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The question of Sirohi : The leaders of Gujarat wished to make the centre of tourism, Sirohi based Mount Abu, a part of Gujarat, In November 1947, Sirohi was within the ambit of Gujarat state agency. On 10^th April 1948, Hiralal Shastri wrote a letter to Sardar Patel that the meaning of Sirohi was Gokul Bhai.

Without Gokul Bhai, they could not run Rajasthan. In the meantime with respect to Sirohi’s main attractions Delwara and Mount Abu merged in Gujarat and the birth place of Gokul Bhai Bhatt, Hathal along with rest of Sirohi were given to Rajasthan. This step was vehemently opposed in Rajasthan, as the leadership was mainly of Gokul Bhai Bhatt.

The leadership of Rajasthan sought from Pt. Nehru a solution the problem. In order to overcome it, the whole issue was handed over to the State Reorganisation Committee. The Merger of Ajmer Marwada In the British Era, Ajmer Marwadą was a centre-ruled state.

All India Nationalist State Public Council by Rajputana Provincial Assembly had been demanding not only all the provinces of state be included in Greater Rajasthan but the area of Ajmer, Marwada also to be included but from the other side the Congress leadership of Ajmer opposed the demand.

In 1952 AD general elections for the Ajmer Marwada were held, and in the leadership of Hari Bhai Upadhayay of Congress, the cabinet for the area was formed. The Congress leadership of Ajmer was not in favour for its merger with Rajasthan.

Now alter the formation of cabinet, the Congress gave the logic that from the perspective of administration, this should remain a small State. The matter was handed over to state Reorganisation Council. The council disagreed with the contention of Congress and recommended that AjmerMarwada’s area be merged with Rajasthan.

In this manner on 1^st November 1956 ÁD, by Sirohi Reorganisation Committee, Sirohi Mount Abu area and alongwith this Ajmer Marwada was also merged with Rajasthan. In this way the process of unification of Rajasthan that began in March 1948 AD was completed on 1^st November 1956.

After the formation of United Rajasthan, as the symbolic remains of monarchy, Head King’s newly created post remained. By India’s newly elected parliament’s seventh amendment, on 1^st November 1956 the post of Head King was abolished and in the form of first Governor of state, Sardar Guru Mukh Nihal Singh was appointed.

In this way by Sardar Patel’s cleverness, intellect and good strategy, and on the desire of Rajasthan rulers, the impactful pressure of public opinion led to the fulfillment of the dream of Rajasthan’s unification.

At the time of India’s independence from British rule, independence, Rajasthan had 22 small large provinces. Other than this, the small area of Ajmer Marwada was under direct rule of British. All these provinces and British ruled areas to be combined in the form of a unit and be organised was a very tough problem.

In September 1946 AD, All India Nationalist State Public Council took a decision that entire Rajasthan as a unit must get included in Indian Confederation. The Province Secretariat of Indian Government took a decision that in Independent India only those provinces could place their seperate identity, who had an annual income of one crore and population of more than 10 lacks.

Under this stipulation, only four provinces were there. The small provinces were experiencing that in independent India living jointly was a better alternative than staying as self dependent units.

On 15 August, 1947 India became independent from British rule. As per Indian constitutional amendments 1947, the 8th schedule re – established the British supremacy on the Indian national provinces again with the signatories. This meant that national provinces would themselves decide with which country (India or Pakistan) their identity would remain. If any province wished not to join any country, it could place its identity in the form of an independent state.

If this were allowed India remained divided into small sections. Till date the Indian government’s political department that kept control over the national provinces, was terminated and on 5th July under 1947 the chairmanship of Sardar Patel, the provincial secretariat was formed.

A. L. Sethi and J. L. Bajaj chose Jaipur Praja Mandal as their work sphere.

Bikaner Praja Mandal was founded in Bikaner by Magaram Vaid.

The leaders who lent an impetus to the Mewar Praja Mandal were M. L. Verma and Balwant Singh Mehta.

The movements in the British India influenced nationalist awakening in Rajasthan. The farmer class movement began, and due to many oppressive policies, the provincial people were unhappy. Many illogical restrictions made the life of people troublesome, and for the solution of these things, political consciousness arose in provinces and Praja Mandal was formed.

In this manner in Jodhpur, Jhalawad, Jaipur, Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and other states the Praja Mandal movement continued to work. In Jodhpur Jai Narayan Vyas, in Bikaner Kanhaiya Lal Dund, in Mewar, Manikya Lal Verma, in Kota Nainu Ram Sharma, in Bundi Pathik ji, Ram Narayan Choudhary, Mange Lal Bhave, Tansukh lal Mittal, in Jaipur Arjun Lal Sethi, J. L. Bajaj, Hira lal Shastri and Pt. Hari Narayan Sharma in Alwar led the Praja Mandal movement. In a similar manner, Shri Ganesh Jagannath Das Adhikari in Bharatpur and Swami Shradhanand in Dholpur led the Praja Mandal Movement.

