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Lord Shiva (Natraj) is considered as the Lord of dance.

There are five Jain temples in ‘Rajgriha’. They are: Vaibhav, Vipulachal, Ratnagiri, Udaygiri, Shramangiri.

The realization of beauty with ‘Taal’ and ‘Laya’ (rhythm) and harmony means dance.

Dance in India exists since ancient time. Various dance forms exists in India. A few of the classical dances are discussed below:

(1) Bharatnatyam:

‘Natyashastra’ by Bharatmuni and ‘Abhinav Darpan’ by Nadikeshwar are . two books which are considered to be the original source of Bharatnatyam.

(2) Kuchipudi:

• This dance form dance originated in 15th century. It is quite famous in Andhra Pradesh.
• This dance is majorly based on describing women’s beauty.
• Guru Prahlad Sharma, Raja Reddy, Shobha Naidu, etc. are some of the well- known dancers who have preserved this ancient dance.

(3) Kathakali:

Kathakali is believed to be originated in Kerala and is very famous dance there. In Malayalam language, the word ‘katha’ means story and ‘Kali’ means play. So, Kathakali is a form of narrating story while performing (playing) dance. The word Kathakali has been derived from the dramas based on ancient epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata composed in Sanskrit and Malayalam languages.

(4) Kathak:

• Kathak originated in northern India.
• It is developed by ‘Shrungar Bhakti’ done by the Vaishnav community of north India.
• This style of dance has been kept alive by Pandit Shrit Biiju Maharaj, Sitara Devi, Kumudini Lakhia, etc.

(5) Manipuri dance:

• Manipuri dance originated from Manipur in east India.
• This dance style is mainly based on Ras Leela and Bal Leela of Shri Krishna.
• Manipuri dance is divided into two types, i.e., Lasya and Tandav.
• Guru Amobisingh, Atombosingh, Guru Bipin Sinha, Nayna Zaveri, Nirmal Mehta, etc. have gained worldwide fame in Manipuri dance.
• People of various states perform these dances on various occasions. They have taken these dances from to international levels.

(b) the heap of deads

1. specific
2. material
3. 64
4. World Yoga Day
5. Potter’s Wheel.

1. Kathakali
2. Bhavai
3. Manipuri dance
4. Painting
5. Bikaner

The art of sculpture and architecture has given a unique identify to India.

The Sun Temple of Modhera was built by king Bhimdev-I (First) of Solanki dynasty in 1026 AD.

Stone inscriptions were made from single rock. The stone was made smooth and shining by rubbing. Religious orders were inscribed on it. This is called stone inscription.

India is blessed with vast Himalayan mountains, in the North and Western Ghat and Eastern Ghat in the peninsular region. A large variety of beautiful and unique birds and animals and mountains peaks covered with snow, brimming rivers, etc. are the gifts of Himalaya.

Holy and great rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati, Indus, Narmada, Godavari and Krishna, etc. have largely influenced the people of India. India has a rich vegetation which grows several plants, grass, trees. It grows various types of cereals, pulses, oilseeds plants, several herbs and medicinal plants, fruits and vegetables and flowers. Also, a large variety of animals like tiger, lion, elephant, rhino, leopard, fox, bear, deer, sambhar, rabbit, python, snake, mongoose, porcupine, etc. are found in India. By observing all these aspects one can rightly say that India has a rich natural heritage.

1. Vishnupuran
2. seventh.
3. second
4. Heritage
5. two 

The ancient sculptures of post-Mauryan era a,re the statues of Jain Tirthankars and the caves of Ellora and Rashtrakuta dynasty.

Rasa is a dance to be performed in circle along with singing. It is mainly performed in Gujarat. As per Gujarati mythology, Lord Krishna had shown ‘Rasa Leela’ to devotes (Bhakt) Narsinh Mehta. Rasa is mostly performed during Navratri and Janmashtami festivals. Dandiya Rasa is one of its types. However, some people also perform rasa by placing earthen pots on their heads. Rasa has become more popular with increasing influence of Vaishnav sect. Women wear traditional dresses like embroidered chaniya-choli and men wear embroidered kediya-dhoti while performing rasa.

Negritoit are. the most ancient inhabitants of India. They are also known as ‘Habsi’.

Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Dholaveera and Lothal.

The region where the Indus Valley Civilization was found was in the expanse of Sapta Sindhu river and the culture which developed here is known as Indus Valley Civilization. The civilization was named the Harappan civilization as it was the first site to be excavated in the region. In 1921, under the leadership of Sir John Marshal and Colonel Meke, Dayaram Sahni discovered the ancient remains of Indian civilization from Montgomery in Punjab district near Harappa.

Talaja caves are also known as ’Taaldhwajgiri’.There are 30 caves.

Discoveries like language, script, zero mathematics, calendar, astronomy, literature, religion, yuddh-shastra, chariot, political science, zoology, botany, Vastu shastra, republic, legislation, judiciary, environment protection etc. were made in India.

