Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

NABARD: 

• NABARD is the Apex banking institution. National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development was established on 12th July 1982, with a paid-up capital of ₹ 100 crores. 50% contribution was paid by the government and 50% by RBI. 
• NABARD plays an energetic role in strengthening and re-organizing the credit structure in the country.
• NABARD provides credit to agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts, and other allied activities. 
• The money required by the primary agricultural credit societies is provided by NABARD. It reduces regional imbalances. 
• Today, NABARD is fully owned by the Government of India. NABARD is connected to district and state cooperative banks and RRB’s (Regional Rural Banks) for rural development.

Rural development is necessary to improve the economic and social life of the rural people. 

The rural occupational structure can be classified as follows:

• Agricultural sector 
• Industrial sector 
• Service sector 

(a) Agricultural sector: The rural population in India is mainly engaged in the agricultural sector. It is sub-divided as agriculture and allied activities. Agriculture consists of small marginal and large farmers. Allied activities include plantation, poultry farming, fisheries, forestry, dairy, horticulture, mining, etc. 

(b) Industrial sector: It includes economic activities related to the processing of raw materials and the manufacture of goods. Occupations related to construction work, electricity, banking, insurance, trade, finance, education, etc., also fall under the Industrial sector. It is further classified as a small-scale industry, cottage industry, and rural industry.

(c) Service sector: It is also called the tertiary sector. It includes services like accounting services, mechanic or plumbing services, banking and insurance, computer service, etc. It is further classified into traders, transport operators, professionals, and technical.

Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs): 

• They offer rural credit on concessional interest rates.
• The beneficiaries of this scheme are the marginal farmers, landless labourers, artisans, and craftsmen in the rural areas. 
• However, small farmers are unable to access rural credit.
•  It is due to its inflexible procedure and high transaction cost. 
• Thus, NGOs (Non- government Organisations) help the rural poor.

Medium Term Loan. 

The medium-term loan is taken for a period of 5 years and it is generally taken to buy cattle or agricultural equipment or digging up of canals.

Cottage Industry. 

The cottage industry is a manufacturing activity carried in the house of an individual. It is a small-scale industry with a minimum amount of investment, making job opportunities for the rural people in the village.

Correct option is (iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of A.

Correct option is  (iv) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

1. (c) for meeting expenses on religious or social ceremonies

2. (a) the loan provided by landlords, moneylenders, traders, etc.

3. (b) includes transport, restaurants, tourism, etc.

4. (d) This helps in the eradication of poverty.

5. (c) so as to provide adequate and timely finance to the rural sector.

Correct option is (ii) (A) is false, but (R) is True

Institutional Source of Credit.

It includes commercial banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRB’s), Rural Co-operative Credit Institutions, etc. They provide loans to farmers for agricultural productive activities at a lower rate of interest.

1. Restaurant

2. Horticulture

3. Suppression of women’s power.

The difference between the quantity of output that a farmer produces during a year and the quantity that he keeps with himself for his own and family’s consumption is called a marketable surplus.

Wrong Pair: Agricultural sector – Banking and Insurance

1. 16th

2. medieval

3. Marathas, Sikhs, Rohillas

4. Hyderabad

5. Avadh

6. French

7. Books, government documents.

Correct option is (b) Modern

Energy of incident radiation= hc/ ʎ

Put the values 

=7.74 x 10^-19 J 

=7.74 x 10^-19 x 1.602 x 10^-19 = 4.83 eV 

W₀ = E- KE 

=4.83 - 0.35 

=4.48 eV

No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of all four quantum numbers. If three are same one Quantum number must have a different value. 

Three electrons (one each in 3p_x,3p_y,3p_z).

1s², 2s²2p⁶, 3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰, 4s⁰

The personalities who contributed in the unification of Rajasthan were : 

1. Vijay Singh Pathik: His original name was Bhoop Singh. He led the Bijolia farmer movement. He started public awareness through Rajasthan Kesari newspaper. He is known in whole of India as the founder of farmer movement.