In Kota, the credit of awareness goes to Pt. Nanyu Ram Sharma. He was an active member of Rajasthan Service Organisation. Pt. Sharma ran the Begar revolt movement and in 1934 AD founded the Hadoti Praja Mandal. In 1939 AD, Pt. Sharma associated with Pt. Abhiu Hari and founded the Kota State Praja Mandal whose main purpose was to establish responsible administration. In 1941 AD after Pt. Nanyu Ram Sharma’s killing, the leadership went to Abhiu Hari.

After the unification of Rajasthan, the aristocracy was left in the form of last remains. Royal king’s newly created post was kept. First group states, main head was called Governor whereas second group states, main head was called Royal King or ‘Raj Pramukhi’. Governor and Royal king. Both were appointed by the President, but Royal King’s appointment was done from the concerned states with merged provinces of former rulers. In India the new elected parliament as per constitution’s seventh schedule terminated the post of Royal King and in the form of the state’s first Governor, Sardar Guru Mukh Nihal Singh took oath. This way by Sardar Patel’s cleverness, intellect and good policy the lost remains of aristocracy ended in Rajasthan:

Electromagnetic energy can be gained or lost in discrete values and not in a continuous manner

Rajasthan’s leading revolutionary, lover of independence, Damodar Dass Rathi’s (1882 – 1918) name is taken with respect. He was an industrialist and after coming in contact with Rao Gopal Singh and Arvind Ghosh, he opened Arya Samaj branch in Beawar of and Home Rule Movement and founded the one Sanatan religion education society.

He was leading supporter of Tilak’s aggresive policy. The speciality of all his revolutionary activities was that alongwith social improvement, propagation of education was conducted in a balanced manner.

In the 1857 revolt, the people of Rajasthan demonstrated patriotism and antiBritish emotions and helped the revolutionaries. The contribution of Thakur Kushal Singh from. Auwa in Rajasthan is invaluable. On 8 September 1857 the armed soldiers of the revolted. Thakur Kushal severed the throat of British resident and hoisted it a top of the fort.

On 19th January 1858 under the leadership of Colonel Holmes, the Auwa fort came captured and 124 people of this village wree made prisoners and on 28th January, 1858, Auwa was under the control of British soldiers. Kushal Singh in this revolt showed great courage but due to non – co – operation, revolt could not be pre – organised and successful.

Planck’s quantum theory

Radiant energy is emitted or absorbed discontinuously in the form of small packets of energy called quanta.

Energy of each quantum e = hυ,h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 x10^-34 Js

Total energy emitted or absorbed = nhυ (n is an integer)

There are two elements namely Cr and Mn which have half-filled d-orbitals. 

₂₄Crls² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s¹ 

₂₅Mnls² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s²

By the middle of twentieth century, the interference and control of Britishers in native states increased. The traditional relations of farmers with the British government changed due to excess taxes, increased expenses and policies of economic exploitation. New manufacturing costs were levied and forced labour was taken from farmers.

Rulers and feudal lords had no danger from external invasion. British control led to western influence. As a result the lifestyle of rulers and feudel lords changed. Their expenses increased. For their luxury and comfort, farmers suffered from more economic exploitation. The farmers were disatisfied and this resulted in farmers’ movement.

(b) Arjun Lal Sethi

At the end of 3d series, d-orbitals of Zinc contain 10 electrons in which the repulsive interaction between the electrons is more than the effective nuclear charge and hence the orbitals slightly expand and atomic radius slightly increases

• The transition metals (or, elements) exhibit variable oxidation states due to their electronic configuration, (n – 1) d^1-10 ns^1-2 for the first row.
• They show only positive oxidation states due to loss of electrons from outer 45-orbital and the penultimate 3rf-orbital.
• Loss of one 45 electron forms M⁺ ion. Loss of two 45 electrons form M²⁺ion.
• +2 is the common oxidation state of these elements.
• Higher oxidation states are due to loss of 3 d-electrons along with 45 electrons.
• As the number of unpaired electrons increases, the number of oxidation states shown by the element also increases.
• Sc has only one unpaired electron and it shows two oxidation states (+2 and +3)
• Mn with 5 unpaired d electrons show six different oxidation states. They are +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 and + 7. Thus Mn has the highest oxidation state.
• From Fe onwards variable oxidation states decreases as the number of unpaired electron decreases.
• The last element in the series, Zn shows only one oxidation state (+2). 

• The electronic conliguration of zinc is, ₃₀Zn Is² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² or [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s².
• Due lo loss of two electrons from 4s suhshell Zn shows oxidation state +2. with elcctronic configuration. [Ar] ¹⁸3d¹⁰.
• Since Zn⁺² acquires an extra stability of completely filled 3d¹⁰ orbital. it shows only one oxidation state + 2. 

On 15th August 1947 India became independent. The Indian Independence Act as per 1947, gth schedule, the British government’s Indian native Provinces were given the freedom of choosing whether to join India or Pakistan. If any province didn’t combine with , any of the two nations it could remain an independent state.

If this was not allowed, India would have separated in many small divisions and India’s unity would be compromised. Contemporary Indian government’s political department that controlled the nation till then was ended and on 5th July 1947, the Province Secretariat was formed in Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel’s presidentship.