Correct option is (d) 2 and 4

Our cultural heritage accommodates palaces, buildings, sculptures, stupas, vihars, temples, mosques, tombs, forts, stone inscriptions, historical places and places of our freedom struggle.

(a) valuable gift got from ancestors

The features that signify the Harappan Civilization are as follows:

The region of Sapt Sindhu River is a region of Indian culture. The culture which developed here is known as Indus Valley Civilization. The remains of Indus Valley Civilization were found from Ropar in Himalayan region, Alamgirpur at Meerut in Uttar Pradesh, Kalibangan in Rajasthan, and Lothal at Dholka in Gujarat, etc.

The remains were first found from Harappa that is why it is known as Harappan Civilization. Copper and stone weapons and many other things were also found from this region. That is why that period is also known as Copper Stone Age. Town planning of Harappan Civilization was very systematic. Its granaries and forts were remarkable. People of that age were fond of wearing ornaments and such remains have been found.

Cultural heritage: The ‘ways of living’ developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation which includes customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expressions and values is known as cultural heritage.
It is expressed as:

(a) Tangible cultural heritage: It includes buildings, monuments, books, art work, and artifacts. For example, Taj Mahal, Epics like Ramayana, Mahabharata, etc.

(b) Intangible cultural heritage: It includes folklore, traditions, language and knowledge. For example, Pancnatantra stories and our various languages.

(c) Natural heritage: This includes landscapes and biodiversity. For example, the Himalayas, the flora fauna or our country, etc.

In ancient India, 64 arts were famous in India. It includes handicrafts, skills, art, drawing, music, dramatic art, dance, etc.

The caves of Khambhalida are located at Khambhalida near Gondal, 70 km away from Rajkot. Khambhalida caves were discovered in 1959 AD.

Cultural Heritage of India:

• India has gifted to the world a diverse and rich heritage.
• Cultural heritage is a man-made heritage. Whatever is received or created by humans with his ability, wisdom, art and skills is called cultural heritage.
• Since ancient times people of many castes and tribes such as Aryans, Kshatrap, Kushan, Huns, Persians, Turks, Arabs, Mughal, Brit-ish, French, etc. came to India. So, Indian culture kept on becoming rich with mutual exchanges with all these people.
• Our art of architecture and sculpture is more than 5000 years old. We can find evidence of this in the remains of Indus Valley Civilisation.
• By observing the remains of the figures of Gods and Goddesses, humans, animals and several toys, as well as sculpture of a bearded man and the statue of a dancer we can proudly boast about rich cultural heritage.
• The figure of bullock or lion on the inverted Lotus of Mauryan Era, the statue of Gautam Buddha in a meditative form, the Kalkhand statues of Jain Tirthankaras the caves of Ellora of Rashtrakuta dynasty, etc. also reveal the richness of our cultural heritage.
• Our cultural heritage consists a vast range of palaces, buildings, sculptures, stupas, viharas, chaityas, temples, mosques, tombs, forts and gates.
• Over and above these, important historical places of the freedom movement are also part of our cultural heritage. Some of these places are Sabarmati Ashram, Dandi, Bardoli, Vardha, Shantiniketan (Kolkata), Delhi, etc.

Important discoveries that enriches cultural heritage:

Other important things that make our cultural heritage extremely rich and varied are – our languages, scriptures, discovery of zero, mathematics, our calendars, astronomy, iron structures, varied literature, religion, yuddhashashtra, ancient chariots, works and references of political science, zoology, botany, Vastu shastra, republic system, judiciary, legislation, environment protection, etc.

Udaigiri, Khangiri and Nilgiri caves are located near Bhuvaneshwar in Odisha.

Gujarat is a home to a very rich and varied cultural heritage. Some of the important examples depicting richness of the culture of Gujarat are listed below:

(A) Places having cultural, legendary and archaeological importance:

• Lothal (Dholka Taluka)
• Rangpur (Limdi taluka in Surendranagar district)
• Dholavira (Kachchh district)
• Rozadi or Shrinathgadh (Rajkot district).

(B) Important tourist spots having historical values:

• Victory tower of Vadnagar
• Stone inscription of King Ashoka at Junagadh
• Sun Temple of Modhera
• Gate of Champaner
• Rudra Mahalaya of Siddhpur
• Mansar Lake of Viramgam
• Jama Masjid (Ahmedabad)
• Jhoolta Minara (Shaking towers) Ahmedabad
• Sidi Saiyed Jali (Ahmedabad)
• Hathisinh temple (Ahmedabad)
• Sahastralinga lake of Patan
• Rajmahal of Vadodara
• Tomb of Mohabat Khan

(C) Places having religious importance:

• Parsi agiyari of Navsari
• Dwarkadhish temple of Dwarka
• Shardapeeth of Jagadguru Shankaracharya
• Somnath temple which is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas.
• Ambaji in north Gujarat (Banaskantha District)
• Bahucharaji temple (Mehsana district)
• Ranchhodrai temple in Dakor (Kheda district)
• Shamlaji (Aravalli district)

(D) Well known religious, social and tourist places and events:

• Polo forest in Vijayanagar (Sabarkantha district)
• Kite festivals
• Kankaria carnival (Ahmedabad)
• Tana-Riri festival (Vadnagar)
• Northern dance festival (Modhera)
• Rannotsava (Kachchh district).