2. Arjun Lal Sethi : He was born in a Jain family in Jaipur in the year 1880. Sethiji is known as the founder of public consciousness in Jaipur state. Revolutionary Ras Bihari Bose in Rajasthan had put the entire responsibility of revolt on Sethiji. Sethiji founded the Jain education society in Jaipur in 1907. He worked hard for Hindu Muslim unity.

3. Kesari Singh Barhat: Kesari Singh was born in Shahpura (Bhilswara) in 1872. He founded the Brave India Assembly in 1910 AD. He created a ‘Sortho’ named ‘Chetawani Ree Chungtiya’. He is known as Rajasthan Kesari also.

4. Pratap Singh Barhat : Pratap Singh was Kesari Singh Barhat’s son. He threw bomb on Lord Hadinge’s procession in 1912 succumbed to the hardships given to him in Bareilly jail in 1918 AD. He received training in Arjunlal Sethi’s Jain Vardhman School.

5. Zorawar Singh Barhat: Zorawar Singh was Kesri Singh Barhat’s younger brother. He threw bomb on Lord Harding in Chandni Chowk in 1912 AD. From the government and king’s side, many attempts were made to catch him but he could no be caught. In the first world war, he jointly with Ras Bihari Bose and Shachinder Nath Sanyal prepared a plan for armed revolt in Northern India but this plan failed.

6. Sagar Mal Gopa : He was born in Jaisalmer and he strongly opposed the atrocites of Maharawal Jawahar Singh. He alongwith awakening political consciousness in Jaisalmer impelled or stressed on propagation of education. In the accusation of revolt against king, he was sent to jail and inhuman torture was inflicted on him.

7. Swami Gopal Dass : Gopal Dass was born in Churu and by his public service, consciousness arose among people. The Maharaja of Bikaner, Maharaja Ganga Singh sent Gopal Dass to jail for his conspiracy against Bikaner state, and for this allegation he remained in jail for long duration where in 1939 AD he died..

8. Damodar Dass Rathi : Damodar Dass was born at a place named Pokhran in Jaisalmer. He founded sanatan dharma or religion schools, colleges and new India institution for public service. He gave economic support to the activites of revolutionaries.

9. Motilal Tejawat : Motilal was born in 1887 AD at’a village named Koliari near Udaipur. He revolted against the atrocities on Bhils and started the Akki movement. He was famous by the name Bhavji among tribals..

10. Manikya Lal Verma : Manikya Lal was born in Bijolia. He founded the Mewar Praja Mandal. He dedicated his life to the service of the deprived and oppressed.

11. Govind Guru : Govind Guru was a famous social farmer who took upon himself the responsibility for societial and moralistic progress and from societial perspective organised the people and tried to bring them into the mainstream. For this objective, he founded “Samp Sabha’ and to keep them in the fold of Hindu religion he founded the Bhagat Path.

12. Hira Lal Shastri : Hiralal was born on 24th November 1899 in Jobner (Jaipur). On 24^th March 1949, he became the first Chief Minister of Greater Rajasthan. He took over the presidentship of Jaipur Praja Mandal.

13. Gokul Bhai Bhatt : Gokul Bhai was born in 1898 AD in Hathal village of Sirohi district. He tried sincerely for prohibition of liquor in Rajasthan. He founded the Sirohi Praja Mandal.

14. Jai Narayan Vyas : Jai Narayan was born in Jodhpur. He was the Chief Minister of Rajasthan also.

15. Balwant Singh Mehta : In the year 1915 AD, he arose as a catalyst of poltical consciousness and for a long duration remained the convener of ‘Pratap. Assembly and did important work in the field of public consciousness. In the year 1938, he became the Praja Mandal. After independence, he was selected as a member of Constitution Concurrent Assembly.

On the state and national level, maximum importance remained for farmer movement. The farmer movements placed the British government’s oppressive policies before the nation. This contributed in the growth of political public awareness. The feudal system ended and democratic emotions received strength. In favour of farmers and public, national leaders and Congress also supported these groups.