Province Secretariat wished merger or integration of all small and large provinces. These provinces were merged in a manner that from language, culture and geographical boundary’s perspective a united state was developed.

The Primary effort in the formation of Rajasthan : During the attainment of independence, Rajasthan had 22 small and large provinces. Other than this, Ajmer-Marwara’s small territory was under direct central rule. All these provinces and British areas were to be combined into one united state and this was extremely difficult problem. In September 1946, All India National State People’s Council took decision that combined Rajasthan in one unit form should get included in Indian Confederation.

Here Indian government province secretrait took decision that in independent India whose only those provinces can place their separate identity whose income would be 1 crore annually and population more than 10 lacs. According to this measure, in Rajasthan only Jodhpur, Jaipur, Udaipur and Bikaner could fulfil the condition.

Rajasthan’s small provinces were able to expereience that in independent India, it was good to be as together independent units was but due to historical and other reasons, the rulers had non-belief and jealously for one another. The main problems of provinces in Rajasthan : 

Rajasthan’s main provinces had following problems.

1. After independence and division, the religious rights were main problem. In Alwar and Bharatpur Mev castes problems again came up. 

2. Jodhpur’s geographical and societal situation was extremely important and Jodhpur’s probable inclusion in Pakistan. It was also a hot topic. 

3. The Maharana of Mewar and the feudal lords due to their glorious historical traditions were not interested to merge in the confederation. 

4. Bikaner being a border state, was an extremely important state for India. In the changing political seenario, the Mewar Maharana on 25th June 1946 in Jaipur, organised a summit of Rajasthan kings. The agenda was to make a confederation. All rulers had different opinions.

The Maharana’s plan did not fructify. In a similar manner, the ruler of Dungarpur tried unsuccessfully to build Bhagat State (Dungarpur, Hanswada, Pratapgarh), Jaipur and Kota rulers’ efforts were also unsuccessful in forming unions.

As a consequence, Indian government’s province department combined all provinces together for the formation of United Rajasthan. For this great intelligence, farsightedness, patience and diplomacy was required and this is why this work was gradually done with lot of precaution.

(b) they were engaged in public welfare activities

In September 1946 AD the All India Nationalist State Public Council took the decision that United Rajasthan as one unit form must get included in Indian Federation.

Shri Ram Manohar Lohia included Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Matsya confederation in United Rajasthan and demanded to convert it into Indian confederation’s one strong unit.

The farmers were oppressed by excess taxes and seeing this Vijay Singh Pathik accepted leadership of their movement..

On 25 March 1948 before the merger of Mewar the Maharao of Kota, Bheem Singh became the Royal King of United Rajasthan, but after the merger of Mewar on 18 April 1948 the post of Royal King of United Rajasthan was given to the King of Mewar, Bhupal Singh.

This was done through the medium of a newspaper published from Kanpur named as Pratap.

Bijolia farmers were of ‘Dhahad’ caste.

(c) Sikar Farmer Movement

Bijolia farmers movement’s purpose was to show dissatisfaction against the landlords for their heavy taxes.

(a) Vijay Singh Pathik

In connection with independence revolt in Rajasthan, the newspapers that raised voice were Navjyot, Navjeevan and Jaipur Samachar.

In Rajasthan the main centres of revolt were Naseerabad, Neemuch, Devli, Auwa, Kota, Erinpura, Salumbar and Kotharia.

When in 1857 the war of independence spread out, Rajasthan did not remain unaffected. When in 1857 the fire of war of independence spread in Rajasthan, the British government became worried. There were mainly 6 army cantonments in Rajasthan. They were at Naseerabad. Neemuch, Devli, Kota, Erinpura and Kherwada.

The main centres of revolt in Rajasthan : 

(1) Naseerabad : In Rajasthan, the 1857 war of indepenence began from Naseerabad. On 28 May 1857 at 4 p.m. in the evening, the soldiers revolted in Naseerabad. There were rumours that the wheat given to soliders and the bullets to be torn by mouth were mixed with cow meat and fat. On 27th May, news broke that from Dausa, European battalion soldiers were reaching Naseerabad to take place of soldiers placed there.

The news of opposition raised the soldiers’ anger to the extreme, The situation of Naseerabad began to deteriorate. The soldiers revolted but first regment. Mumbai lancers did not side with the rebels and obeying the British command fired on them but light Grenadler company refused to fire bullet. Brigadier Machael was compelled to stay away alongwith European friends. Other than this, Col.

Penny who was core commander died at the incident location. The reason for this was probably panic. Two other British officers also died, two were injured and with this, Naseerabad went in the hands of revolutionaries. Next day, the revolutionaries destroyed Naseerabad cantonment and proceeded towards Delhi.

In the leadership of Lieutenant Matter and Lieutenant Hathcoat, almost 1000 soldiers of Mewar purchased the revolutionaries but they were unable to catch them. May be the reason for this was that the feudal lords of Mewar and Marwar easily allowed the agitators to pass through their state. This fact is an indication that Mewar and Marwad were lenient towards revolutionaries.

