Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Correct option: (d) Afghanistan

1. There are three major tribal groups in Nigeria. 

1.  Hausa-Fulani, 
2.  Yoruba, 
3.  Igbo. 

2. The British were able to implement the divide and rule policy in Nigeria by encouraging competition and conflict among these three groups.

The temperature decreases when we go upwards to various heights from the surface in the troposphere, but due to certain special circumstances, the temperature increases instead of decreasing. Such a condition is called thermal inversion.

Conditions responsible for temperature inversion: 

The conditions responsible for thermal inversion have been described as follows:

1. Dry air: When the vapor absorbs heat emitted from radiation from the earth and stop , heat from escaping. Because of the absence of this quality in the dry air, the earth cools down shortly. 

2. Condition of glaciation: In the polar and glacial regions, there is rapid thermal irregularity evolving from the surface due to continuous negative radiation or cold wave distortion due to which inversion of temperature takes place rapidly. 

3. Stable weather: In case of stable weather, the process of heat radiation takes place uninterrupted. In the absence of change in the weather, the same conditions remain for a long time. Therefore, there is no interference in thermal inversion.

4. Cold and long nights: Nights are longer in winter. Cold waves are radiated in place of heat waves from the surface of the earth in the last phase of such nights. Due to this, cold waves develop in place of hot waves from the surface of the earth. Due to this, the temperature of the layers which are in contact with such surfaces decrease rapidly, while the temperature of the layers present above it remains higher. 

5. Clear sky: The radiations coming out of the earth at the night time return upon colliding with the clouds, so that the earth does not cool down. This heat does not return to the earth in a clear sky, which causes the earth’s surface to cool quickly and the possibility of thermal inversion increases. 

6. Steady air: The continuous blowing of winds prevent the temperature of a particular place from falling. In winter, the effect of coldness can spread to lower layers, due to the calmness of wind and clearness of the sky, in the long nights, thus causing thermal inversion. 

7. Shielded valleys: In deep valleys with more steep slopes, the cool air is accumulated down with intensity. Due to this, thermal inversion is caused. 

8. Entry of cold air zone: When the cold air zone pushes up a hot air zone, the situation of thermal inversion is created.

Dye to the inversion of temperature, the following effects are visible on the surface.

1. Due to inversion of temperature, intense fog is experienced on the surface. 

2. Due to high temperature in the upper and middle stops of the valley, the ideal conditions for human settlements are formed. 

3. During the winter season, smoke and humidity of the metropolis join together to produce dense fog. Such fog creates adverse conditions for air – crafts and ships. 

4. Due to extreme cold in the lower parts of the valley, crops are destroyed. 

5. The upper part of the hill valleys are ideal for fruits point of view, Here, than are gardens, nuts and plantation agriculture.

Correct Answer is: (c) Insolation

Correct Answer s: (a) 51%

Shimla is at a higher elevation than Delhi, and due to the increased altitude, the temperature of Shimla is less.

(c) Temperature rise along with height

From the surface to various heights in the troposphere, at a height increase of every 165 meters, the temperature decreases by 1°C, which is called the normal lapse rate of temperature.

Sun is the only source of obtaining heat on the surface of the Earth. 

The importance of heating thus, obtained is shown in the following points:

1. If there was no insolation on the earth, then the earth would be a snow-bound planet, but at present, there is no such situation due to the receipt of heat. 

2. Receiving insolation is the basis of the life of the living beings, if such a situation were not there, then the Earth would be a deserted place rather than being populated. 

3. The development of a variety of vegetation has been possible only due to insolation. 

4. In the event of the absence of insolation, the earth would be a dark planet. 

5. Due to insolation, conditions like natural landscapes, seasons, climate, humidity and precipitation have developed on the earth’s surface. It is not possible to imagine them in the absence of this. 

6. Humans, organisms and animals and birds use heat from the sun for their activities. 

7. From insolation, the atmosphere receives heat due to which heat budget is retained.

Correct Answer is: (b) 3

On the basis of temperature, the earth has been mainly divided into torrid/tropical zone, temperate zone and frigid zone.

Solar radiation reaching the Earth from the Sun is called insolation. Acquisition of solar radiation by the Earth is called the reception of insolation. 

So solar radiation coming to the surface is called insolation.

