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He could not understand her feelings as he was blinded by the cold glitter of glory that deadens the heart.

पुत्र उसकी माँ की भावनाओं को नहीं समझ पाया क्योंकि वह कीर्ति की ठंडी चमक में अंधा हो गया था जो हृदय को अन्त कर देती है।

After counsel with one another the city defenders decided that it would not be honourable to kill Marianna for the sins of her son. They thought that the city did not need her even as a hostage. Her son did not care her. They believed that he had forgotten her. They thought that her son had been fiend and it was her punishment if she thought she had deserved it. They believed, that it was more terrible than death itself.

एक-दूसरे से परामर्श करने के बाद, शहर के रक्षकों ने तय किया कि उसके पुत्र के पापों के लिए मरिअन्ना को मारना सम्मानजनक नहीं होगा। उन्होंने सोचा कि शहर को बंधक के रूप में भी उसकी आवश्यकता नहीं थी। उसका पुत्र उसकी परवाह नहीं करता था। उनका विश्वास था कि वह उसे भूल चुका था। उन्होंने सोचा कि उसका पुत्र निर्दयी हो चुका था और यही उसकी सजा थी, अगर वह स्वयं को सजा के योग्य समझती। उनका मानना था कि वह मृत्यु से भी अधिक भयानक था।

Monna Marianna thought about her son and her country, for at the head of the men who were destroying her city was her son, her gay, handsome, heartless son. Yet not so long ago she had looked upon him with pride regarding him as her precious gift to her country. Her heart was bound by hundreds of invisible threads to country’s ancient stones with which her forefathers had built their homes.

मोना मरिअन्ना ने अपने बेटे तथा अपने देश के बारे में सोचा, क्योंकि उसके शहर का विनाश कर रहे लोगों का नेता उसका पुत्र था, उसका प्रसन्नचित्त, सुन्दर, हृदयहीन पुत्र । यद्यपि थोड़े समय पूर्व ही उसने अपने पुत्र को गर्व से देखा था और उसे अपने देश के लिए बहुमूल्य उपहार माना था। उसका दिल सैकड़ों असंख्य धागों से देश के प्राचीन पत्थरों से बंधा था जिनसे उसके पूर्वजों ने अपने मकान बनाये थे।

People pointed towards Monna Marianna because she was a traitor’s mother. She was the centre of all talks then.

लोग, मोना मरिअन्नी की तरफ इशारा करते हुए कहते थे क्योंकि वह एक देशद्रोही की माँ थी। वह उन सभी बातों की केन्द्रबिन्दु थी।

1. napery – table linen. 

2. betook – to cause oneself to go. 

3. brass buttons – the police.

1. Soapy tried to enter a cafe – Strong and ready hands of the head waiter turned him around.

2. Soapy broke a glass window – The cop ran after another man. 

3. Two waiters pitched Soapy on the callous pavement – He stood up slowly beating the i dust from his clothes.

4. Soapy heard the anthem being played in the Church – Suddenly a wonderful change came in his heart.

5. Cop arrests Soapy for hanging around. – Dream of turning around in life was shattered.

Soapy’s first plan was to have dinner at some fine restaurant and after that he would say that he had no money to pay so that cop would arrest him and the judge would sentence him for three months in the prison on Blackwell’s Island. 

This plan did not work because the head waiter saw his broken old shoes and the torn clothes that covered his legs. The restaurant authorities turned Soapy around and moved him quietly and quickly outside the restaurant.

(i) False

(ii) True

(iii) False

(iv) True

Attention! Attention! Attention! 

My Dear Friends 

Do you know what you’re putting in your mouth? You surely know, you are what you eat. 

I’m here to advise you not to use your stomach as a trash can! Please Say ‘No’ To Junk Food. 

But, what is a junk food? They’re all your favourites – yes, they are ! French fries, chicken nuggets, nachos, taco burgers, chips, chocolates, pizzas, cakes – Ah! all are mouth-watering, aren’t they? But they are also slowpoisoning us everyday causing obesity, various liver diseases, diabetes, blood pressure at a very young age — the list is long but the choice is yours!

Remember: Healthy organic foods bless us but junk foods mess us. Junk food which is rich in calories, fat, sugar and salt are yummier, I do agree with you. But are you ready to take such a big risk of spoiling your health and youth? Eat fresh, local and seasonal food because ‘health is wealth’, my dear friends!