In Rajasthan, ‘All India Nationalist State Public Council branches were namedPraja Mandal or Praja Parishad or Lok Parishad or Public Council or People’s Council or Citizen Forum.

Rajasthan’s unification was completed in 7 stages : 

1. Matsya federation 

2. United Rajasthan 

3. Inclusion of Mewar 

4. Greater Rajasthan

5. Matsya federation included for greater Rajasthan 

6. Merger of Sirohi 

7. The merger of Ajmer Merwada.

In Rajasthan, the reasons of public awareness were : 

1. Swami Dayanand Saraswati and his influence 

2. The contribution of newspapers and literature.

(a) Jodhpur’s Rao Kesari Singh

Under on the pretext of trade, East India Company came to India. Along with them people from other European nations also came but Britishers were more successful. Britishers received one profit that after Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb’s death, India was divided into many small states and provinces. These small states used to fight among themselves.

In Lord Dalhousie’s period, English Residents influence increased in native provinces and Residents started making excuses about security, debt and adopted son to grab power. Many kings and landlords were thus offended by British rule and were eager to bring an end to it. On the All India level, the trumpet of 1857 revolt was blown and in this revolutionaries like Mangal Pandey, Jhansi’s queen Laxmi Bai and Tatya Tope raised their voice.

The flame of this blaze blew up in Rajasthan, also and people of state supported the revolt with enthusiasm. In any country the political awareness is not the result of an instant incident. For this, long time meditation and efforts have to be made.

This new political consciousness had the following catalyst elements:

(1) Swami Dayanand Sarastati and his effect : The founder of Arya Şamaj, Swami Dayanand Saraswati was the first social reformer to blow the conch of Swadeshi and Swaraj. In 1865, Swami came to Karoli, Jaipur and Ajmer. He gave the formula of Swadharm, Swadeshi, Swabasha and Swaraj which the rulers and public willingly accepted.

Between 1888 – 1890 AD many branches of Arya Samaj were established in Rajasthan and a printing press named ‘Paropkarini Sabha’ was set up that was later transferred to Ajmer. In this manner initial work to motivate the idea of Swaraj the was done by Arya Samaj.

(2) Contribution of newspapers and literature : In the propagation of political consciousness, the contribution of newspapers was exemplary. In 1885 AD, Rajputana Gazette, in 1889 AD, Rajasthan Samachar were initial newspapers. In 1920 AD, Pathik began the publication of ‘Rajasthan Kesari’. This raised voice against the British policies.

In 1922 AD, ‘Rajasthan Service Organisation’ started a newspaper named ‘Naveen Rajasthan’ that loudly spoke about farmers movement. In 1943 AD Navjyoti, in 1939 AD Navjeevàn, in 1935 AD Jaipur Samachar, in 1943 AD Lokvani etc. newspapers talked about Rajasthan problems and movements on the national stage and created national consent.

In’same way, through Thakur Kesri Singh Barhat, Jai Narain Vyas and Pt. Hira Lal Shastri’s poetry, patriotism’ reached its peak. The thought – provoking writing of Arjun Lal Sethi produced an ideological revolution. In this concern, the creative work of great poet Suryamal Mishra’s ‘Veer Satsai’ cannot be forgotten in which feelings of courage and patriotism is uniquely described.

(3) The role of middle class : This leadership came from educationist, advocate and journalist fields. Jay Narayan Vyas, Master Bhola Nath, Meghram Vaid, Arjun Lal Sethi and Vijay Singh Pathik etc. represented the middle class.

(4) The effect of 1st world war : Almost all the states represented Rajasthan in the army activities of 1st world war. The soldiers who came back shared their experiences back home. They introduced people of Rajasthan with new thinking of revolt. From the other end, the full load of war was borne by Indian Public as the taxes were increased and result. the emotion of disastisfaction began to rise more.

