment conservation, human rights, feminist movements, and Jan Jagaran Andolan etc. These movements are inspired by new consciousness towards injustice in human life. The aim of all these movements is to establish a social system based on social justice. These are not for protection of the interests of any particular section, rather for the collective (public) interests. In India these movements started in 1960s. Farmers Movement, Labours Movement, Women Empowerment Movement, and Movements against Development Hazards etc are among the main new social movements.

Difference between Revolutionary and Reformative social movements : 

Revolutionary social movements : 

1. These movements favour radical change in the established social norms and institutions. 

2. These movements may be violent also, such as : Naxalite Movement and Leftist Movement.

Reformative Social Movements : 

1. These movements are advocates of gradual reform in the established differences and social problems. 

2. These movements generally take the support of constitutional and parliamentary traditions. 

3. A majority of non-governmental organizations come under this category.

New social movement first of all started in those Western industrial societies where post-industrial, post-materialistic and post-modern problems surfaced.

A social movement is a large group of people who are organized to promote or resist some social change. Social reform or solution to a social problem is their objective.

The social movement has strengthened the concept of civil society in the contemporary states.

No, the concept of ‘social movement’ and the concept of a ‘welfare state’ is not opposite to each other rather they are complementary to each other. In fact ‘social movement’ is a non-traditional but active partner of democratic process which is complementary to public welfare efforts of a state.

Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh.

The main objective of a social movement is to protect and promote the interests of a deprived section of society, and to establish social justice.

Two movements carried out against development projects are as follows 

i. Save Narmada Movement : 

Save Narmada Movement is a social movement against the number of large dams being built-across the Narmada river. The river flows through the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Sardar Sarovar dam in Gujarat is one of the biggest dams on the river and was one of the first focal points of the movement. It is one of the many dams under the Narmada Dam Project. Medha Patkar and Baba Amte’s contribution in this movement is very remarkable.

ii. Save Silent Valley Movement : 

Cool valley of Kerala’s 89 square kilometer area, is famous for its dense biodiversity. Kerala government was very keen for the project but scientists, environmental activists and the people of the region opposed it. They launched a movement against it to save species of special flowers, plants and centuries old ecological balance of the Western Ghat. Finally the government had to postpone the project, declaring it ‘Reserved Forest Area’.

The movement is related to save the river Narmada. It is related to the leader of this movement Medha Patkar.

Difference between Corrective and Alternative Movement: 

Corrective movements : 

These movements are centred around a particular individual or a problem and make efforts to get rid to that problem. 

Alternative movements : 

Supporters of these movements advocate for establishing a separate alternative by bringing in complete change in social and cultural system of a society. They also include change in the social values. For example-feminist movement.

The organizations belonging to the leftist ideology have challenged the validity of state and the rights of administration, while the organizations of other ideology like Banvasi Kalyan Parishad, have rendered speed to the work of the state at the social level without challenging the validity of the state.

(d) Feminist Movement

(b) Non-governmental Organization

Shetkari Sanghatana is active in Maharashtra.

After independence during 1950-1970, in various parts of the country, women organization were established. 

Two feminist movements are as follows : 

i. Hindu Code Bill-feminist movement : 

In 1950 the members of feminist movement created a controversy on the Hindu Code Bill. The government formed a committee who produced its recommendations on the Bill. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar also cooperated with the feminist but due to opposition by the congress party, the bill could not be passed. Ultimately the bill could be passed in 1956.

ii. The anti-Tan movement : 

The anti-Tari movement was launched by the women of Dubargunta village of Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh in 1990. It was unprecedented and unique among feminist social movements. The movement shook the state when women attacked the excise jeep bringing Tan into their village. The poorer sections were spending on Tari much more than they were earning. It increased violence against women, hunger and starvation in families, and lack of education for children. Hence neoliterate women resolved to fight against arrack. This news spread gradually and women from around 5,000 villages participased. The movement slowly spread in the entire state. This was against wine contractors and government.

