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The job specification states the minimum acceptable qualifications that the incumbent must possess to perform the job successfully. Based on the information acquired through job analysis, the job specification identifies the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to do the job effectively. Individuals possessing the personal characteristics identified in the job specification should perform the job more effectively than individuals lacking these personal characteristics. The job specification, therefore, is a important tool in the selection process, for it keeps the selector’s attention on the list of qualifications necessary for an incumbent to perform the job and assists in determining whether candidates are qualified.

According to Dale Yoder, “The job specification, as such a summary properly described is thus a specialized job description, emphasizing personnel requirement and designed especially to facilitate selection and placement.”

Flippo has defined job specification as, “Job specification is a statement of the minimum acceptable human qualities necessary to perform a job properly ………….. It is a standard of personnel and designates the qualities required for acceptable performance.”

In is clear from the above definitions that job specification is a statement of summary of personnel requirements for a job. It may also be called “standard of personal for the selection”

A Job Specification should include:

(i) Physical characteristics, which include health, strength, endurance, age, height, weight, vision, voice, eye, hand and foot co-ordination, motor co-ordination, and colour discrimination.

(ii) Psychological and social characteristics such as emotional stability, flexibility, decision making ability, analytical view, mental ability, pleasing manners, initiative, conversational ability etc.

(iii) Mental Characteristics such as general intelligence, memory, judgement, ability to concentrate, foresight etc.

(iv) Personal Characteristics such as sex, education, family background, job experience, hobbies, extracurricular activities etc.

All these characteristics must be classified into three categories:

• Essential attributes which a person must possess. 
• Desirable attributes which a person ought to posses. 
• Contra indicators which will become a handicap to successful job performance.

Foreign demand of the goods to be exported should be very flexible.

It refers to an investment in the purchase of forex (foreign exchange) in the international money market with a view to earn profits.

Hedging means protection against the risk related to the variations in foreign exchange rate. Exchange rate is locked for future supplies of foreign exchange.

The per capita income is the average income of the population which is calculated by dividing the national income by the total population.

National Income refers to the money value of all the final goods and services produced in an economy within an accounting year. It also includes the income from abroad factor.

The final goods are those goods which are purchased for final utility or usage.

NDP is obtained by deducting depreciation cost from Gross Domestic Product (GDP) .

The intermediate goods are those goods which are produced by one producer and used by another producer as a semi finished goods to produce some other final goods.

(d) VBox_GAs_5.2.2

Correct answer is (d) BSD

Correct answer is (c) third generation

The “civilising mission” of the colonisers was an imperial disguise for controlling colonies. European powers assumed that their civilisation was the most advanced, and that it was their humanitarian concern to spread it around the world, even if this was done by force. Europeans became the self-professed carriers of light to the colonies, rejecting the latter’s inherent traditions, religions and cultures as outdated. Also, education was viewed as a “civilising” tool, but fearing retaliation, the colonisers—the French in Vietnam, the British in India, did not want to give full access to the colonised people to Western education. They were aware that Western education might instill democratic ideals and a desire for independence. Hence, the “civilising mission” was marred by double standards and sheer hypocrisy.

Correct answer is (d) fourth

Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation. The sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. Variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured peoples imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs helped with promotion of nationalism. Literature also helped to arouse national feeling. The ideas of nationalism also developed through the celebration of regional festivals. As the national movement developed nationalist leaders became more and more of icons and symbols in unifying and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism. 

• The chemical pesticides are harmful to many organisms (may be useful) other than the pests for which they used.
• They enter the food chain and cause diseases/disorders in various organism
• They are also highly toxic to man
• They cause pollution of our soil, water and air.

a – Streptococcus
b – Fungus
c – Cyclosporin A
d – Clostridium butylicum.

Propioni bacterium sharmani. The large holes are due to the large quantity of carbon dioxide produced.

• If all people were not equal then society might be divided into classes. 
• A few classes might have some privileges and the rest would have to suffer.
• People might not have fundamental rights. 
• If a few people had the privilege of killing others it would result in loss of lives to those who do not have had that privilege.

• The Constitution of America guarantees maximum freedom to its people.
• It divided political power between centre and states such that it gave maximum autonomy for the states. 
• A bill of rights was passed which guaranteed freedom of speech and religion. 
• It guaranteed fundamental rights to all citizens. 
• Thus we can say American Constitution ensures maximum freedom for its people.

• The Declaration of Independence was adopted on 4th July 1776, during the Third Congress at Philadelphia. 
• Thomas Jefferson was the author of the Declaration.
• It declared that all men are created equal and are endowed with certain rights like liberty, equality and pursuit of happiness.

(a) Trichoderma polysporum
(b) Organs transplant patients
(c) Yeast (fungus)
(d) lowering blood cholesterol level.

Stain which reduces the cholesterol level in our body is synthesized by the activity of yeast Monascus purpureus egs of statins are Lovastalin, simvastatin pravastatin, fluvastatin.

• Locke in his book “Two Treatises of Government” sought to refute the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monachy. 
• Rousseau advocated people’s sovereignty, equality and supremacy of majority. 
• Montesquieu’s theory of separation of powers paved way for division of powers. 
• Voltaire advocated the theory of restricted powers.

• Revolutions are essential for the development of human society. 
• Without revolutions or changes, the society and its structure remains static and may not take its course towards the growth and development.

In 1688 the Glorious Revolution restricted the powers of the king and the supreme power was transferred to the Parliament.

Bilateral trade treaties between Britain and the member states of the British Empire were signed at an economic summit in Ottawa in 1932. In this summit the participants (including India) agreed to give preference to imperial (British) over non-imperial goods.

The answer is (b) Alkaline

The answer is (d) Liver

The answer is (a) Pancreas

Organisms feeding on dead organic matter and obtain their source of food are called saprobes

Asexual phase of fungi is calledas anamorph.

(a) Prosenchyma

Mycelium is the fungal body made up of a group of hyphae.

Numerous hyphae are twined around one another to form mycellium - vegetative body of a fungus.

In lower fungi the hypha is aseptate, muitiuncleate and is known as coenocytic mycelium (Example: Albugo).

Coprophilous belongs to zygomycetes group.

Fungi growing on dung is called as Coprophilous.

Growth is an intrinsic property of all living organisms through which they can increase cells both in number and mass. 

In non-living things growth occurs from the outer side whereas in living organisms growth is from the inner side.

• No. 
• The whole place would be littered with dead material of living organisms since bacteria and fungi are nature's scavengers and decompose the dead waste. 
• Nutrients taken from soil by plants will not be returned to the soil without bacteria and fungi. 
• There will be soil odour. 
• Disease causing pathogens will increase in number and affect all living organisms.

(d) gibberellin

Rice tungro is caused by viruses.

(b) Planaria 

Mycophages infect fungi.

Cell is a basic unit of life.

Viruses infecting fungi are called mycophages or mycoviruses. 

Mycophages were first reported by Hollings in 1962.

(c) Paris to Instambul

(a) Sydney to Perth