Dissastisfaction in soldiers again : On 12 June 1857 from Orissa the first batch of European soldiers reached Naseerabad and on 10 July 1857 the agent of Governor General sent this batch to Neemuch. This incident gave birth to dissatisfaction among Naseerabad based soldiers. 12th native infantry soldiers were enthusiastic, but they were quickly deweaponised.

On 10th August 1857, the soldiers of Mumbai Cavalry refused the order to kill their commander and asked other associates to introspect on their part but British government took tough steps. One soldier was instantly killed with bullets. Some soldiers were hanged and rest of all other Indian soldiers were deweaponised. This way the revolt was quickly handled before it could spread any farther in Naseerabad.

The Neemuch Revolution : The second centre of revolt was Neemuch. On 2nd June, Colonel Abbot made Hindu and Muslim soldiers pledge by Ganga and Quran that they would remain loyal to British rule. Colonel Abbot himself kept Bible in his hands and took pledge by which they could get full support from soldiers under them, the but on 3rd June 1857 the revolt of Naseerabad news of reached Neemuch and same day at 11 p.m. in the evening, revolt erupted.

The rebels captured the cantonment and put it on flames. Brigadier Major’s bungalow was set on fire. The soldiers stationed at the bungalow refused to fire at the revolutionaries and later, they also joined them. It is believed that two women instantly died and many children who were rounded perished into the flames of fire. British men, women and children who were about 40 in number, were rounded off by the revolutionaries.

On 5th June, the revolutionaries moved to Agra and from there, left for Delhi. They released all prisoners imprisoned in Agra and looted ₹1 lakh, 26 thousand from the government treasury. The market of Agra remained safe. The revolutionaries of Neemuch reached Delhi and set the cantonment on fire. It is believed that the Delhi Cantonment had already been emptied and from there, and British officers were sent to Jahaazpur town near Mewar.

The revolutionaries compelled 60 people of Delhi cantonment to come along with them. The situation of other nearby places became volatile. The attacks of revolutionaries were increasing at Malwa, Mhow, Salumbar etc. The situation of Kharwada and Salumbar near Udaipur became so sensitive that in Captain Shauney’s thoughts, the safety of these areas became difficult..

On 12 August 1857 second cavalry commander Colonel Jackson called on European soldiers in Neemuch on the basis of the information that there would be agitated Indian army and their strategy was to finish all European officiers. This incident enraged the Indian soldiers based in Neemuch.

In this enthusiasm, one European soldier was killed, 2 other soldiers were injured and Lieutinant Will was injured with the gun of a European. The soldiers refused to obey the orders of Colonel Jackson and the European officials also passed the order related to arguments and with the result, the decision was taken to curb the revolutionaries of Neemuch as more soldiers were called.

Auwa (Marwad) Fort and Thakur Kushal Singh’s leadership : August 1857 revolution’s flames blaze in the entire state. On 21 August, Jodhpur soldiers based in Ellenpura revolted and they refused to obey their superiors with the result that lilutenant Karmoli was pressurised to go with revolutionaries. He was released after 3 days by revolutionaries. Bhil soldiers also sided with the revolutionaries and refused to support the British rule.

They captured many British citizens and families and took them in their custody. After some time, they were also released. Thereafter Auwa’s Thakur Kushal Singh also began to support the revolutionaries. The reason behind this was that for the last few years the personal relations of Thakur Kushal Singh and Jodhpur Maharaja had been tensed and in contemporary circumstances, the former wished to take benefit from the opportunity.

Is On 9th Semptember 1857, Maharaja’s soldiers and revolutionaries supported Auwa Thakur’s soldiers fought a battle at Vidoda and Chilawaas near Pali. The soldiers of Maharaja not only had to face see the defeat but most of their weapons also came in the hands of revolutionaries. The fort keeper of Jodhpur, Anar Singh and many trusted supporters of Maharaja helped in this war.

Even lieutenant Heathcoat who was sent to Rajasthan by British agent Governor General Lawrence could save himself with lot of difficulty. His entire wealth was looted by revolutionaries. While understanding these serious circumstances, General Lawrence, himself decided to march towards Auwa. Near Beawar, he prepared an armed batallion and left for Auwa on 18th September. In the leadership of General Lawrence, the British soldiers unsuccessfully targeted Auwa.

The revolting soldiers not only foiled the attack but many British officers among which Jodhpur based British political agent Mike Mason and one European official were included, were foiled. Alongwith this, many Jodhpur soldiers were killed at the hands of revolutionaries. Revolutionaries beheaded Mike Mason in the fort which was a symbol of their success.

General Lawrence had to move back and take shelter in a village three miles away From Auwa. Thereafter he came back to Ajmer. General Lawrence’s defeat was taken seriously by British government. The reason for this was that this incident could affect whole of Rajasthan. The British government gave orders that the Auwa Thakur must be supressed at any cost.

On the other hand, revolutionaries like Kisaldar Abdul Ali Abbas Ali Khan, Sheikh Mohd. Baksh and Hindu and Muslim soldiers appealed the people of Marwar and Mewar that they help them in whatever form. Thakur Kushal Singh sought from Mewar’s biggest landlord Thakur Sammad Singh an agreement to help against Britishers. Thakur Sammad Singh and many main landlords of Marwar assured the support of four thousand soldiers.