1. Distribution of temperature: The distribution of temperature are is not the same on the entire surface area of earth in context to weather and atmospheric conditions. The following factors are responsible for this unequal distribution of temperature:

2. Distance from the equator: Sun rays fall almost vertically the whole year round on the equator because of which there is more sunlight over there. On the contrary, when we proceed in the direction from the equator towards the poles, the rays of the Sun become tilted. So there is less sunlight there. The temperature on the poles goes even below the freezing point and they always remain covered with snow.

3. Height from sea level: Highest temperature is found at the sea level. The temperature decreases while proceeding upwards from the earth’s surface to a height. Usually, at a height of 165 meters, the temperature drops to 1°C or there is a decline of 6.4°C in temperature for an altitude of 1 km. Shimla has less temperature than Delhi because Shimla is located at a higher altitude than Delhi. Therefore, the mountainous regions are colder than the plains.

4. Distance from the sea: In comparison to land, water takes more time to get heated up and to cool down. Therefore, at places that are near the ocean, the temperature remains almost the same. On the contrary, there is more variation in the temperature of the places located inland, away from the sea.

5. Sea Currents: Sea Currents significantly affect the temperature of coastal areas. In the areas where the hot currents flow, the temperature is high, and in the areas where cold stream flows, the temperature is less. The hot current of ‘Gulf Stream’ maintains high temperatures in the coastal parts of Europe. Thus, sea currents control the temperature of the coastal areas according to their nature.

6. The Prevailing wind: Where the hot winds blow, the temperature is high and when the cold winds blow the temperature is less. The ‘Sirocco’ wind blowing from the Sahara Desert in Italy and the hot winds called ‘Chinook’ blowing in the North American plains, cause an increase in temperature over there. Similarly, due to the Loo blowing in summers in the plains of Northern India, sometime the temperature increases up to 45°C.

7. Slope of Land: The gradient of the surface that comes in front of the sun receives more sunlight, so there is more temperature. On the contrary, on the slopes which are in the opposite direction from the sun, there is less sunlight, and there is also less temperature. The temperature is high on the southern slopes of the Himalayas and Alps, and temperatures is lower on the northern slopes.

8. Nature of the surface: The surface covered with snow and vegetation reflects most of the heat received from the sun. Therefore, the temperature in these regions is not high. On the contrary, the regions covered with sand and black soil absorb most of the insolation due to which the temperature is high over there. The process of reflection of the sun’s heat received by the surface is called ‘Albedo’.

9. Clouds and Rain: Those areas on the land where clouds are present, the rainfall is high. The temperature does not increase as the clouds reflect back the sun’s rays. Like, despite the sun’s rays falling vertical on the cloudy equatorial regions, it does not get as heated up as it gets in the hot desert areas.

The radiation that is emitted from the surface of the Sun is called solar radiation.

The average distance of the Earth from the Sun is 15 million kilometers.

In January, the sun shines directly in the Southern Hemisphere. At this time’, the rays of the sun fall vertically on the Tropic of Capricorn, due to which the Southern Hemisphere has summer and Northern Hemisphere has winter season.

The isotherms in this period show the low temperature conditions in the Northern Hemisphere. A center of low temperature develops in the northern part of the Siaberian part of Asia. Here -30 °C isotherm line is found. Temperatures in the Southern part of North America, Southern Europe and south Asian part is depicted by the 10° – 20° isotherms.

The atmosphere is very important for the Earth, its importance has been explained through the following points:

1. The envelope of thousands of kilometers thick atmosphere protects our earth from the intense heat of the sun. 

2. During the night time, it acts like a blanket and prevents us from severe cold. 

3. Gases present in the atmosphere are useful for humans. 

4. Ozone gas of the atmosphere protects us by preventing the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from entering the earth.

In the month of January, the sun shines vertically on the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere, due to which summer season is there in this hemisphere. In this hemisphere, the isotherms follow the latitudes, and in the far south, they surround the Antarctica continent from all the four sides continent. 0° centigrade isotherm proceeds from the South Polar Circle.

The isotherms of 10° and 20° centigrade temperature pass from the southern part of South America and southern parts of Australia The 20° isotherm crosses South America from southern Australia, crossing South – Western part of Africa and proceeds upwards after entering the ocean. The 40° isotherm follows approximately the 60° south latitudinal circle.

The temperature distribution is represented by the isotherms on the map.

Correct Answer is: (a) In March

Horizontal distribution of temperature: Horizontal distribution of temperature means the latitudinal distribution of temperature. In this, the temperature from the equator to the poles is divided on the basis of latitude. Under this, the distribution of temperature is represented by the isotherms on a map.

