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Regional imbalance is the unequal development of different regions in the country. At regional level there are few areas which are ahead in development, while some areas lag far behind in development. For example, at present, Bundelkhand is far behind other adjacent regions in terms of development.

Examples: Undivided Bihar and Madhya Pradesh have ample resources, but are backward financially.

Study of intraregional imbalance: K.V Sundaram, in “Principal component analysis technique”, has identified low and extremely low level of underdeveloped regions of India, using 14 variables. In this study, central east and central south India is included. In this, the important city centres are considered as specific growth indicators.

The following five backward regions have been identified as the area of problem:

1. North – eastern India. 

2. East central Indian tribal belt. 

3. Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Northern Bihar. 

4. Uttar Pradesh and Bundelkhand area of Madhya Pradesh. 

5. Imbalanced regions with ecological perspective.

Based on 1991 figures, Moni (1999) with the help of 38 variables, has tried to map the development of the country at district level. In this context, those areas were identified in which no development work was done in the past 20 years.

For the identification of backward areas and study of their problems at the administrative level, 

following committees were constituted:

1. Chakrawarti Committee – 1972 (by Planning Commission).

2. Shivaraman Committee – 1978. 

3. I. G. Patel Committee – 1984 (For Gujarat). 

4. Dandekar fact finding Committee-1984, (for Maharashtra).

Reasons for financial backwardness: 

Planning Commission has pointed out the following reasons for financial backwardness:

1. Historical negligence. 

2. Physical inconvenience – climate, soil, topography, etc. 

3. Social Backwardness – Tribal area, marginal people, harassed community.

Dissimilarity in development is also found at state level. The per capita income, urbanization, literacy, poverty percentage, unemployment, basic amenities, crop intensity, irrigation, etc. variables are used for its study.

(b) Non – Statutory Body

Desert Development Programme: Desert Development Programme was started in 1977 – 78 by the recommendation of Agriculture Commission. It was implemented in 235 development areas of 40 districts in 7 states. These states include Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka and Rajasthan. In 85 development areas of 16 districts in Rajasthan, this program is operative. All the cost is borne by the central government. In 1995, this programme was included in watershed development programme.

Objectives of programme: 

1. To check the growth of desertification. 

2. To increase the productivity of local resources to increase the income and employment level of people.

Methods to reduce Desertification: This program emphasizes on those methods to stop desertification which are helpful in maintaining the stability of ecology, stability of sand dunes, and land and water conservation. 

The following methods are advised:

1. To apply security belts. 

2. Adopting water conservation techniques. 

3. Development of pastures for animal husbandry. 

4. Giving emphasis on tree plantation.

Hill Area Development Programme: In India, 17% out of the total area is hilly area, in which 11% of total Indian population resides.

Hill areas are of two types:

1. States which are completely mountainous. 

2. States which have partial mountainous area.

In the first category north eastern states, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand are included. These are specific class of states whose most part of expenditure is borne by the central government. For the development of north eastern states, under the Parliament Act (1971), “North Eastern Council” was made.

Assam and West Bengal are included in the second category. Apart from this mountainous regions are also present in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Kerala. Although developing them is the responsibility of the state governments, yet the central government provides financial assistance to them separately.

Main development program for hilly regions includes gardening, plantation, animal husbandry, poultry, agriculture, forestry, soil conservation and rural industries. On the basis of package and cooperatives, it is promoted. For example, in forestry agroforestry, social forestry and orchard is promoted and arrangement for its marketing is done. To convert shifting agriculture into sustainable one and helping farmers of coffee and rubber to do sustainable farming are the other expected programmes.

Three remedies to stop desertification are as follows: 

1. Protecting vegetation cover. 

2. Adopting water storage techniques. 

3. Developing pasture lands.

It is important to focus on the following dimensions to stop desertification: 

1. R – establishing environmental stability. 

2. Stabilization of sand dunes. 

3. Soil and water conservation.

Desert Development Program is operational in 7 states of India. These are as follows – Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Rajasthan.

By the recommendation of Agriculture Commission, Desert Development Program was started in 1977 – 78.

It is a program which checks the expansion of desert land and also tries to raise living and income level of the state and to provide employment opportunities to the people. This program was launched in the year 1977 – 78.

(a) First five year plan

The continuous expansion of desert area is called desertification.

Deserts are of two types: 

1. Hot Desert 

2. Cold Desert.

(60000 X 9/100) = 5400

(20000 X 9/100 X 3/12) = 450 

Total Interest =     5850

Net profit transferred to 

A’s Capital A/C Rs. 4,650 

B’s Capital A/C Rs. 3,100

Profit transferred to 

A’s current A/C Rs. 51,000 

B’s current A/C Rs. 45,000 

C’s current A/C Rs. 44,000

(i) When additional capital is introduced. 

(ii) When capital is withdrawn.

Drawings (Previously deducted).

Working Notes:

(1) As X’s drawings are shown in the Balance Sheet, it means his drawings are not deducted. From his .capital till now, so his drawings are not included back. 

(2) Profits for 2008 were Rs. 30,000 and profits of Rs. 20,000• are, shown in the Balance Sheet, which means only Rs. 10,000 profits were distributed between the partners.