On 9th October 1857, Aasop’s Thakur Chand Singh, Pulniari’s Thakur Ajit Singh, Tulgiri’s Thakur Bhagat Singh, Bhogara’s Thakur Jodh Singh, Banto Thakur Prem Singh, Banswara’s Thakur Chand Singh in order to take suport from Delhi government left for Delhi. Thakur Sammad Singh also sided with the friendly landlords.

On January 1858, a group of soldiers from Bombay reached Naseerabad to support British soldiers and on the way, the fort handed over to Thakur of Sirohi for his services was attacked and destroyed, and on 19 January 1958, this group reached Auwa. In order to support this army, Jaipur’s working British political agent Major Morrison reached Auwa. From the other side under Colonel Holmes’ leadership, Bombay native infantry reached Auwa.

Thereafter on 19 January in the leadership of Colonel Holmes, the Auwa fort was laid seige but 23 on January 1958 under the cover of darkness, rain and thunder, Auwa revolutionaries escaped away. British soldiers chased revolutionaries and 18 of them were trapped and put to death and 7 were taken into custody. From Auwa village, 124 people were made captive and they were soon made target of bullets.

The native place of Auwa Thakur was laid to ground and in this manner on 24 January 1858, the British soldiers captured Auwa. It is believed that during army action, many unarmed citizens were killed and their bodies were found lying in the lanes. British army also incurred heavy losses and at least ten soldiers were wounded. British soldiers in Auwa committed terrible atrocities.

Bertha, Bhimaliye, and Lambiya villagers were destroyed and in this way the terror was spread among people and British army surged ahead towards Naseerabad. On 15 September 1857, Major Burton received orders to take the role of British political agent in Kota. Thereafter Kota Maharao’s advocate Major Burton was to be taken from Neemuch. On 5th October, Major Burton alongwith his two sons left for Kota.

Major Burton’s wife, daughter and 3 sons had halted at Neemuch and on 12th October, Major Burton reached Kota. The next day Kota Maharao came to meet British political agent at his residence and the same day in the night political agent alongwith his two sons went to meet Maharao. It is believed that during talks, the political agent requested Maharao to relieve his own main associates from the post.

But on 15 October, the two ministers of Kota Maharao revolted against Britain and Major Burton, his two sons, one assistant surgeon and one native Christian doctor were killed. Not only this, Major Burton was beheaded and revolutionaries took the head with them. The revolutionaries were supported by common people and this was given the form of public movement. In Kota’s independence, Jaidev Mathur and Mehrab Khan played main roles.

British Soldiers had to move back and for five months, the rule of revolutionaries remained in Kota. . Other states’ contribution: In Jaipur, Tonk, Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur, Dungarpur states the anti British emotions were high. The army of Bharatpur, Gujjars and other people openly participated in the revolt. The people of Jaipur insulted the British army that was walking on the roads by shouting anti British slogans. The Nawab of Tonk refused to pay taxes and left for Delhi.

Tatya Tope was caught by deceit by Narwar’s Rajput landlord Man Singh.

(d) Auwa Samant

The reasons for the failutre of the revolt in Rajasthan were the absence of leadership in Rajasthan rulers and absence of equilibrium.

Mewar’s Maharana Swaroop Singh was helpful to Britishers during the revolt.

Tantya Tope’s failure in Rajasthan was because of Rajasthan’s rulers’ absolute nonco-operation and betrayal by own loyalists or friends.

(b) Kathariya’s Rawat Jodh Singh

This was decided by the Indian government’s provincial department that all provinces should be united under a single state of Rajasthan, and for this work, extensive intelligence, farsightedness, patience and diplomacy was essential and because of this, the work was completed gradually with lot of care. The different stages of Rajasthan Unification: These were five stages.

First Stage : The formation of Matsya organisation. In this organisation, Alwar Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karoli were included since from the geographical, caste and economic perspectives these states were alike. The rulers of the 4 states were called on 27 February 1948 to Delhi and the proposal for their integration was placed in front of them. That was instantly accepted on the recommendation of A. K. Munshi.

This organisation was named as Matsya organisation as was the name of this place from the Mahabharat era. On 28 February 1948, the documents were signed and on 18 March 1948, the central minister A. V. Gadgil inaugurated the organisation. The population of Matsya was 18 Lakh and its annual income was ₹2 crore. The Maharaja of Dholpur, Uday Bhan Singh was made supreme head and Council of Ministers was formed.

Shobha Ram of Alwar was made Prime Minister of all 4 states included in organisation one member from each state was taken to form Council of Ministers. Gopi Lal Yadav (Bharatpur), Master Bholanath (Alwar), Dr. Mangal Singh (Dholpur) and Chiranjali Sharma (Karoli) took the oath as ministers.

Second stage: United Rajasthan : in this organisation, Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, Banswara, Pratapgarh and Shahpura were included. Kota, Jhalawar and Dungarpur rulers made one Hadoti organisation as was thought over and on 3 March 1948 all the three rulers agreed in Delhi to the idea of integration. The same opinion was formed by the rulers of Banswara, Pratapgarh and Dungarpur.