Friends, you must eat to live and not live to eat. Let’s all have a healthy mind in a healthy body. It is my call, your call – our call!

The synonyms of ‘insipid’ are:

• tasteless 
• flavourless 
• bland

(a) Listening to an inspiring speech 

(b) Reading motivating books and biographies of great people 

(c) Reading epics and religious books 

(d) Observing successful/happy people or watching biopics of their lives

(i) True 

(iii) True

1. Speak 

2. Delight

3. Insatiable 

4. City

(a) I asked the accountant whether I could see the manager. The accountant replied that I could certainly do so.

(b) I wished the manager a ‘good morning’ and stepped into the safe. The manager coldly ordered me to come out.

(c) ….. the words seem to mean that they should do that painful thing while the fit was on them.

(d) He asked me in surprise whether I was drawing it all out again. I replied in the affirmative and confirmed that I was drawing out the whole thing.

(e) He asked me how I would have it. I replied that I would have it in fifties.

1. The author was very happy to know that the old lady had Kasbai rice with her. He was unsuccessful in his search for this particular aromatic rice for months and suddenly this revelation from the old lady was very exciting for him. But he had to control his feeling since the lady had not given him the seed till then.

2. The old lady did not have any clue how much to ask for a basketful of seeds which she had given to the writer. She, even did not have a weighing scale to know how much she had given. But the author gave her hundred rupees which probably she did not hope for. She happily accepted the money which might be unexpected but was definitely welcomed by her.

1. What do you usually grow in your farm, 

2. What are the challenges you face while pursuing farming as your sole occupation, 

3. What do you do on a daily basis?

4. What sprays do you use?

Which hand do you write with.

I believe “A man without an aim is like a ship without a radar”. I have been taught from my childhood to set a goal for myself. The choice of my ambition was left to me only and I was never forced to do anything.

I had multiple interests like playing football, drawing / painting and also writing about my various experiences. I started writing blogs on different social topics of my interest as well as of my own experiences in multiple walks of life. Gradually, after getting positive responses to my blogs, I got the confidence of writing short stories which were quite well accepted too by my friends and relatives. That gave me immense faith to choose writing as my profession.

One day, I saw an advertisement of ‘Crossword’ bookstore asking young writers to take part in a story writing competition. About forty stories will be published as a book titled “ I want to be an author” without thinking twice, I took part in the competition and the rest is history. Today, I am one of those forty-one young story-tellers.

There are many varieties of rice in India. The most common types rice and parboiled rice. are white rice, basmati rice, emperor’s.

The sustainability can be attained by the following practices. 

1. Rotating crops 

2. Planting cover crops 

3. Applying integrated pest management 

4. Embracing diversity

(b) was delivered

Bahadur Shah

Bakshi Jaganbandhu Bidyadhar

Correct option is (c) Vellore

Led the revolt in Satpura is Shankarshah.

1. Queen Victoria of England issued a proclamation addressed to the people of India in 1858. 

2. She declared that the people in India were her subjects and that discrimination would not be made on grounds of race, religion, caste and place of birth. 

3. Government jobs will be given strictly on the basis of merit. 

4. She promised that government will not interfere in the religious matter of the people. 

5. She promised all the treaties made with the Indian rulers will be honoured and that no state would be annexed in future.

Tatya Tope fought for ten months but was caught by betrayal and hanged to death.

Nanasaheb Peshwa and Begum Hazrat Mahal took shelter in Nepal.

1. Mangal Pandey shot a British officer at Barrackpore cantonment who forced him to use cartridges greased with the fat of cows and pigs.

2. Mangal Pandey was arrested and hanged. News spread like fire to other cantonments. 

3. The entire regiment of Indian soldiers at Meerut battled and marched towards Delhi. 

4. On reaching Delhi, the rebels proclaimed Bahadur Shah as the Emperor of India. 

5. It spread to the whole of north India. The soldiers in the cantonments from Bihar to Rajput ana participated in the revolt. 

6. The revolt spread to Lucknow, Allahabad, Kanpur, Banaras, Bareli and Jhansi. 

7. It spread to the whole of north India and in Nagpur, Satara, Kolhapur and Nargund, Khandesh in western India. 

8. Many princely states, peasants and about 400 female Bhills participated in revolt at Khandesh to free themselves from the oppressive rule of the British. 

