Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

The famous peasant movements were the Deccan ryots of 1860 s

(B) Hyderabad

The prices rose faster than the land revenue and the ryots found it more profitable to employ tenants to cultivate their lands and receive rent from them. So they did not invest in improving agriculture or extending agriculture.

(A) 15-8-1949

Answer is (A) 1927

(a) Chtorofluoro carbon

1. Conventional source : mineral coal and petroleum. 

2. Non-conventional source : solar energy and wind energy.

(d) All of these

Types of coal are- Bituminous, lignite, pea and antharcite. Anthacite is the best coal.

Meaning of Global Warming : 

Due to increasing process of industrialization, quantity of carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing in atmosphere, which causes greenhouse effect. The increasing amount of carbon dioxide gas on earth prevents the Long-wave radiations emitted by earth upon cooling from escaping into space. Due to this, the average temperature of the earth increases with the concentration of thermal energy in the atmosphere. This is called global warming.

Causes of Global warming : 

Following are the major causes :

1. Due to human activities, the quantity of greenhouse gases is increasing. 

2. Emission from industries and vehicles is increasing the amount of carbon dioxide. 

3. Rapid deforestation is also a major cause of this increase. 

4. Refrigerators, fire extinguishers, CFC are the major causes of global warming. CFC decays ozone covering which stop U.V rays from reaching the earth. According to scientists, there has become a big hole in ozone layer and the U.V rays are directly reaching on earth.

5. The use of fossil fuels is increasing the quantity of carbon dioxide, which is increasing the temperature of earth.

Effects of Global Warming : 

1. Atmosphere’s increasing temperature is a challenge. In last ten years, the earth’s temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 Celsius. 

2. Due to increasing temperature of earth, glaciers are melting and the water is going into the sea and this has increased sea levels. Consequently, there is possibility, of the erosion and submergence of coasts and the people living near coastal areas would become homeless. 

3. This increasing temperature is causing an adverse effect on man’s health. Epidemic diseases are spreading, and there may be crises for fresh water, fresh food and pure air for breathing. 

4. It is considered that due to increase of temperature, the animals and birds will migrate towards the mountains and some plants, animals and birds will lose their existence. 

5. Due to more hot summers the air conditioners will be used more, consequently with increase of CFCs, destructive effect will be seen on ozone layer.

Following are the provisions : 

1. Article 48 of the Directive principles of State Policy says that state will reform and conserve the environment and will provide protection to wild life. 

2. In the part 4A of article 51 of the constitution, conservation and promotion of the environment has been mentioned. 

3. In article 21, it is said that each person should be prevented from the activities which are harmful for his fife, health and body. 

4. Keeping in mind the need for environment conservation, the article 252 and 253 give us right to make law in this regard.

Keeping in the mind the environment conservation, following acts are passed by constitution:

I. Environment Conservation Act – 1986 : 

This act got president’s approval on May 23, 1986. In, it, for the first time, for violation of fixed rule of pollution, there is a provision of 5 years imprisonment and 1 lakh rupees fine. On continuous violation, there is 5 thousand rupees fine per day and 7 years imprisonment. On the violation of environment-related rules, anyone can file a case in the court in public interest by giving 2 months notice. Under this act, central government has right to close industries and to stop water and electric supply on the violation of the act.

II. Air Pollution (redress and control) Act – 1981 : 

According to this act, the state government with its discretion can declare any area as air pollution control zone. Each industrial unit has to take no-objection certificate from state board. On not obeying the act, industry can be seized.

III. Water pollution (redress and control) Act – 1974 : 

The provisions of this act are associated with pollution-free water. Under this act, rigorous punishment and fine are fixed.

IV. Wildlife (Conservation) Act-1972 : 

The act was passed on September 9, 1972 in which wild life conservation has been removed from the state list and given place in concurrent list. In it provision are made regarding wildlife conservation. There is a provision of 10 years imprisonment on hunting the national animal tiger and national bird peacock.

Natural Resources : 

The materials obtained from nature are directly or indirectly necessary for human beings and human development cannot be imagined without them. These are known as natural resources.

I. Water resources : 

Water is used by man in different ways such as domestic use, industries, electricity production, fisheries and irrigation, etc. World’s 97% water is in oceans which is not useful due to salinity. Thus, the quantity of water for human use is less. Excess and shortage of water is dangerous in the form of flood and drought. In the year 2013, the flood in Uttrakhand had caused a great loss to life and property. 