Partnership deed is a written agreement containing the terms and conditions agreed by the Partners.

(i) sensitivity of firm towards promotion of education among weaker sections of society 

(ii)promotion of “Right To Education Act ,2009”

From an accounting viewpoint, partnership is a separate business entity.  From legal viewpoints, however, a Partnership, like a sole proprietorship, is not separate from the owners.

Correct option is (c) 3.0115 x 10²⁴

There should be at least two persons to form a Partnership. The maximum number of Partners in a firm can be 50.

Two circumstances in which the fixed capital of Partners may change are :

(i) When additional capital is introduced by the Partners.

(ii) When a part of the capital is permanently withdrawn by the Partners.

The Indian partnership Act, 1932, defines Partnership as follows: 

"Partnership is the relation between persons and who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all.

Essential elements or main features of Partnership :

(i) Two or more persons: Partnership is an association of two or more persons.

(ii) Agreement: The Partnership is established by an agreement either oral or in writing.

(iii) Lawful Business: A Partnership formed for the purpose of carrying a business, it must be a legal business.

(iv) Profit sharing: Profit of the firm is share by the partners in an agreed ration, if the ratio is not agreed then equally. Profit also includes loss.

Persons who have entered in to a Partnership with one another are individually called 'Partners' and collectively 'a firm' and the name under which the business is carried is called 'the firm's name'.

According to IUPAC system, the correct name of the organic compound is 3-bromobutanoic acid.

Correct option is  C) 4

The substance not responsible for the hardness of water is  sodium nitrate.

Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons in the bonding atoms.

Correct option is  C) ethyne

The by product of soap is glycerol.

Correct option is  A) ethene

Correct option is  D) 5,1

11 sigma bonds are present

(i, ii, iv) Each of the two boron atoms is in sp³-hybrid state. Of the four hybrid orbitals, three have one electron each while the fourth is empty. Two of the four orbitals of each, of the boron atom overlap with two terminal hydrogen atoms forming two normal B - H σ-bonds. One of the remaining hybrid orbitals (either empty or singly occupied) of one of the boron atoms, 15-orbital of H (bridge atom) and one of hybrid orbitals of the other boron atom overlap to form a delocalized orbital covering the three nuclei with a pair of electrons. This is three centre two electron bond. Similar overlapping occurs with the second hydrogen atom (bridging) forming three centre two electrons bond.

(ii, iii) Fullerenes are cage-like (soccer or rugby ball) molecules and graphite is thermodynamically most stable allotrope of carbon. Thus, options (ii) and (iii) are correct

उत्तर प्रदेश के आगरा में इस किले का निर्माण लाल पत्थर से किया गया था । इसलिए इसे लाल किला कहते हैं ।

• इस किले का निर्माण अकबर ने ई.स. 1565 में करवाया था ।
• इस किले पर हिन्दू और ईरानी शैली की छाप स्पष्ट दिखाई देती है ।
• इसकी दीवार 70 फूट ऊँची और घेराव डेढ़ मील है ।
• कुशलतापूर्वक लाल पत्थर की रचना के कारण एक भी दरार नहीं है ।
• अकबर ने इस किले में जहाँगीर महल का निर्माण करवाया था । इस महल पर गुजराती और बंगाली शैली की स्पष्ट छाप दिखाई देती है ।
• इस किले में शाहजहाँ ने अपने जिंदगी के अंतिम दिन गुजारे थे ।

(i) 4

(ii) Due to lower bond dissociation enthalph of BiH₃ as compared to SbH₃.

Detailed Answer:

(ii) Because BiH₃ has longer bond length due to larger size of Bi it has lowest bond dissociation energy which makes it less stable than SbH_3.

Nitrogen covalence is four (4).

(i) Straight angle is of 180° and half of a revolution is 180°. 

Hence. (i) – (c)

(ii) Right angle is of 90° and one – fourth of a revolution is 90°. 

Hence, (ii) – (d)

(iii) Acute angles are the angles less than 90°. Also, less than one fourth of a revolution is the angle less than 90°. 

Hence, (iii) – (a)

(iv) Obtuse angles are the angles greater than 90° but less than 180°. Also between 1/4 and 1/2 of a revolution is the angle whose measure lies between 90° and 180°. 

Hence, (iv) – (e)

(v) Reflex angles are the angles greater than 180° but less than 180° but less than 360°, Also more than half a revolution is the angle whose measure is greater than 180°.

Hence (V) ⟷ (b)

The economic variables that are related to a period of time, are called flows.

Tractor and Pumpset are capital goods.

In a financial year, during the production process, the decrease in value due to the general wear and tear of capital goods and the expected decline due to expected non- prevelance is called depreciation.

The full form of LPG is Liquefied petroleum gas. It is also referred as propane or butane. It is flammable and is used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment and vehicles.

Capital goods are the fixed assets of the producer which include raw materials left at the year-end, semi-finished goods, and stock of finished goods.

(a) final goods

Petroleum can be extracted from under the sea bed. It can be extracted with giant drilling machines. The layer containing petroleum oil and gas is above that of water.

All such goods which are used in the production process are called productive goods.

B) Newlands’ law