9. The struggle was led by Bahadur Shah the Mughal Emperor, Nanasaheb Peshwa, Rani Laxmibai, Tatya Tope, Kunwar Singh of Bihar and Begum Hazrat Mahal of Ayodhya.

Rani Laxmibai, Kunwar Singh, Ahmedullah laid their lives on the battle field.

The reasons of 1857 freedom struggle : 

Economic :

1. New revenue system introduced by the British to increase their income and impoverish the peasants. 

2. The farmers had to either sell or mortgage their land to pay tax in cash. 

3. In order to sell British goods in India and earn profit they imposed heavy taxes on local industries. 

4. Many artisans lost their livelihood as 8 handicraft and textile industries ruined.

Political :

1. The British captured many g states after winning the Battle of Plassey in 1757. 

2. Lord Dalhousie annexed many princely states on various reasons.

3. He dethroned the Nawab of Ayodhya and annexed Ayodhya under the pretext of maladministration ? 

4. He annexed princely states of Jhansi, Nagpur and Satara through Doctrine of Lapse. 

5. Due to these policies of Lord Dalhousie the Indians had no trust in the British.

All these factors created discontent among artisans, princes and other classes f which ultimately led to the freedom struggle of 1857.

YZP given resistance are serial then,

total resistance R = 10Ω + 2Ω

R = 12Ω

this resistance and YP resistance are parallel

\(\frac{1}{R} = \frac{1}{6}+\frac{1}{12}\)

\(\frac{1}{R}=\frac{2+1}{12}\)

\(\frac{1}{R}=\frac{3}{12}\)

R = 4Ω

In YPQ will be YP is 4Ω and PQ 8Ω are serial then

R = 4Ω + 8Ω

R = 12Ω

then YPQ and YQ are parallel

\(\frac{1}{R}=\frac{1}{6}+\frac{1}{12}\)

R = 4

YQ and YQR are in serial then

R = 4Ω + 4Ω

R = 8Ω

YR and YQR in parallel then

\(\frac{1}{R}=\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{8}\)

R = 4Ω

XY and XYR in serial then

R = 4Ω + 4Ω

R = 8Ω

XYR and XR are in parallel

\(\frac{1}{R}=\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{8}\)

R = 4Ω

AX and XR will be serial then

R = 4Ω + 6Ω

R = 10Ω

Then total equivalent resistance is 10Ω

Karl Marx said, “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.” The clash between the proprietor and the proletariat is natural and inevitable. The oppressor and the oppressed will always be class apart. A commoner who has no say is sandwiched between the political groups. The mob struggles; however, it is a futile war against the powerful who sacrifice their subjects to gain power and play petty politics. Like it happened in the poem how the two groups, the tigers and the shepherd, exploited the commoners, the sheep. Even though the social forces, the sheepdog, try to stop it all, on the name of “common good” the proletariat is always sacrificed. They can not raise voice against the powerful and simply have to obey the laws laid down by the dogmatic authorities.

1. The seige of Kanpur was an important episode in the 1857 Rebellion. 

2. The rebel forces under Nana Sahib besieged the Company forces and civilians in Kanpur. 

3. They were unprepared for the extended besiege. 

4. It forced them to surrender to the rebel forces under Nana Sahib, in return for a safe passage to Allahabad.

5. The boats in which they were proceeding were burned and most of them were killed including Major General Hugh Wheeler the British Commander of Kanpur.

(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct

(b) (i), (iii), and (iv) are correct

(c) (i), (iii) and are correct

Merits for the British:

1. The British Company maintained a large army at the expense of the Indian rulers.

2. All Frenchmen in the service of native rulers were dismissed, and the danger of French revival was completely eliminated.

3. The British Company began to control the foreign policy of the Princely States,

4. Wellesley’s diplomacy made the British the paramount power in India. He transformed the British Empire in India into the British empire of India.

(B) To develop their trade

(c) Dudu Mian

Correct Answer is: (a) Santhals

First Portuguese who reached India was Vasco-de-Gama.

(c) Bipin Chandra Pal

(b) Farazi Movement

Portuguese sailor (captain) Vasco-de-Gama discovered new sea route to reach India from Europe.

Lord Dalhousie

The Doctrine of Lapse policy was implemented in the year 1848.