(5) The effect of outer environment: Rajasthan was not unfamiliar with the political activities happening elsewhere in rest of the country. The influence of leaders and their programmes at national level had effect here also. From one side, people like Hari Bau Upadhyaya and Jamana Lal Bajaj advocated Gandhiji policies, and on the other hand, people were also motivated by the thoughts of Ras Bihari Bose, Arjunlal Sethi, Gopal Singh Kharwa and Barhat family who kept the flame of independence burning.

On 21st September 1857 Mughal King Bahadur Shah, his wife Begam Zeenat Mahal and their children were made prisoners and sent to Rangoon. In the middle of 1858 AD the anti-British activities slowed more. With the arrest of Tatya Tope, the first independence revolt of Indians came to an end in Rajasthan.

Now, public openly showed hatred against the Britishers. While meeting the king, the public of Udaipur openly abused Captain Sharves. The soldiers of Jodhpur threw stones on the statue of Captain Sarderland. People of Kota, Bharatpur, Alwar and Tonk sided with the revolutionaries against the policies of rulers. Still the revolt was unsuccessful in Rajasthan. 

The failure of revolt was due to the following reasons :

(1) Absence of leadership : Rajasthan was divided into nineteen provinces. Despite the revolt at many places, the agitators had no respectable leadership. The Rajput leaders contacted the king of Mewar. However, the king handed over all documents and letters to Britishers. The feudel lords and soldiers of Marwad tried to struggle under the leadership of Mughal king. Mughal king could not provide leadership outside Delhi in Rajasthan. The revolutionaries could not struggle unitedly and thus they were unsuccessful.

(2) Absence of equilibrium : The eruption of revolt in Rajasthan took place at many places. But there was absence of equilibrium among revolutionaries. There was no contact and understanding between Auwa and Kota revolutionaries. This is the reason the Indians were not successful.

(3) Absence of strategy : The efforts of revolutionaries were not planned in advance. After the revolt, they began to fall apart. On the other hand, Britishers destroyed the influence of revolutionists in planned phase and manner. The leadership of British army was handled by skilled army officers. Their food and weapons fulfillment was being done from entire India whereas revolutionary soldiers had scarcity of resources.

(4) Non – Co – operations of rulers : The non – co – operation of the rulers of Rajasthan was the main reason of the failure of the revolt. Not only this, most of the rulers of Rajasthan and not only in Rajasthan, even outside, gave full support to Britishers. Their lack of foresightedness and of definite policy led the British government to suppress the revolt.

The results of independence : The 1857 revolt for independence by all reasons was a failure. The after effects of this war were far reaching. This revolution proved the belief of Britishers baseless that as compared to Mughals and Marathas, the people of Rajasthan were supporters of British rule.

The 1857 revolt had the following results :

(1) Nationalist states favoured by policy change : The rulers of Rajasthan in order to stop the influence of revolt acted as a dam or binding force. The British rulers understood that to rule in India, the native kings were useful for them. Now the changes were made in British policy.

In order to satisfy the rulers, the principle of doctrine of lapse’ was ended: Preparations we made to give kings the English education. For their services, they were awarded and given territories so that their loyalty could increase in British crown and western civilisation.

(2) Decrease in the power of feudal lords : In the revolt period, the feudal lords acted against the Britishers. Resultantly after the end of the revolt. Britishers adopted a policy to finish the power of feudal lords. The court fees was taken from feudal lords. Their wful rights were snatched, their tax collection rights were also ended. Such laws were made by which trader sect could draw their dues from the court. With this policy in place, the influence of feudal lords on traders and public came to an end.

(3) Change in employment service of bureaucracy : In all states, the important positions or posts of administration were headed by feudal lords. After the revolt, all rulers in order to make feudal lords powerless and to increase their own control on administration, English educated people on the posts of all public services.

(4) Avenues of transportation : In the period of struggle, the British soldiers to be sent from one place to another place faced difficulty. After the revolt, keeping in mind the army and trader benefits, transportation facilities were developed Naseerabad, Neemuch and Devli were connected with roads to Ajmer and Agra.