II. Mineral Resources : 

The resources found under the earth naturally, are called mineral resources. After obtaining them, they are purified through physical and chemical processes. Mineral wealth is the basis of economic prosperity of any country. World’s 40% trade is associated with minerals.

The minerals are of two kinds : 

1. Metallic minerals 

2. Non-Metallic minerals.

Metallic minerals, after obtaining them, are purified through chemical process, for example : iron, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, etc. Besides, non-metallic minerals are not purified but used directly, for example : asbestos, emerald, limestone, salt, granite and marble, etc. Mining and processing of minerals cause an adverse effect on environment.

III. Soil erosion : 

Soil is also a priceless wealth. Soil is made from the decomposition of rocks, vegetative matter and other organic materials. In the lack of this resource, life cannot be imagined. Landslide, soil erosion and desertification are harming our land resources. Thus, attempts should be made to check them. Landslides due to sliding of rocks from mountain slopes cause great losses of life and property. Agricultural production is badly affected by soil erosion and desertification.

Useful materials found naturally under the ground in the earth’s crust are called mineral resources.

(d) All of these

Greenhouse effect: 

Universal temperature rise has become a complicated problem of the world. This problem can be understood on the basis of greenhouse effect. Green house is an enclosure in which plants are grown. The wall of this room is made of anti-heat material and roof is made of such a glass through which sunlight can enter into the room but cannot get out of the room. The temperature of this house remains high in winter and the tropical plants can be grown there.

The temperature of earth’s atmosphere is increasing in the same way. Sun rays passing through atmosphere heat up the earth and this heat then escapes into atmosphere through long wave radiations. Earth’s atmosphere is made of several gases. These many gases make a natural cover above the earth. This cover stops a part of returning heat similarly to glass wall of greenhouse. Consequently, the earth becomes like a room of hot gases. This sort of gases are known as greenhouse gases. The main greenhouse gases are : carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide, etc.

Thus increment of some gases in earth’s atmosphere do not let earth’s heat go out. Thus earth’s temperature is increasing continuously. This effect is known as greenhouse effect. According to Oxford dictionary, due to effect of man-made covering of carbon dioxide, the progressive heating of earth’s surface is called greenhouse effect.

Reasons for greenhouse effect: Following are the reasons : 

1. Release of greenhouse gases into atmosphere due to rapid industrialization. 

2. Spreading pollution due to increasing numbers of vehicles. 

3. Burning of coal, wood, mineral oil, volcanic erruption, etc. 

4. Reaching of CO2 into atmosphere due to respiration.

Control of greenhouse effect: 

It can be controlled through the following ways : 

1. By reducing the compounds of carbon dioxide, chlorofluoro carbons mixing in atmosphere. 

2. In Industries, such plants should be installed which emit less carbon compounds and other gases, and equipment should be used that destroys/reduces such gases. 

3. By reducing the use of fossil fuels. 

4. The forests should be conserved and developed so that the greenhouse gases may be absorbed more.

Harm from greenhouse effect : 

Following adverse effects arise from greenhouse phenomenon. 

• Growth in temperature : 

Due to it the heat of the earth is creating the problem of globed warming. 

• Melting of ice on poles : 

With the growth of temperature, the melting of polar ice-caps will increase oceanic water levels and coastal areas will submerge. 

•  Increase in Rainfall : 

It would cause more rain and weather discrepancies will arise. 

• Effect on agriculture: 

By greenhouse effect the change in climate will take place and crop production and life will be affected.

Energy resource : 

The biotic and non-biotic materials that provide energy, are called energy resources. The development of any country depends on its energy resources. Energy is needed for Industrial production, agriculture, transportation, domestic sphere and in medicine field.

Classification of energy resources : 

These can be classified into two parts on the basis of use:

• Conventional energy resources : 

Those resources of energy, which have been used since ancient times, are called conventional energy resources. Coal, petrol, natural gas, hydroelectricity, etc are included in conventional energy sources. Its continuous and excessive use increases environmental pollution.

• Non-conventional energy resources : 

Those energy resources, whose utilization has been started recently, are non-conventional energy resources, e.g. solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and biogas, etc. These resources do not pollute the environment.