The native Praja Mandal’s pressure was also there in favour of organisation. Shahpur and Kishangarh were 2 such provinces that had in their part opposed to their merger with Ajmer, Marwada. This is why they agreed to be included in United Rajasthan. This way United Rajasthan had 9 : states; Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, Kishangarh, Shantipura and Tonk.

The area of the united Rajasthan was 16807 sq. miles, population 23.5 lakh and income 1.90 crore annually. According to the provincial department’s estimentes. Mewar province was situated. According to the provincial department’s estimentes. Mewar could place its independent identity.

Still then provincial department invited the state of Mewar for inclusion. The Mewar Maharana, Bhupal Singh and Mewar state Dewan Sir S. V. Ramamurthi opposed the proposal and said Mewar’s 1300 years old kingdom with glorious traditions could not be given up and their identity could not be erased on India map.

By seeing the rigid attitude of Mewar state, the provincial department took the decision to leave Udaipur for the time being and merge the province of South East to construct United Rajasthan. In the proposed United Rajasthan, Kota was the largest province.

The decision was taken the post of supreme head of United Rajasthan be given to Maharaj Bheem Singh of Kota and on 25 March, 1948. N. V. Gadgil inaugurated this new organisation. The Kota Maharaj being given the post of Supreme King on the basis of larger area was not acceptable to the Maharaj of Bundi because traditionally their position was higher than Kota.

Bundi Maharao prayed to the Maharaja of Mewar to merge in new state so that Udaipur Maharaj could become supreme head by which the difficulties of Bundi Maharaj would be solved. Maharana gave Bundi Maharaj that very answer that he had given few days to provincial department.

In the end, being helpless Bundi Maharao agreed for Kota Maharaj to be the supreme head of United Rajasthan, Bundi Maharao was made vice supreme head and Maharao of Dungarpur junior vice supreme head. The brief constitution of these states was prepared and it was to be inaugurated on 25 March, 1948.

The decision of Mewar not to get included in United Rajasthan in Mewar sparked a quick revolt in Mewar. The main leader of Mewar Praja Mandal and constitutiontal representative committee member M. L. Verma said Mewar cauld not decide about the 20 lakh people fate alone through Maharana Saheb and his chief Ram Murthi. Praja Mandal’s clear policy was that Mewar ended its identity and became a part of Rajasthan.

Maharana remained firm on his decision but soon the political circumstances of Mewar changed. An obstacle arose in Mewar with respect to formation of council of ministers, between Praja Mandal and Mewar government. This obstacle could be resolved if Mewar joined the union. Maharana on 23 March 1948, in order to merge Mewar in United Rajasthan forwarded the information of this decision to Indian government and requested to set the date of inauguration on 25th March.

Third Stage : Mewar merges with United Rajasthan : Three days after the United Rajasthan’s inauguration, a discussion started on the question of Mewar merger. 

Sir Rama Murthi informed about three main demands.

1. Maharana would be made United Rajasthan’s hereditary supreme head. 

2. He had to be given Rs 20 Lakh annual allowance. 

3. Udaipur be made the capital. Provincial department talked to the rulers of United Rajasthan and decided to merge Mewar with United Rajasthan.

As regards the Maharana to be life – long supreme head, this was decided that after Maharana’s death, would, the post would be accepted as closed. United Rajasthan’s capital was made Udaipur but one convention every year of Vidhan Sabha was decided upon. Mewar’s Maharana had demanded an allowance of 20 lakh.

In answer, the allowance was kept ₹20 lakh but in form of annual grant of ₹15 lakh and for religious activities 5 lakh were agreed upon. On 1 April 1948, Mewar signed on the merger letter. This organisation was inaugurated by Pt. Nehru on 18 April 1948 in Udaipur. Mewar’s Maharana the supreme head, Kota’s maharaj senior vice supreme head and Bundi and Dungarpur rulers were junior vice supreme head.

Prime Minister M. L. Verma on advice Pt. Nehru and Sardar Patel decided to form the Council of Ministers. In the Council of Ministers were Gokul Pd. Asawa (Shahpura), Prem Narayan Mathur, Bhurelal Bhaya and Mohan Lal Sukhadiya (Udaipur), Bhogilal Pandya (Dungarpur), Abhin Giri (Kota) and Brij Sunder Sharma (Bundi). This way the 3rd stage of Rajasthan unification was completed.

Fourth Stage : Greater Rajasthan Formation : With the merger of Mewar, rest of the state’s merger became easier and certain. In Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, the public opinion of merger and unification became stronger. Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer states had boundaries connected with Pakistan from where the fear of aggression was always.

From the angle of transportation and communication avenues, this area was very backward. Their development was beyond the states economic capacity economic capacity. The leader of Samajvadi Pary Dr. J. P. Narayan on 9th November 1948 in a public gathering demanded the construction of greater Rajasthan without delay and on the all – India level Rajasthan, movement committee was constituted.