The rail companies were motivated to construct rail line. British government forced native states to construct roads and rails, and as a result, the transportation facilities quickly developed.

Social Change : British government extended the English education system. The English educated middle class on the basis of English education gave important contribution in other fields too. Britishers due to trade benefits gave reservation to the business class.

Now the influence of Brahmin and Rajput sects began to decline. Through the medium of many colleges, the royal families had to adopt or accommodate western thoughts and luxury. Britishers used to take fixed tax and army expenses.

The safety bottle is used to prevent sucking of the filtrate into suction pump.

D) Neils Bohr

As the 1857 revolt spread, that time in Rajasthan the agent to Governor was Patrick Lawrence. Alongwith this in various states, British residents were appointed. The residents were Captain C. L. Shovers in Udaipur, Captain William Edan in Jaipur, Captain Mark Mason in Jodhpur, Major Burton in Kota and Major Nixon in Bharatpur. There were mainly six cantonments in Rajasthan.

These were situated at Naseerabad, Neemuch, Devli, Kota, Erinpura and Kherwada. In Neemuch, Bengal native artillery, first Bengal cavalry, 72 Bengal infantry and seventh infantry Gwalior were appointed. In Devli and Kota, some British platoons were posted. Other than this in Erinpura, Beawar and Kherwada, alongwith Bhils platoons first Bengal cavalry was also appointed.

This is clear that at the time of revolt for independence not even one European soldier was posted or stationed in the entire Rejasthan. This is the reason when in 1857, the fire of independence revolt spread in Rajasthan, the then British government was worried.

In ‘Naseerabad and Neemuch, this revolt burst out as army revolt.

Correct Answer is: (a) Naseerabad

In the 1857 revolt for independence, Tatya Tope’s Rajasthan journey is an important incident. After Tatya was unsuccessful in Gwalior, he left for Lalsoth and reached Tonk to get help. In Tonk, he was supported by the ruler’s army. From there, he went to Salumbar.

Rawat of Salumbar helped him. After this, Tatya Tope reached Hadoti and he controlled Jhalrapatan but in the month of September, he was defeated twice by the Britishers that made him disappointed and he left Rajasthan.

In December Tatya Tope again came to Rajasthan and via Vaswada to Salumbar through Bindar reached Tonk in January 1858 and he visited Dausa and Sikar. British soldiers defeated and turned him out. Due to cheating of Narwar landlord Man Singh, Tatya Tope was arrested by Britishers and in April 1859 he was hanged.

On 10^th April 1948, Hiralal Shastri wrote a letter to Sardar Patel that the meaning of Sirohi was Gokul Bhai and without him they could not run Rajasthan. With respect to the question of Sirohi the workers of Rajasthan the met Pt. Nehru and told him about the emotions of people. Pt. Nehru wrote a cleverly drafted letter to Patel. On January 1950, Sirohi area of 304 sq. miles of 89 villages was merged in Gujrat. The rest of Sirohi was added the Rajasthan.

Rajasthan unification’s 4^th stage, Greater Rajasthan Construction. With the merger of Mewar, the rest native states merger became easy and certain. In Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer states the process about merger and unification grew faster. Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer states, the process about had boundaries with the Pakistan border from where the fear of aggression remained.

From the perspective of transportation and communication facilities, this region was very backward and their development was beyond the economic capacity of these states. The leader of Samajwadi Party, Dr. Jai Prakash Narayan on 9^th November 1948 AD in a public meeting demanded the construction of Greater Rajasthan without delay.

On the All India Level, ‘Rajasthan Movement Committee’ was formed and the president Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia demanded unification of Rajasthan. The Secretary of Province department, Shri V. P. Menon started talks with related rulers. On 11^th January 1949, he went to Jaipur and talked to Jaipur Maharaj.

Jaipur Maharaja after much hesitation and pursuation was prepared for Greater Rajasthan but the condition was laid that Jaipur king be made the hereditary Royal King of Greater Rajasthan and Jaipur be made the capital of Rajasthan. Shri Menon after much negotiation on the conditions of merger gave his acceptanace.

