Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

• Prions were discovered by Stanley B. Prusiner in the year 1932 and are proteinaceous infectious particles.
• They are the causative agents for about a dozen fatal degenerative disorders of the central nervous system of humans and other animals.
• For Eg : Creutzfeldt – Jacob Disease (CJD), Bovine spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) – commonly known as mad cow disease. 

1. A pathogen is a biological agent that causes disease to its host. e.g. bacteria, virus, etc.

2. Bacteriophages are virus that infect bacterial cells, e.g. T4 bacteriophage.

3. Preparation of antigenic proteins of pathogens (weakened or killed) which on inoculation into a healthy person provides temporary/permanent immunity against a particular disease.

4. Viral particles which contain only protein. They do not contain nucleic acid.

a. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) (mad cow disease) 

b. Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease (CJD)

• Virion is an intact infective virus particle which is non-replicating outside a host cell. 

Viruses infecting blue green algae are called Cyanophages and are first reported by Safferman and Morris in the year 1963.

•  Virusoids are the small circular RNAs which are similar to viroids but they are always linked with larger molecules of the viral RNA. 
• Disease caused by viroids 

(a) Citrus exocortis 

(b) Potato spindle tuber disease

• Viroid is a circular molecule of ssRNA without a capsid. RNA is of low molecular weight.

d. Their RNA is a high molecular weight

 d. Glycocalyx 

A muscle cell is pointed at both ends and has a spindle shape.

The spindle-shaped cells present in the human body are muscle cells.

d. Saccharomyces cerevisiae : Ethanol 

c. Haplodiplontic, Diplontic

Muscle cells in the human body can contract and relax.

d. Chlamydomonas 

Crown gall disease.

Gene therapy involves replacement of defective genes by normal genes.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens. 

Bacillus anthracis.

It effectively eliminates the weeds without involving manual labour.

Escherichia coli

All are false.

1. Watson and Crick

2. Ribose

3. Exons

4. Semi conservative

1. A chromosome is mostly made up of DNA.

2. Down’s syndrome is caused by the trisomy of the 21^st chromosome.

3. The somatic cells of females have XX pair of sex chromosome-True.

4. In a normal dihybrid cross, phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1 -True.

Fleming's left-hand rule.
Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of your left-hand such that they are mutually perpendicular to one another. If the forefinger points in the direction of magnetic field and the middle finger in the direction of a current, then the thumb will point in the direction of motion or the force acting on the conductor.

According to Fleming's left-hand rule, the direction of the force is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field and current. We know that the direction of current is taken opposite to the direction of motion of electrons. Therefore, the force is directed upwards from the plane of the paper.

(d) The field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire.

The magnetic field lines near a long straight wire carrying current are concentric circles centred on the wire. So choice (iv) is correct.

(a) Farmers can produce clean fuel from biowastes.

(b) Spent slurry is used as a manure and can be used to generate electricity.

1. It is the source of excellent manure, rich in nitrogen and phosphorous which can be obtained from the biogas plant in addition to biogas. 

2. It provides the safe, efficient and profitable disposal method for bio-waste and sewage material.

Answer is 22%

Crimes using information technology are called cyber crimes.

• Disaffection
• Disregard
• Loneliness
• Uncertainty
• Economic crisis
• Health problems
• Stress

Unemployment is a social problem related to poverty. While a section of people in the world finds employment of any kind, many people cannot find any. Unemployment is a situation in which a person is physically and mentally able and willing to work but cannot get a job. Thus they may fail to secure the basic needs. This will cause poverty.

Poverty is the inability to secure the minimum consumption requirements of life, health and efficiency.

• Child guidance clinic: The facility helps to find and analyze problems of children.
• Counselling Center: This center helps to provide solutions for the behavioral problems of children.

Biogas is considered to be a boon to the farmers because:
(i) Farmers can produce clean domestic fuel from the wastes like animal dung, dry, leaves, dry plants, etc.
(ii) Spent slurry can be used in the fields as manure to increase the fertility of the soil.
(iii) Biogas can be used to generate electricity which can be utilised to run modern machines used in the fields to save time and energy.

(i) Too many electrical appliances should not be operated on a single socket.
(ii) Too many high power rating electrical appliances should not be switched on at the same time.

Precautions :

(i) A fuse of appropriate rating should be used in the circuit.

(ii) Too many appliances should never be connected to a single socket.

Overloading: Occurs when a large number of higher current drawing appliances are switched on at the same time and the total current is drawn through the circuit exceeds its rated value.

Short-circuiting: Occurs when the live wire comes in direct contact with neutral wire.

The chess was first discovered by Mandodari, the wife of Ravana-(the king of Lanka). She discovered this game to keep her husband away from wars and battles. Since Ravana used to involve himself in wars all the time, Mandodari discovered this game so that Ravana may devote some of his time in this game and keep himself away from wars.

In ancient India, the names of the games played were horse racing, camel racing, cart racing, aies-pies, rassa kasi, gulam lakdi, gilli-danda and rumal jhapatta.

(i) The gilli is 5 to 7 inches in size. Mostly, this game is played on the occasion of Makar Sankranti. The existence of this game is limited in India only. It is a very entertaining game. The discovery of golf is inspired by the game of Gilli-Danda only.