Save Narmada Movement : 

Narmada river is one of the largest westward flowing rivers of India. It covers 94500 km between the ranges of Vindhyas and Satpuras, and it has a length about 1450 km. In the beginning of the 8th decade of the 20th century, under the development project in the Narmada Valley, located in the middle part of India, 30 big, 135 medium and 300 small dams were proposed on river Narmada and its tributaries. The river flows through Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra. 

The main points related to the piroject and Save Narmada Movement are as follows :

I. There are two mega dams Sardar Sarover Dam (Gujarat) and Narmada Sagar Dam (Madhya Pradesh). Narmada movement was launched to save river Narmada. This movement opposed construction of dams. Along with the construction of these dams, save Narmada Movement has been questioning the need of the developmental projects going on in the country.

II. Under Sardar Sarover project, a multi-purpose mega dam is proposed. Supporters of the dam argue that including a large part of Gujarat, three neighbouring states will be provided drinking water, irrigation and electricity generation facilities. And agriculture produce will increase. The dam will be useful in controlling natural calamities also like flood and drought.

III. The reservoir would submerge 245 villages of the concerned states. It would render about 2.5 lakh people homeless. Therefore local workers first of all raised the issue Of rehabilitation of 2.5 lakh people of the affected villages. These activities converted into a movement during 1988-89 when many local volunteer organisations organised themselves as Save Narmada Movement, 

IV. This movement has been questioning the development model and its public justification. 

V. By the end of the 9th decade, several local groups and movements became the part of ‘Save Narmada Movement’.

Critical evaluation of Save Narmada Movement : 

The movement continued for more than two decades. The movement, as far as possible, followed democratic strategy to raise their demands strongly. The movement raised its voice through different mediums, from judiciary to international platforms. 

The critical evaluation of this movement can be done on the basis of the following points:

1. Construction of dams adversely»affect the natural resources such as-rivers, environment etc. 

2. Critics have been demanding that the analysis of the expenses done on all the development.projects conducted so far, should be done. And while analysing the cost, it should also be evaluated that what losses the people of various sections of society had to bear due to these development projects. 

3. Attention was also drawn to the fact that these projects have had adverse effect on people’s habitation, livelihood, culture and environment. 

4. The activists of the movement had to face stark opposition in state like Gujarat but now both, the government and the judiciary accept it that the people should be rehabilitated. Government’s National Rehabilitation Policy 2003 can be viewed as the achievement of Save Narmada Movement.

Following two arguments can be presented for and against ‘Save Narmada Movement’ For : 

1. People opposing the movement argued that due to construction of dam, including a large part of Gujarat, three neighbouring states will be provided drinking water, water for irrigation, electricity generation facility and as a result, agriculture produce will increase. 

2. Due to dam natural calamities like flood and drought can be controlled. 

Against: 

1. Due to construction of dam, 245 villages could be drowned. As a result of it, 2.5 lakh people could be homeless. 

2. Past experiences tells us that this type of projects have very adverse effect on people’s health and livelihood, culture and environment.

(c)  Corrective

(d) Prajamandal Movement

Reformative movement is a kind of collective activity. There are huge formal groups of people or organizations who want to bring social changes. 

Two features of reformative movements are as follows: 

1. These movements are advocates of gradual reform in the prevalent disparities and social problems. 

2. These movements generally take the support of constitutional and parliamentary traditions. A majority of non-governmental organizations come under this category.

(b) Save Daughter Movement

Two features of Revolutionary movements are as follows : 

1. These social movements are supporters of radical change in the established social norms and institutions. 

2. These movements may be violent also.

(a) Save Narmada Movement

The social movements can be classified into four categories : 

1. Revolutionary movements 

2. Reformative movements 

3. Corrective movements 

4. Alternative movements

At present many organizations are conducting women empowerment movements successfully. Among them, Rashtriya Sevika Samiti’s contribution is remarkable.

(d) West Bengal

Revolutionary movements are supporters of radical change in the established social norms and institutions while Reformative movements are supporters of gradual reform in the established social disparities and social problems.