In the Hyderabad State under the Nizam rule there were many forms of subordinate chieftaincies like Jagirdars, Samsthanamdars and Inamdars which ruled like independent chiefs. They collected revenue from the lands under them, and gave a small part to the Nizam as ‘peshkash’ and kept the remaining with them. They were also responsible for the administration of their areas.

The large landlordsrwere called ‘Doras’. The Doras lived in large fortified houses called ‘gadi’ and had a large retinue of servants and soldiers. They had vast lands cultivated by tenants and also lands directly cultivated with forced labour. They acted as village money lenders too. They also had judicial powers over the entire village. They settled all village disputes and were usually partisan towards the upper castes.

Thus their position was raised to higher cadre.

(a) Solar energy

Forest festival is celebrated on July 28.

The lack of summer season is found in the polar climate.

Revenue: 

Tax on land which is paid to the zamindars or government. 

Rent: 

Amount paid to the owners of the land for using and cultivating it.

The activities pursued by Human beings perform to satisfy their needs of food, clothing, shelter and other are known are ‘Economic Activities’.

Man is treated as an independent and active agent. 

Everywhere there are possibilities and man is the master of these possibilities. 

Man can transform nature by culture and technological knowledge. 

Example of Cari residing in Trondheim (Norway)

Liberia country in the world has the highest growth rate of populations.

Birth rate, Death rate & Migration

The three approaches introduced in the 1970s in human geography are as follows :

 (i) Welfare Approach: 

The influence of capitalism in the world is constantly on the rise. On account of capitalism, various types of difference-economic, social and others-among groups of people are on the rise. To find solutions to these inequalities the welfare approach was born. David Harvey and D.M. Smith are proponents of this thought.

 (ii) Behavioural Approach: 

The limitations placed by positivism led to reactions against it. This ‘approach’ is mainly borrowed from psychology. The Behavioural approach was an antithesis of positivism in which the cognitive power of human beings was emphasised. Woolpert and Olson are staunch supporters of the Behavioural Approach. 

(iii) Radical Approach: 

The radical school of thought employed Marxian theory (welfare) and explained the basic cause of poverty, deprivation and social inequality. The contemporary social problems were related to the development of the welfare approach.

The three approaches introduced in 1970’s in human geography are :
(i) Welfare Approach : The influence of capitalism in the world is constantly on the rise. On account of capitalism various types of difference-economic, social and others-among groups of people are on the rise. In order to find solutions to these inequalities the welfare approach was born. David Harvey and D.M. Smith are proponents of this thought.
(ii) Behavioural Approach: The limitations placed by positivism led to reactions against it. This ‘approach’ is mainy borrowed from psychology. The Behavioural approach was an antithesis of positivism in which the cognitive power of human beings was emphasised. Woolpert and Oloson are the staunch supporters of Behavioural Approach.
(iii) Radical Approach: The radical school of thought employed Marxian theory (welfare) and explained the basic cause of poverty, deprivation and social inequality. The contemporary social problems were related to the development of welfare approach.

 The three approaches introduced in 1970’s in human geography are ass follows:
(i)Welfare Approach : 

The influence of capitalism in the world is constantly on the rise. On account of capitalism various types of difference-economic, social and others-among groups of people are on the rise. In order to find solutions to these inequalities the welfare approach was born. David Harvey and D.M. Smith are proponents of this thought.
(ii)Behavioural Approach: 

The limitations placed by positivism led to reactions against it. This ‘approach’ is mainy borrowed from psychology. The Behavioural approach was an antithesis of positivism in which the cognitive power of human beings was emphasised. Woolpert and Oloson are the staunch supporters of Behavioural Approach.
(iii)Radical Approach: 

The radical school of thought employed Marxian theory (welfare) and explained the basic cause of poverty, deprivation and social inequality. The contemporary social problems were related to the development of welfare approach.

C. Tropical forest

Thorny forest

Mangrove forest

Deciduous forest

Canals, tubewells, wells, tanks and dams.

D. Marathwada, Khandesh, Vidarbha, Konkan

Importance of forest resources: Civilization and human development originated from the forests. The forests are national property. The forests provide shelter, food and employment. The importance of forest resources can be understood through its direct and indirect advantages:

Direct Advantages: 

1. 2% of total national income of the country is obtained from the forests. 

2. 2.5 crore tribals live in forests and their livelihood depends on forests. 