(ii) Kho-Kho is a tag sport from the Indian Sub-continent. Each team consists of twelve players, but only nine players take the field for a contest. It is one of the most popular traditional tag game, apart from Kabaddi.

Chess is considered a brain game in the international arena. It consists of a board divided into black and white squares. Black and white pieces are moved along the squares by the two opponents in a war strategy.

According to mythological books, Mandodari (the wife of Lanka’s King, Ravana) discovered this game so that her husband may not spend all his time in wars and battles. One mythological saying is this also that the wife of Meghnad (Ravana’s son) started this game.

Most historians agree that the game of chess was first played in Northern India during the Gupta Empire in 6th century A.D. This early type of chess was known as Chaturanga, a Sanskrit word for the military.

The game changed greatly with the passage of time and is now popular among many countries and played at international level under modern rules and regulations.

Objective : It is a brain game. It involves thinking in a strategic way to outsmart your opponent. So it improves one’s concentration and ability to think.

(i) Saanp-Seedi : The present form of this game being played was prepared by the poet Sant Gyandev in the 13th century. The ethics of this game were liked by the British and they took this game in 1892 to England. From there, this game spread to other European countries in the name of Ludo, and Snakes and Ladders.

(ii) Kabaddi : Kabaddi is a group game. It is mainly played in India. This game is known by the name of Chudugudu in Southern India and Hu Tu Tu in Eastern India. The significance of this game is believed since the pre-historic Age. This game inhibits the quality of self-defence. In this Mahabharata era, Lord Krishna, with his companions used to play this game.

(iii) Kushti : It is a form of Indian wrestling, also known as Pehlwani. The tradition! Indian wrestling take place in “Akhada”. Kushti is a form of ancient sport art and a source of entertainment. Names of Dara Singh, Gama Pehlwan and the Lord Hanuman were taken as examples in the field of Kushti. The arena in which Kushti takes place is referred to as ‘Akhada’.

(iv) Chess : Chess is considered as a brain-game in the international arena. You will be surprised to know that the discovery of this game was made by Ravana’s wife, Mandodari. According to mythological books, Mandodari (the wife of Lanka’s King, Ravana) discovered this game so that her husband may not spend all his time in wars and battles. One mythological saying is this also that the wife of Meghnad (Ravana’s son) started this game.

(v) Archery : Archery is the sport, practice or skill of using a bow to propel arrows. Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In modern times, it is mainly a competitive sport and recreational activity.

It is a precision sport where the competitors aim and shoot at a target by the use of a bow and arrow. Its instance can be dated back to the time of Mahabharata, where Arjuna shot an arrow with his bow into the eye of the fish as a part of competition in which he won Draupadi, his wife.

(vi) Hockey : Hockey is a national game of India, however, played all over the country. It is a fast game played between two teams against each others. The origin of Hockey dates back around 2000 years ago in Iran, when Iran was a part of Aryavart. From Iran, this game forwarded to Greece and so on. The Republic of Greece considered this game in = their Olympic Games. Major Dhyanchand is said to be the father of Indian hockey.

(vii) Football : The game of football, is without doubt, the most popular game in the world today. Football is played between two teams opposing each other. Each team consists of eleven players. To play football is a good physical exercise. It is a great source of entertainment too. This game fosters team spirit. Some believe this game originated in China, Greece, while some are of the view-Italy. But its most ancient description is given in the Mahabharata. In this holy book, it is written that Lord Krishna with his companions used to go to play football at the bank of river, Yamuna.

Kabaddi is known by the name of Chedugudu in Southern India. Moreover, known by the name of Hu Tu Tu in eastern India.

The game is played with 2 sticks-a large one called a Danda, which is used to hit a smaller one, the gilli. The gilli is 5 to 7 inches in size.

Its instance can be dated back to the time of Mahabharata, where Arjuna shot an arrow with his bow into the eye of the fish as a part of competition in which he won Draupadi, his wife.

India has its own traditions with regard to games since ancient times. In ancient times, games were played for the purpose of entertainment and to keep the mind and body healthy. Everyone knows that the names of Balram, Bheema, Hanuman, Jamwant and Jarasangh are famous in Malla-Yudha.

In case of marriage also, physical strength was depicted to achieve a girl like, in Swayamvara, Lord Rama took part and showed his courage to win Devi Sita. Gautam Buddha himself was a specialist in horse racing, swimming, and archery, and used to take part in many games involving use of physical strength.

The development of war sports first originated in India and it was made spread throughout Asia by the Buddhist monks and preachers. The art of Yoga originated in India. Games are played in India since ancient times in some or the other form. Its description is also made in the epic books like, The Ramayana, and the Mahabharata.

Ancient games included games like Camel racing, cart racing, horse racing, elephant racing, tonge racing, gilli-danda, aies-pies, rassa-kasi, rumal jhappta, kauche, gulam lakdi, etc. Most of these games had their own traditional value and culture. Now-adays, many of the aforesaid games have taken a new flight. They are played at world level with new customs and traditions being applied in force. Some of there sports include-Archery, Chess, Wrestling, Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Hockey etc.

Major Dhyanchand. It is a fast game played with 11 players on each side. With a curved stick a small cork ball is hit into a goal post.

The present-in-use format of saanp-seedi (modem name, snakes and ladders) was prepared in 13th century by poet sant Gyan Devi.