In new social movement, mainly the following groups are included : 

1. Peasants right movement (Farmers’movement) 

2. Labours movement 

3. Women empowerment movement 

4. Movements against developmental hazards

Three farmers’ organizations related to new peasants’ (farmers’) movement are : 

1. Bharatiya Kisan Singh 

2. Bharatiya Kisan Union, and 

3. Shetkari Sangathana

(c) in the decade of 1960

Nature of new social movements : 

The new social movements, instead of pushing for specific changes in public policy, emphasizes social changes in identity, life style and culture. Thus, the social aspect is seen by these movements as more important than the economic or political aspects. The issues which were ignored by other social movements, are included in these new social movements. These movements are against injustice.

The aim of these movements is not the welfare of just any specific section rather for collective welfare. In India, these movements commenced in the decade of 1960.

Types of new social movements : 

i. Environment Conservation Movement : 

In India environment movement commenced in 1973 along with Chipko Movement. Regarding environment, many international summits have been organised all over the world. In India, women and poor people all participate in environment movement. Save Narmada Movement is also an environmental movement. Appiko Movement was launched in Karnataka to stop deforestation.

ii. Human Rights Movement : 

Human beings have some rights since their birth. But it is very unfortunate that today human rights are being ignored openly all over the world. Human violence is increasing at national and international levels. Human Rights Protection Act was passed in 1993.

iii. Women Empowerment Movement : 

After independence, large number of organizations raised women issues. In India, being patriarchal society, women’s condition has always been inferior. All India Democratic Women Association founded in 1978 advocated equal salary for women and men. In the decade of 1980, feminist movements emerged at all India level. At present many organizations are fighting successfully for women empowerment. Rashtra Sevika Samiti’s contribution is remarkable.

iv. Peasant Movement : 

This type of movements started after 1991. The objective of such movements is to protect and promote the rights of peasants. Bharatiya Kisan Sangh, Bharatiya Kisan Union, Shetkari Sangthana etc are organisations whose purpose is to protect the rights of peasants.

v. Labour Movement : 

These movements are being run to protect benefits of labourers/workers in service. Organizations like Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, Swadeshi Jagaran Manch etc are making efforts in this direction.

vi. Movements against Development Hazards : 

Although development is an essential and continuous process yet it has given birth to some hazardous outcomes also, such as displacement of people due to construction of dams on the rivers or due to other projects, environment degradation, and river water disputes etc. Hence, different movements have been launched to draw the attention of government towards these problems.

New social movement commenced in the decade of 1960.

Now peasant movements started after 1991. Their main objective was to protect the interests during the times of open market systems of globalization and privatization.

Supporters of alternative movements advocate for establishing a separate alternative by bringing in complete change in social and cultural system of a society. They also include change in social values. 

For example – feminist movements.

Non-violent and peaceful movements strengthen the democracy of the nation. 

The following examples can be given in support of the answer :

1. Chipko Movement was conducted in a non-violent and peaceful manner, which was a wide spread public movement. It successfully stopped deforestation. The movement helped wild life and protected environment. 

2. Farmer and Labour Movement conducted peacefully by the leftists, created public awareness. It successfully drew attention of the government towards fair demands of the farmers and labourers. 

3. Anti-Liquor Movement in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, created an environment against liquor. Ultimately the government had to ban it. The movement was a big success for the women.

Voice was raised against women issues such as sexual harassment, domestic violence, dowry and women reservation. As a result of it, some amendments were made in the constitution of India and some laws were made. All the above examples prove that these movements strengthened Indian democracy.

Controlling measures are flexible to some extent.

The production of food grains has increased five times over last five decades from 51 to 242 million tonnes.

The green revolution helped farmers to produce higher level of food grains and non- food grains on the same plot of land they had. There was no major increase in the land used for cultivation.

In 1960s a farmer was able to produce on an average only 287 kilograms of food grains be it paddy or wheat on one acre of cultivable land. Today the same farmer is able to produce nearly 800 kilograms of food grains per acre of cultivable land. 

Importance of Green Revolution : 

1. Using of highyielding varieties of seeds. 

2. Using of pesticides and insecticides. 

3. Providing better water management resources.

Correct option is (d) Magnetic discs

Correct option is (c) Dendrites

Correct option is (b) Employee

Correct answer is (A) 38.8 cm³

Correct answer is (B) frustum of a cone and a cylinder