Its President Dr. R. M. Lohiya demanded unification of Rajasthan. The Secretary of Provincial Department V. P. Menon started the talks with concerned rulers. On 11 January 1949, he left for Jaipur and talked with Jaipur Maharaja. Jaipur Maharaja Sawai Man Singh after much hesitation and counselling finally was prepared for Greater Rajasthan but condition was laid that the Jaipur Maharaj would be made hereditary supreme head of Greater Rajasthan and Jaipur would be made the Capital.

After the consent of conditon of merger, this message was sent to Bikaner and Jodhpur by telegram. The rulers of Bikaner and Jodhpur finally gave the consent for the process of merger. On 14 January 1949, Sardar Patel in a simple gathering in Udaipur declared about the construction of Greater Rajasthan.

The Maharaja of Mewar was declared life – long supreme king. The ruler of Jaipur was made Royal King, the rulers of Jodhpur and Kota Senior Vice Royal King and Bundi and were Dungarpur rulers Junior Vice Royal Kings. Royal King and his council of ministers were in central government. Royal Kings, letter of acceptance was signed for constitution to accept the federal and stratagic aspects.

Sardar Patel inaugurated the newly formed group on 30th March 1949, and in present form the day is celebrated as Rajasthan Day. Shri Hiralal Shastri on 4th April 1949 took charge of ministry, the council of ministers would Shri Sidhraj Dadtha (Jaipur), Prem Narayan Mathur (Udaipur), Bhure Lal Bhaya (Udaipur), Phool Chand Bapna (Jodhpur), Narsingh Kachwaha (Jodhpur), Rao Raja Hanumant Singh (Jodhpur), Raghuvar Raj Goyal (Bikaner) and Vedpal Tyagi (Kota), Jaipur ruler received 18 lacs, Jodhpur rulers ₹17.5 lacs, Bikaner ruler 17 lacs, Jaisalmer ruler 2 – 8 lacs in the form of Privy Purse. Jaipur was declared capital and Rajasthan’s large importance increased as some state level government enterprises, higher offices/working places i.e., High Court in Jodhpur, Education Deparment in Bikaner, Mineral Department in Udaipur, Agriculture Department in Bharatpur were established

The Fifth Stage: The merger of Matsya organisation in greater Rajasthan. During the formation of Matsya organisation, the four state rulers were clearly conveyed that in future, this organisation would merge either in Rajasthan or Uttar Pradesh. Matsya organisation was working in independent form but its government was beset with problems.

Th agitation of Mewar was a subject of worry for them, and the Bharatpur farmer assembly and citizen assembly’s anti government movement was at its peak. Bharatpur farmer assembly demanded seperate identity for Bharatpur and Dholpur. Now the doubt began to form that Matsya organisation would be broken or divided.

The foresight of this doubt was the reason why the four state rulers and Prime Minister were called on 10th May 1949 to Delhi for talks. The option was given to them to either merge with close by state Uttar Pradesh or in Rajasthan, Where Alwar and Karoli were in favour of merger with Rajasthan, Bharatpur and Dholpur were in favour of merger with Uttar Pradesh.

For the solution of problem, a committee was formed under Shri Shankar Rao Dev’s presidentship. As per the recommendation of this committee, Bharatpur and Dholpur had public support for merger with Rajasthan. On 15th May 1948 Matsya union was included in Rajasthan.

‘Rajputana Central India Assembly convention took place in Ajmer in Jamuna Lal Bajaj’s presidentship. 

Two leaders of Dahad farmers, Nanaji Patel and Thakri Patel went to Maharana of Udaipur to express the plight of farmers.

‘Kota State Citizen Council’ held its first convention under the leadership of Naynu Ram Sharma in Mangrol.

The leader of Bijolia farmer movement, Vijay Singh Pathik’s real name was Bhoop Singh. His birth place was Ghutaval village in the Bulandshahr district. In 1907, Bhoop Singh came in contact with famous revolutionary Ras Bihari Bose, Sachindra Sanyal and from there onward he started to participate in revolutionary activities. In order to organise the revolt in Rajasthan, Bose sent him to Thakur of Khalwa, Gopal Singh.

The plan of revolt being unsuccessful, all revolutionaries were caught. Bhoop Singh was also caught and imprisoned in the fort of Tatagarh. Later, he managed to escape from that place. He grew his beard and changed his name from Bhoop Singh to Vijay Pathik. From there on for the life time, he was known by the same name.

By chance he met Sita Ram, and on the recommendation of Sita Ram, Vijay Pathik agreed to be the leader of Bijolia movement. His presence motivated the farmers. With the support of Manikya Lal Verma, Sadhu Sita Ram Dass, Bhanwar. Lal Sunar and Prem Chand Bhil, Pathik through the medium of panchayat gathered them and objected to tax them for funding of war reserves.

Farmers sent request letters to Maharana and landlords. In response, the Maharana got the farmer leader arrested and ordered his property to be seized. Pathik went underground and directed the movement from an unknown place.

The support of newspapers : Vijay Pathik through the medium of a paper published from Kanpur made the farmer movement of Bijolia a subject of discussion in the whole country. In this, the feudal lords’ oppressions were widely discussed and publicised. Leaders M. L. Verma, Sita Ram Dass etc. were made captives. The farmers were tortured cruelly but they tolerated everything and continued with the movement.