3. Lakhs of people get employment from the forests. 

4. Nearly 5.5 crore animals use forests as grazing lands. 

5. Major timber such as saal, sagvan, shesham, devdar and pine trees are found in forests which are used in making furniture, agricultural implements or tools, railway coaches, vehicles and as fire wood. 

6. For several industries, raw material is obtained from the forest such as- paper, match, silk, lac, furniture, plywood, packaging and toy industries. 

7. Several products from the forests such as – gum, bamboo, turpentine oil, fruits, flowers, leaves, biroja, leather coloring materials are obtained. 

8. Precious herbs such harar, bahera, amla and several others are obtained from the forests. 

9. Forests provide shelter and food to wild animals.

Indirect Profit: 

1. Forests help in bringing rain.

2. Forests reduce temperature and make the climate mild and reduce greenhouse effect. 

3. Forests reduce soil erosion and reduce the effect of floods. 

4. Forests increase underground water level. 

5. Forests reduce the speed of storms and fast winds. 

6. Forests increase soil fertility by increasing quantity of mico – rorganisms and humus in the soil. 

7. Forests control air and noise pollution, they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Besides exchange of gases in nature goes on without any obstruction.

Types of Forests: Due to huge size of India, differences are seen here in relief, climate and soil and that is why six types of forests are found in the country.

1. Tropical evergreen forests: These are found in those parts of India, where annual rainfall is more than 200 cm and temperature is 28° centigrade. Tropical evergreen forest are found here.

In India, such forests are found in three regions:

• North – eastern India and in Lower Himalayas. 
• Western slopes of Western Ghats.

Andaman and Nicobar islands: The wood of these forests is hard and due to their dense growth, sunrays do not reach upto the ground. In these forests, trees of different species are found jointly.

Main trees: Mahogany, gataparcha, Ebony, loh kasht, toon, rubber, cinchona, bamboo, saal, gurjan, bamboo, chaplus and tulsar.

2. Monsoon or autumn forests: This kind of forest is found where average annual rainfall is from 100 to 200 cm and temperature remains between 26°C to 31°C. These forests shed their leaves before summer season. That is why these are called antumn forests. These forests can easily be exploited due to their less dense growth.

In India, main regions of such forests are the following:

• Outer and lower slopes of Himalayan mountain range. 
• In Madhya Pradesh, in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and central India. 
• Eastern slopes of Western Ghats. 
• Southern parts of Eastern Ghats.

Main trees: Shisham, sal, sagwan, sandal, rosewood, bamboo, palash, haldu, mango, ebony, mahua, pipal, banyan, cottonwool (semal) and Khair.

3. Tropical dry forests: Such forests are found in areas where annual average rainfall is from 50 cm to 100 cm and temperature is between 20°C to 35°C. In India, there are two regions of such forests:

• In north – west India south – west Punjab, Haryana, eastern Rajasthan, Aravalli mountains and south – western Uttar Pradesh. 
• Dry areas of south peninsular regions. The roots of these trees are long, leaves are thick, and trunk is rough. Main trees are babool, neem, mango, jamun, khejri, banyan, kikar and mahua, etc.

4. Desert forests: In India, these forests are found where average rainfall is less than 50 cm and the temperature is from 25°C to 35°C. These forests are found in south – western Punjab, western Rajasthan and Gujarat state. The roots of these trees are thick and long, leaves are thick, small and thorny. The number of bushes are more. Trees are found at distance and in small numbers.

Main trees: Cactus, kair, khair, kejra, dates, babool, neem, pipal, banyan and rambas etc.

5. Mountain forests or temperate evergreen forests: In India, these forests are found in eastern Himalayas, western Himalayas, hills of Assam, Mahabaleswar hills of Maharashtra. The leaves of these trees are dense and stem is thick, bushes are found below the trees.

Main trees : Chir, sanovar, deodar, fir, spruce, larch, maple, elm, chestnut, ujenia, micholia and rhododendron trees are found in high mountainous areas.

6. Tidal or marshy forests: These forests are chiefly found in deltaic areas of Ganga – Brahmaputra and Hooghly rivers and at the mouth of Krishna, Kaveri, Mahanadi, and Godawari and in coastal areas. Due to tides, the roots of these trees remain submerged in sea water and the branches of the roots spread in all direction. The wood of these trees is soft.