On 14^th January 1949, Sardar Patel in an ordinary gathering in Udaipur declared the formation of Greater Rajasthan’. The Maharaja of Mewar was declared lifetime ‘Maharaj Pramukh’ or ‘Royal King’. The ruler of Jaipur ‘Raj Pramukh’or Head King’, rulers of Jodhpur and Kota Senior Vice Head King and the rulers of Bundi and Dungarpur Junior Vice Head King, Head King and his council of ministers was placed in symbolic control of central government.

Head King had to sign on new amalgamation letter and accept treaty and concurrent list as per the stipulations of the Constituent Assembly. Sardar Patel inaugurated the new organised unit on 30^th March 1949 that is celebrated as Rajasthan Day in present form.

Shri Hiralal Shastri took charge of leadership on 4^th April 1949 AD in which Shri Sidhraj (Jaipur), Prem Narain Mathur (Udaipur), Bhure Lal Bhaya (Udaipur), Phool Chand Bapana (Jodhpur), Narsingh Kachwaha (Jodhpur), Rao Raja Hanumant Singh (Jodhpur), Raghuwar Dayal Goyal (Bikaner) and Vedpal Tyagi (Kota) were included.

Jaipur ruler received Rs. 18 lacks, Jodhpur ruler Rs. 17.5 lacks, Bikaner ruler Rs. 15 lacks, Jaisalmer ruler Rs. 2.8 lacs in the form of privy purse. Jaipur was declared as capital and to maintain the importance of large cities, some government offices of state level i.e., High Court in Jodhpur, education department in Bikaner, mining department or mineral department in Udaipur and agriculture department in Bharatpur were established.

The Fifth Stage in the unification of Rajasthan: The merger of Matsya organisation in Greater Rajasthan – During the formation of Matsya organisation the four state rulers of Matsya organisation had made it clear that in future this organisation would be merged either with Rajasthan or Uttar Pradesh.

Though Matsya organisation was working in, independent form but government was gripped in financial problems. The agitation of Mevs was a question before the governient. Bharatpur Farmer Assembly and Citizen Assembly had undertaken anti – government movement that was at its peak. Bharatpur Farmer Assembly demanded a seperate identity for Bharatpur and Dholpur by the name Brij state.

The hope became known that Matsya Organisation’s division need not happen. For this, a meeting was called on 10th May 1949 AD in Delhi. The point to be viewed was whether the state would merge with close by Uttar Pradesh or with Rajasthan. Where Alwar and Karoli were in favour of merger with Rajasthan, Bharatpur and Dholpur desired to merge with Uttar Pradesh.

For the solution of the problem a committee was formed under Shri Shankar Rao Dev’s presidentship a committee was formed. According to the recommendation of the committee, the public opinion of Bharatpur and – Dholpur was in favour of merger in Rajasthan.

On 15^th May 1948 AD, Matsya Organisation joined Rajasthan. Pt. Hira Lal Shastri became the Prime Minister of Rajasthan and Shri Shoba Ram Shastri as the Prime Minister of Matsya organisation were included in the ministry. In this manner, Matsya organisation became a part of Rajasthan.

(a) CH₃CH₂CH(OH)CHO

(b) C₆H₅COCH₃

In the 3d¹⁰4s¹ the d-sub shell is completely filled which is more stable.

Heisenberg’s Principle of Uncertainty: It is not possible to find the exact position and velocity of an electron simultaneously and accurately.

Jaipur King Man Singh placed the term that Jaipur king be made hereditary Royal King of greater Rajasthan and Jaipur be made its capital.

On 30th March 1949, Jaipur was made the capital of Greater Rajasthan.

Stationary orbits: Orbits of fixed energy are called stationary orbits of energy levels.

After three days of the inauguration of Greater Rajasthan, talks began on the question of Mewar merger in Greater Rajasthan. Sir Murthi informed the government of India about the king’s three main conditions for merger

1. Maharana be made inheritant royal head of Greater Rajasthan. 

2. He be given Rs 20 lakh annual compensation. 

3. Udaipur to be the capital of greater Rajasthan.

The estates department talked to the rulers of Greater Rajasthan to decide for Mewar merger in united Rajasthan.