Vertical distribution of temperature: The vertical distribution of temperature refers to the distribution of temperature in the various layers of the atmosphere, at different altitudes from the earth’s surface. The temperature normally decreases due to the elevation from the surface. The decrease in temperature is different at all places and it is not the same everywhere.

Insolation: Sun is the main source of energy for the earth’s surface and the atmosphere. Solar energy is called insolation. It reaches the surface travelling at a speed of 186,000 miles per second. According to Trewartha, “the energy received on the earth’s surface, in the form of in small waves and travelling at a speed of one lakh eighty – six thousand miles per second, is called insolation.

Terrestrial radiation: The earth receives heat through insolation only. When the surface gets heated, than radiation takes place from it because every hot object radiates heat. The radiation taking place from the Earth is in the form of long waves. The atmosphere is not directly warmed by the heat from the sun but it is heated with radiated heat obtained from the Earth. This is called terrestrial radiation.

According to Critchfield, “The radiation energy reaching the earth from the Sun is called insolation”.

Correct Answer is: (a) Pyroheliometer

In the midst of the distance between the sun and the earth, there is the process of absorption, Reflection and scattering of the rays of the sun, due to which the sun’s rays do not reach the earth’s surface completely.

Correct option: (c) Sabhasad Bakhar

1. Dharmavaram of Anantapuram district in A.R 

2. Ramanagara – Karnataka 

3. Surat – Gujarat 

4. Chanderi – Madhya Pradesh 

5. Kanchipuram – Tamil Nadu 

6. Pochampalli – Telangana 

7. aranasi – Uttar Pradesh 

are known as ‘silk cities of India’, because of the high quality silk weaving industries established over there.

1. Ahimsa silk is the silk obtained in non-violent way of silkworm breeding. 

2. In this method of preparation of silk fibre, the pupa of silk moth is allowed to hatch and the leftover cocoon is then used to derive silk. 

3. This method was introduced and followed by Kusuma Rajaiaha, handloom technologist and former employee in A.R Handloom Department.

Bank charges interest on loans. The difference between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to depositors is the primary source of income for banks.

Correct option is (a) fatty

Answer is (c) I, II

(b) RF Induction

The advantage of Smart cards is that it can provide identification, authentication, data storage and application processing.

1. Electronic Funds Transfers

2. Real Time Gross Settlement System

3. credit

4. debit

Correct option is (a) fibrous

Contact smart cards have a contact area of approximately 1 cms²

contact and contactless

Smart cards are classified into 2 types.

The smallest bone is stapes.

The major advantage of stored value card is that customers don’t need to have a bank account to get prepaid cards.

There are 2 varieties of stored value card.

(i) Closed loop (single purpose):

In closed loop cards, money is metaphorically stored on the card in the form of binary- coded data.

e.g. chennai metro rail travel card.

(ii) Open loop (multipurpose):

It is also called as prepaid-debit cards,

e.g. Visa gift cards.

(a) (i), (ii), (iii)

(a) closed loop cards

Smart cards along with the regular features of any card based payment system holds a EMV chip. This chip is similar to well-known sim card in appearance.

UPI applications use two types of address – global and local. 

1. Global address includes bank account numbers and IFSC. 

2. Local address is a virtual payment address.

Debit Card:

Debit Card is an electronic payment card where the transaction amount is deducted directly from the card holder’s bank account upon authorization.

Generally, debit cards function as ATM cards and act as a substitute for cash The way of using debit cards and credit cards is generally the same but unlike credit cards, payments using a debit card are immediately transferred from the cardholder’s designated bank account, instead of them paying the money back at a later with added interest. In modem era the use of debit cards has become so widespread’.

The debit card and credit card are identical in their physical properties. It is difficult to differentiate two by their appearance unless they have the term credit or debit imprinted.

Currently there are three ways of processing debit card transactions:

1. EFTPOS (also known as online debit or PIN debit)

2. Offline debit (also known as signature debit) 

3. Electronic Purse Card System

Peristalsis is the wave-like movement of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

Peristalsis in the stomach converts food into a paste-like form. Special kind of circular muscles present in the posterior part of stomach retains food for a specific period. Different components in the gastric juice, secreted by the glands in the stomach wall also play a very important role in the process of digestion.

Soldiers live in barracks

And bird in nests,

Much like a snake that rests

In a hole. No horse is able

To sleep except in a stable.

And a dog lives well,

Mind you, only in a kennel.

To say 'hi' to an ant, if you will,

You may have to climb an anthill.