Main Trees: In Deltaic part of the Ganga and Brahmaputra and Hooghly rivers, the tree sundari is found in large numbers.

The forests which remain green round the year are called evergreen forests. Such forests are found where rainfall is more than 200 cm and the temperature is upto 28°C.

Sheep are mainly reared in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, M.P, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand and U.P.

Pony, donkey and mule do not have their alternatives in hilly areas.

(i) All places mentioned are places of tourist interest. Coorg, Yusmarg, Saputara are hill stations, Ladghar and Marina are beaches, Milan is world famous fashion centre and Istanbul is a major city and cultural centre in Turkey.

(ii) Main economic activity is tourism at all places.

(iii) Yes, there is relationship between their location and their economic activities. For e.g., Marina and Ladghar are beaches, Coorg and Saputara are hill stations.

In this species, cactus, kair, khair, khejari, date, babool, neem, pipal and banyan, rambans and thuar are included.

The forests which shed their leaves in the beginning of summer.

Correct option: (d) Statisticians

(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.

Correct option: (a) Soil

(i) Agriculture, fishing, trade, lumbering activities will flourish.

(ii) The export-import trade will occur between all countries because all countries have developed different economic activities and have specialisation of different products. They can exchange the goods.

(iii) Transportation, trade, wholesaling, retailing, banking, financial institutes, etc., will develop.

(iv) ‘E’ country is an island country, therefore it can carry trade with other countries by water transport.

(v) Due to availability of natural resources all primary activities are developed in these countries.

• Due to fertile soil, and water supply by river, agriculture is developed. Rice, tea, coffee and fruit crops are grown in most of the countries.
• Due to coastal location, trade & fishing activities are developed in all countries.
• In ‘D’ and ‘E’ countries, due to forest growth lumbering can be developed.
• For transport of primary goods and to carry export-import, tertiary activities like transportation, wholesaling, retailing, banking, etc., will develop.

Correct Answer is: (b) Second

Correct option: (c) Judges

In India, the fish are caught in only 25% part of fish production area. 60% of total fish production of India is obtained from oceans and about 40% is obtained from inland water bodies. 70% of total ocean fish are obtained from western coastal area and 30% from eastern coastal area.

Importance of fish industries in India:

1. This food is rich in protein and makes a balanced diet and protects us from malnutrition. 

2. More than one crore people get employment from this occupation. 

3. Foreign currency is obtained from this occupation. 

4. Many allied industries such as – boat making, fishing equipment, carton, oil – extraction and compost making business are also developed.

Major fishing areas of India: 

Following are the five main regions:

1. Seacoast area: This fish area is developed on sea coastline upto 100 km in the open sea. Most fish of this area are caught in wide open sea upto 40 km. Shark, mackerel, akaki, sardine, ole, catfish, tuna, herring, shrimp and mullet are the main. 

2. River mouth sea area: Fish are caught at the mouth of Ganga, Brahmaputra, Hooghly, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri for 6 – 9 months of the year. Perch, ap, kark, katla, catfish, rehu, hilsa, pomfret, and oyster are the main fish. 

3. Freshwater fishing area: In India freshwater fish are caught from rivers, tanks, dams, lakes, ponds. The fish are also caught from the flowing water of the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Narmada, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri and their tributaries. 

4. Oyster area: In the sea part of India, in wide Gulf of Kutch, coastal sea of Saurashtra, Gulf of Mannar and the sea part near Pamban island of Tamil Nadu, the oyster fish are caught, from which pearl is obtained by injecting a chemical in them. 

5. Shell fish area: These fish are found in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and at the depth of 13 meters of sandy land of Saurashtra coast of Gujarat, these fish are caught from October to May. Their shells are used in temples and other decorative things.

Production: In the production of fish, India occupied second place after China.

According to 2012 – 13, the highest fish producing states are: Andhra Pradesh (18.08 lakh tons), West Bengal (14.09 lakh tons), Gujarat (7.86 lakh tons), Kerala (6.33) lakh tons, Tamil Nadu (6.20 lakh tons), Maharashtra (5.79 lakh tons), Karnataka (5.75 lakh tons) and Odisha (4.10 lakh tons).

Sea coast area, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Hooghly, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, internal parts of the country and freshwater bodies.

Correct Answer is: (a) 25%

Sheep is reared for wool and meat in India.

Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal.

(d) Saurashtra’s western coast

1.14 crore people.