From the geographical, caste and economic perspective, Alwar, Dholpur, Karoli, Bharatpur were alike. The rulers of four states were summoned on 27 February 1948 to Delhi. A proposal was placed in front of them that was happily accepted. As per A. K. Munshi’s suggestions, their unification was named as Matsya confederation. On 28 February, 1948 the documents were signed.

On 18th March, 1948 this confederation was inaugurated by central minister N. V. Gadgil. The population of this confederation was 18 lakh and its yearly income was 2 crore. The king of Dholpur, Uday Bhan Singh was appointed royal head and council of ministers was constituted. Shobha Ram of Alwar was made Prime Minister of Matsya federation, and the 4 states involved in confederation had one representative each to form the council of Ministers.

In 1938 AD in Congress’ Haripura.convention, Congress amended a proposal in which native provinces handled by people about independence struggle got support. This proposal of Congress that was passed gave moral support to the war of independence that ran in native provinces. Praja Mandals were established that demanded for responsible administration under control of native rulers.

Mewar Praja Mandal: In Rajasthan, the most respected or popular state was Mewar. After the Haripura Conference of Congress, Manohar Lal Verma and Balwant Singh Mehta on 24^th April 1938 formed the Mewar Praja Mandal. On 11^th May 1938 AD, this organisation was declared illegal and Vermaji was expelled.

Vermaji went to Ajmer and continued with the activities and published a book named Mewar’s present ruler’ that strongly criticised the ruler. In February 1939 when he came to Udaipur, he was made captive and beaten up. On 18^th February 1939.

Gandhiji spoke about this incident taking a tough stand. Manikya Lal Verma was given imprisonment of two years. Later on in 1941 AD, the restriction on Praja Mandal was removed. As a result, its branches were established in all parts of state. On 25 – 26 November 1941 for the first time the convention was held under the leadership of Vermaji and to participate in it, Acharya Kriplani and Vijay Laxmi Pandit came to Udaipur.

In the convention, the demand for responsible ruler in Mewar was placed. Before the ‘Quit India Movement, Vermaji participated in the meet of province representatives from Bombay. On 21^st August 1942 AD, Vermaji was arrested again. The entire Udaipur went on strike and arrests were made.

In the movement, students joined and the movement spread to Nathdwara, Bhilswara and Chittor. 1942 AD Movement in Rajasthan was different from the movements in other parts of the country. The leaders of this movement believed the movement to be of ‘All India Level’.

The change in perspective of Indian policies led Praja mandal leaders to leave and in 1945, the restrictions were lifted from it. To expand political awareness, Prabhat Pheri or early morning chanting while walking and rememberance on birthdays and the death days of leaders of national importance, began to be celebrated.

In 1946 AD, Maharana formed the ‘Constitutional Assembly, in which elected members of Praja Mandal also participated. In 1946, Verma called for the seventh convention of All India Nationalist State Public Council in Udaipur. The report was not accepted by Praja Mandal.

The new constitution was declared on 2^nd March 1947 AD as unacceptable by Praja Mandal. Shri. K. M. Munshi drafted a new constitution in May 1947 that was also rejected. In this manner, the progressive religious revolt moved on.”Udaipur agreed to join in Indian confederation and joined democratic system.

Marwad Praja Mandal : The political activities had begun in 1918 AD in Jodhpur when Chandmal Surana founded the ‘Marwad Welfare Assembly’. In 1920 AD, Jai Narayan Vyas founded ‘Marwad Service Organisation’. In 1923 AD, Marwad Welfare Assembly tried to get rebirth.

On October 1929 AD, that Vyasji founded ‘Marwad Public Council’. From available activities, it is clear that the political consciousness adjustable propagation was more in Jodhpur, than in other areas. In 1934 AD, Jodhpur state founded Praja Mandal whose president was Bawar Lal Saraf. Its motive was to establish responsible government and secure the safety of citizens.

