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 The smallest packet of Energy of any radiation is called as Quantum and that of Light is known as Photon. 

Answer is neutron

(iv) sum of the number of protons and neutrons is same but the number of protons is different.

The answer is (d) 2, 8, 1

Answer is (iv) 1

Answer is (iii) 2

Number of radial nodes in any orbital = (n-l-1)  
= (4 - 2 - 1) = 1 
Total number of nodes = ( n – 1 ) 
= (4 - 1)   = 3
So angular node = total node – radial node
= (3 -1)   = 2

(ii) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

B < A < C = D

(Hint: Eα 1/λ)

Answer is (i) l

The revolution of the electron in a circular orbit is not expected to be stable. Any particle in the circular orbit would undergo acceleration. During acceleration, charged particles would radiate energy. Thus, the revolving electron would lose energy and finally fall into the nucleus. If this were so, the atom should be highly unstable and hence matter would not exist in the form that we know., we know that atoms are quite stable.

(i) On rubbing two objects together they become electrically charged due to the fact that the frictional charging takes place between them. 

(ii) The atoms are composed of many charged particles like electrons, neutrons, protons, etc. as identified by J.J Thompson. 

(iii) The charges are already not present in the objects because, in the atoms the positively charged particles that are protons are equal in number to the negatively charged electrons which leads to the cancelation of their respective charges. 

(iv) So any object is electrically neutral. The electrons are somewhat loosely packed than protons. 

(v) On rubbing the two different objects there is transfer of the electrons between them due to which there is increase of electrons in one of the objects and decrease in the other which disturbs the equal charge in an atom which appears as the charge on the object.

The radiations that are present in a gas discharge are canal rays. These are
the positively charged radiations that ultimately lead to the discovery of protons.

The three subatomic particles in an atom are:

i. Neutrons

ii. Protons

iii. Electrons

K shell can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons. L shell can
accommodate a maximum of 8 electrons and M shell can accommodate a maximum of 8 electrons. Hence, If K, L and M shell of an atom are full, then the total number of electrons in the atom would be: 2+8+8=18 electrons.

There are three subatomic particles in an atom which are the electrons,
protons and the neutrons. Neutron is electrically neutral and proton is positively charged and an electron is negatively charged. In an atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons and hence, the overall charge in an atom is zero and it is a neutral particle.

• Two shells, both of which are completely filled with electrons?
  Answer: Ne (Neon)
• The electronic configuration 2, 8, 2?
  Answer: Mg (Magnesium)
• A total of three shells, with four electrons in its valence shell?
  Answer: Si (Silicon) (14): 2, 8, 4
• A total of two shells, with three electrons in its valence shell? 
  Answer: B (Boron) (5): 2, 3

The atomic number of sodium and chlorine is: 11 and 17.

The distribution of electrons in sodium and chlorine atoms is as follows: -

Sodium- K shell: 2 electrons

L shell: 8 electrons

M shell:1 electron

Chlorine- K shell: 2 electrons

L shell: 8 electrons

M shell: 7 electrons

The following rules are followed for writing the number of electrons in different energy levels or shells.

i) The maximum number of electrons present in a shell is given by the formula 2n², where ‘n’ is the orbit number or energy level index, 1,2, 3… Hence the maximum number of electrons in different shells are as follows:

First orbit or K-shell will be = 2 × 1² × 2, Second orbit or L shell will be = 2 × 2² = 8, third orbit or M-shell will be = 2 × 3² = 18, fourth orbit or N-shell will be = 2 × 4² = 32 and so on.

ii) The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the outermost orbit is 8.

iii) Electrons are not accommodated in a given shell, unless the inner shells are filled. That is the shells are filled in a step-wise manner.

The answer is c) 17.

(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Answer is (iii) 9

(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the explanation of A.

c) different number of neutrons.

 Answer 4s orbital.

(ii) Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺

The bright line spectrum shows that the energy levels in an atom are quantized.These lines corresponds to definite wavelenghts and are obtained as a result of electronic transitions between the energy levels. Hence, the electrons in these levels have quantized values.

Wavelength is the distance between two successive peaks or two successive troughs of a wave. So λ = 4 × 2.16 pm = 8.64 pm

(iv) The two electrons present in the 2s orbital have spin quantum numbers m_s but of opposite sign.

Answer is (iii), (iv)

\(\lambda\) = \(\frac{h}{mc}\), m = 100 g = \(\frac{100}{1000}\) = 0.1 kg

c = 100\(\frac{km}{h}\) = \(\frac{100\times1000\,m}{60\times60\,s}\) = \(\frac{1000}{36}\) ms^-1

h = 6.626 x 10^-34 Js

\(\lambda\) = \(\frac{6.626\times10^{-34}Js}{0.1kg\times\frac{1000}{36}ms^{-1}}\)

= 6.626 × 10⁻³⁶ × 36 m

= 2.385 × 10⁻³⁴ m

Since mass of the ball is large, therefore, \(\lambda\) is very small thus, the wave nature cannot be observed.

(ii) Alpha particle (He²⁺)

Being lighter particles, electrons will have higher velocity.

The first objective of SEBI is to regulate stock exchanges so that efficient services may be provided to all the parties operating there. Another objective is to supervise/check the activities of the brokers and other middlemen in order to control the capital market.

Securities and exchange Board of India (SEBI) was first established in the year 1988 as a non- statutory body for regulating the securities market.

PAN stands for Permanent Account Number.

Correct Answer is: (a) 1988

(c) Conservatism

“Book – keeping is an art of recording business dealings in a set of books”. (J.R.Batlibai) 

“Book – keeping is the science and art of recording correctly in the books of account all those business transactions of money or money’s worth”. (R.N. Carter)

(d) The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

(a) traditions

Shut-down point occurs when TR = TVC or AR = AVC.

The main features of book-keeping are: 

1. It is the process of recording transactions in the books of accounts.

2. Monetary transactions only are recorded in the accounts. 

3. Book – keeping is the primary stage in the accounting process.

4. Book – keeping includes journalising and ledger processing.

The need for accounting standards is: 

1. To promote better understanding of financial statements.

2. To help accountants to follow uniform procedures and practices.

The main features of Book – keeping are: 

1. It is the process of recording transactions in the books of accounts.

2. Monetary transactions only are recorded in the accounts.

MP is the rate of TP.