For the propagation of news about Bijolia movement. Pathik sent to the editor of Pratap, Ganesh Shankar Vidhyarthi a thread tied on arm to increase dependent relations. Gandhi Ji also heard about the Bijolia movement and invited Pathikji in this connection to Mumbai to participate in the congress convention of 1918.

He met G.S. Vidhyarthi and in 1918 to participate in Congress Conventions he left for Mumbai. Durign this period, the suppression of farmers continued. The Rana ordered the administration of the state to realise tax from the farmer on that land only which was ploughed by the farmer. This was the second success of farmers.

The foundation of Rajasthan Sewa Mandal: In 1919, Pathik formed the Rajasthan Sewa Mandal. Its office was based in Ajmer. Pathik from this place began the operations of Bijolia farmer movement. In December 1919, he left to participate in Amritsar Congress convention and tried to raise the voice of Bijolia farmers. Lokmanya Tilak presented the proposal and Kelkar supported it.

However, in the view of Madan Mohan Malviya, there could be no discussions on this proposal, because in the matters of native states, he did not wish to interfere. Malviya on the personal basis assured Pathikji that he would himself meet the Maharana and try to settle the issue. This way Bijolia farmers’ movement came in the limelight of national leaders.

Rajputana Medieval India Assembly : Pathikji wished this movement to take the form of movement of national importance. He wished to raise this issue through the medium of Rajputana medieval India assembly. In the presidentship of Bhavani Dayal ji, a commission was formed.

This information was passed on to Maharana but Maharana didn’t wish any outside agency to interfere in the issue of Bijolia movement. The Maharana did not accept the recommendation of the commision. The British government equalized this movement with the Russian revolution and gave the advice to crush the movement seriously.

In 1920, the farmers of Bijolia went to Congress convention in Nagpur. The farmers, apprised Gandhiji of the movement and received his blessings. This was the period when in the entire country, non – co – operation movement had spread. British government was worried about the movement and the farmer movement had spread to Begu , Parsoli and south – west mountain areas.

The efforts for settlement: British government was afraid that the farmers’ movement of Mewar would combine with non-co-operation movement that was active in India. With the efforts of M. J. J. Holland, there became agreement between farmers and landlords.

According to this agreement 35 cultivation costs were terminated and the taxes were lowered. The allegation on farmers was taken back. In this manner, the main demands of Bijolia farmers were agreed upon, and their panchayats got recogniton. This was the third victory of Bijolia farmers.’

No fruitful result of 1922 agreement : British Government had no interest in the agreement. They merely wished the farmers to stay away from the non-coperation movement going on across the country. At the end of the non – co – operation movement, A.G.C. did not enquire about the Bijolia movement. The feudal lords of Bijolia already did not wish to implement it. Except for ther farmers no other showed interest in this agreement.

Pathikji maintains recontrol: In 1922 by the efforts of Pathikji, an agreement between farmers and administration. Pathikji handled the leadership of the movement for which he was imprisoned for 3 years, After Pathikji was released from prison, he went into exile. His entry in Mewar state was restricted. He started giving guidance to the farmer panchayat of the Fusria village in the Gwalior state bordering Bijolia.

The question arose in 1927 for the Bijolia movement to leave taxed lands and stop cultivation in it. Pathikji probably could not assess the changed political circumstances. This decision of Pathikji proved wrong and faulty. For the moral and legal responsibility of the decision, Pathikji refused to mediate in the farmers’ panchayat.

The confidence of the farmers was broken was transfered from Pathikji to all India level. Therefore the leadership of Bijolia farmer movement was handed over to Hari B. Upadhyaya. In the end, we can say this movement created new awareness not only in Mewar but in Rajasthan’s other provinces too.

30th March 1949 being the day of greater Rajasthan construction is celebrated as Rajasthan Day.

Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel is given the credit for unification of provinces.

The leader of Bijolia movement V. S. Pathik’s real name was Bhoop Singh. Before the Bijolia uprising, he was a revolutionary and a follower of Ras Bihari Bose. He led this movement in 1919. The Rajasthan Sewa Mandal was established.

The publication of ‘Naveen Rajasthan’ newspaper began in Ajmer in 1922. Through Pathik’s efforts, there was a settlement between farmers and administrators. When the movement spread in Begu, he took over the command of the movement and was sentenced to three years of imprisonment.

The three martyr revolutionaries from one family were Kesari Singh Barhat, Pratap. Singh Barhat and Zorawar Singh Barhat, Kesari Singh Barhat was in favour of Hindi language. He inspired children to get education in indigenous educational institutions. Pratap Singh Barhat followed the footprints of his father Kesari Singh and became a martyr.

During the movement despite many tempting offers, he laid down his life after suffering inhuman torture. In the same manner, Zorawar’s tale of sacrifice and incomparable. He was so courageous that he threw bomb on Viceray Harding in a procession in Delhi.

The purpose of the foundation of Jaipur Prajamandal was establishment of responsible government, achieving basic or fundamental rights for people and Jaipur state’s development.

Rajasthan Day is celebrated on 30^th of March.