In 1936 AD, the organisation was declared unconstitutional. The Jodhpur unit of All India Nationalist State Public Council named as ‘Marwad State Public Council’ regulated the political activities in active form. Especially after Jodhpur Praja Mandal was declared unsuccessful, the public council kept the struggle intact for constitutional rights and responsible administration.

The council demanded the election to be held on regional basis rather than on of communal basis. In March 1940 AD after the council was declared illegal, the members concentrated on peaceful demonstrations. Their leaders like-Ranchor Dass Ghaini, Mathura Dass Mathur, Kanhaiya Lal, Indermal Jain, Anandraj Surana, Bawarlal Saraf focussed on making the council ideology popular.

There the government gave acceptance to the demands of political rights on a struggle between council and feudal lords. In 1942 AD, public council raised voice against the atrocities and worked for the responsible government. Vyasji disbanded attention on council and declared himself first convener and regulated ‘Quit India Movement in Jodhpur.

Main leaders were arrested and hunger strike was observed in which Bal Mukund Bina died. On 4 November 1947 AD the council celebrated legislative Assembly Revolt Day. In 1948 AD after signature on merger letter, the responsible government was formed.

Bikaner Praja Mandal : The initial leaders of Bikaner region were Kanhaiya Lal Phoondh and Swami Gopal Dass. They founded ‘All Welfare Assembly or “Sarva Hitkarini Sabha” at Churu. They opened ‘Daughter School’ or ‘Putri Pathsala’ to make people aware of their rights. Majaraja was doubtful towards this constructive work. He sensed a conspiracy and banned all activities.

When the Maharaja went to London in 1932 to participate in Round Table Conference, the pamphlets named ‘Bikaner a Mega Vision’ or ‘Bikaner Digdarshan’ were distributed in which the realistic suppressive policies were revealed. After he came back, he enforced the public safety law. Swami Gopal Dass, Chandal Mal Bahad, Satya Narayan Saraf were arrested under the pretext of ‘Bikaner Conspiracy Case’.

The opposition of this black law remained there. On 4th October 1936 main leaders we quickly exiled. These included Vakil Mukta Prasad, Magh Ram Vaid, Laxmi Dass etc. Raghuvar Dayal on 22^nd July 1942 founded the Bikaner Praja Parishad whose purpose was to install a responsible government in the leadership of Maharaja. On 26^th October 1944 AD ‘Bikaner anti – Suppressive Daywas celebrated.

This was the first public demonstration in state. The farmers of Dudhwahbhara started a movement against the oppression of the land lords with the support of Praja Parishad. In 1940, Press Act was passed and the press was banned. In the meantime, political activities rose and Maharaja announced the formation of a responsible rule.

On 30th June 1946, police opened fire on a conference of ‘Public Council’ being held in Rai Singh Nagar. Seeing the changed circumstances and the indications of power transfer, the office of public council was again re-established. In 1946, two committees were formed

1. Constitutional Committee 

2. Adult Franchise Committee

The report to be implemented was assured but no tangible action was taken and the demands of responsible government remained half done. On 16th March, 1948, a ministerial council was formed under the leadership of Jaswant Singh Dausar, which was rejected by the Praja Mandal and its ministers resigned. On 30th March 1939 with the formation of Greater Rajasthan state, Raghubar Dayal was included in the Ministerial Council of Hiralal Shastri:

The Secretary of Province Department Shri V. P. Menon on 11th January 1943 went to Jaipur and talked to Jaipur King. Jaipur Maharaj Sawai Man Singh after much hesitation and persuasion was prepared for merger with greater Rajasthan but this condition was laid that Jaipur king be made the ancestral Royal King of greater Rajasthan Jaipur be made the capital of Rajasthan. Shri Menon after much discussion and thought, gave acceptance. On 14th January 1949 Sardar Patel in an ordinary gathering in Udaipur declared the construction of Greater Rajasthan’.