(E) Jain and Buddhist tourist places:

• Jain and Buddhist caves can be seen at various places of Gujarat. Some of them are at Vadnagar, Taranga, Khamb- haliya, Shamlaji, Koteshwar, Talaja, Dhank, and Jhagadiya.

Correct option is (c) Himalayas

Correct option is (a) 1 and 3

Our motherland India has blessed us with a rich and varied heritage. Since ancient time the culture of India has been influenced due to the trade activities with other countries. As a result, our culture has been ‘trade oriented’ and ‘peace loving’. ‘Sat’, .’Chit’ and ‘Anand’ meaning ‘truth’, consciousness’ and ‘happiness’ respectively are realized from Indian Culture. The Indian culture has developed on these three pillars. Over and above these pillars, Indian culture has also prospered and expanded by learning from cultures and various countries.

Since India has been a trade country the people of India traded with various countries. This let to mutual exchange of cultures. Moreover, people of various countries came to India and settled here. They also brought their culture and integrated it with Indian culture making it more rich and diverse. India has imbibed in its people the values of non-violence and peace.

These values have been appreciated and adopted worldwide. People right from the beginning of Indus Valley Civilization till today, have together made our country rich the wealthy with their intellect, talent and skills. Innumerable scholars, thinkers, artists, artisans, sages, saints, scientists and historians have contributed to the growth and development of our culture.

The art of decorating clothes by weaving golden and silver threads in known as Jari work.

Idar is famous for wooden toys.

Rasa has become more popular due to increasing influence of Vaishnav sect.

A gathering of people welcoming colourful/varied culture traditionally at places having religious and social importance.

Plants used as medicines are Harde, Amla, Baheda, Aloe-vera, Ardusi, Neem etc.

The period in which script or writing was not started is called pre-historic period.

The siddhis use a musical instrument called ‘Mashira’ while performing Dhamaal dance. Mashira is a coconut shell containing wampums inside and covered with cloth.

(c) Country having ancient culture: Bangladesh.

(a) India is a land of ancient culture.

Our ancient medical treatments like Ayurveda, Unani and naturopathy are based on nature.

Plants/ trees like Banyan, Peepal, Tulsi etc., are worshipped in India. In Vat-Savitri Vrat, Banyan is worshipped and the Tulsi plant is worshipped daily.

Ancient Indian culture flourished on the banks of the river Sindhu and Ravi

The area of ‘Aryavrata’ extended upto Mirthila (Bihar) in the east and upto Vindhyachal during post-vedic period.

Difference between cultural and natural heritage, are:

(i) Cultural heritage: It includes palaces, structures, stone inscriptions, stupas, temples, mosques, historical monuments, artwork, literature, lifestyle, etc. Which are created by man. Cultural heritage is an invaluable gift of our ancestors.

(ii) Natural heritage: It includes features like mountains, forests deserts, rivers streams, sea, trees, plants seasons, vegetation, animals, birds, etc. It is created naturally. Natural heritage is an invaluable gift of nature. We cannot create natural heritage.

Everybody should obey traffic rules to avoid road accidents. If we do not obey traffic rules, accidents may happen sooner or later.

India is extremely rich in natural heritage. It has vast Himalayan mountains, in the North and Western Ghat and Eastern Ghat, the peninsular region. These regions also consist of thick forests and rich flora and fauna. Holy and great rivers like Ganga, Sindhu, Brahmaputra, Krishna, Godavari, etc. also flow in India. Artists often take inspiration from nature for their artistic work. They portray their thoughts through paintings, sculpture, music, etc. Owing to these inspirations, our artists have created a rich heritage of artistic works for Indians. Hence, we can rightly say that the birth and rise of artists and their works can be attributed to our natural heritage.

Indian rivers have been providing natural waterways since ancient i times. Indian culture has flourished on the riverbank of Indus and Ravi. Rivers likes Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati, the Indus, the Narmada, Godavari, Krishna, etc. have largely influenced the people of India. They work as the source of drinking water, domestic work, irrigation producing electricity etc.

Rivers help man to develop industries for making clay utensils. They also provide water to construct houses and do several other important works. With all these invaluable gifts rivers have made our lives beautiful and prosperous. Owing to such great blessings of rivers, Indians have been worshipping them and have been considering them Lokmata.