Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

In the greenhouse effect, carbon – dioxide contributes 57%, methane contributes 18%, nitrous – oxide contributes 6% and chloro – fluoro – carbons contribute 17%.

(d) All the three

Koppen was a famous German Climatologist who first presented the classification of climate of the world in the year 1900. He also revised his classification several times during 1900 to 1936. He considered the temperature, rainfall and their seasonal nature as the basis of his classification and tried to establish their relation with vegetation. He believed that the best view of the total climate is found in natural vegetation. In this way, Koppen adopted such a quantitative method of the classification of climate where climate can establish a deep relation with vegetation.

The evidence of climate change is revealed on the basis of the study of fossil in rock pattern, changes in the forms of rocks, deposits in lakes and other aquatic parts.

Carbon – dioxide, water vapor, methane, nitrous – oxide, chloro – fluoro – carbons, etc. gases are mainly responsible for the greenhouse effect.

The maximum impact of the rise in sea water level by global warming occurs on China, India, Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Maldives and thousands of islands of Pacific Ocean.

Paddy farming, natural swampy lands, mining, termite, burning of organic substances, etc. are responsible for the origin of methane gas.

The amount of carbon dioxide gas is increasing continuously due to rapid industrialisation, pollution from vehicles, burning of coal, wood and mineral oil, breathing process of creatures, volcanic eruption and decay of vegetation.

Carbon – dioxide, methane, nitrous – oxide and chloro – fluoro – carbons are called greenhouse gases.

The simplicity found in Koppen’s classification and the convenience of study and teaching are the greatest features of this classification which make it the most recognized.

As they paid heavy rates of rents and revenue from their income, they were not able to improve agriculture. They used the remaining amounts for their household purposes.

They had no funds to invest in their lands. They had fear that they could be evicted from their land at anytime. If they improved their forming, the Zamindars immediately increased the share he took from them. But the Zamindars also prevented the peasants from improving their fields because they were afraid that the peasants would then start asserting their rights over the land.

In 1861, there was Civil war in America and British factories turned to India for supply of cotton. As a result cotton prices soared high.

Some British administrators believed that it is the duty of the government to invest in large scale irrigation works. They built anicuts and canals. They recognised the ownership of the land. They fixed the revenue per acre by taking the yield, prices, market conditions, crops etc., into consideration.

Before the cultivation they made necessary advances to the ryots to purchase seeds, implements, bullocks and to repair old wells or dig new ones. This proved very effective and that year saw a bumper crop and good revenue collection. So I think their approach was right.

The following is the impact of climate on the human beings and their activities: 

1. Climate has a vast impact on all the physical and mental activities of human beings. 

2. Agriculture and animal husbandry done by human beings are also dependent on climate. 

3. Climate has an impact on the business, trade, health, etc. of the human beings. 

4. The lifestyle, food habits, costumes, cultural and social activities of the human beings are also dependent on climate. 

5. Climate has an impact also on human habitation, industrial activities, their thoughts and physical structure.

Even in the Ryotwari areas the land revenue was fixed at a very high level. Unlike in the Zamindari areas it was fixed for twenty to thirty years. After expiry of the tenure period the revenue was revised, taking the changed conditions into consideration. The land revenue was so high that in the beginning it had to be collected by force. 

Soon the Ryotwari area too was full of landlords who rented out their lands to helpless tenants for very high rents. The tenants had to pay rent that was three to seven times more than the land revenue paid by the ryots to the government. (That is if a ryot paid Rs.100/- as land revenue for a piece of land to the government, he was able to get Rs. 300/- to 700/- from the tenants for the same land.) As a result they too did not have any interest in investing in improving agriculture, but only in renting it out at higher and higher rates. Thus the Ryotwari settlement also gave rise to landlordism.

The systematic study of the climate was started after the invention of Barometer and Thermometer in the year 1640 and Rain – gauge in the year 1676.

Our area is located in Chittoor district. There is a great famine in recent year. It is caused due to lack of rainfall and crop failure. In these times people are migrated due to lack of rainfall and crop failure to urban areas in search of livelihood. These people mostly worked as daily – wage labourers, watchmen in colonies, apartments and shops. Some of them also engaged in granite and construction industry on the city’s outskirts.

A government can help even in times of crop failure :

1. by supplying agricultural products from the areas of surplus. 

2. by providing water facilities. 

3. by postponing the E.M.Is of their loans. 

4. by drying and storing the surplus crop.

The rains and floods caused one or two famines during the British rule. Most of the famines occurred due to their dictatorial rule. They exported food grains in the famines. They had no interference when the merchants created artificial scarcity by hoarding food grains. They didn’t work for the welfare of the people in India. So the famines were caused.

(B) Shortage of food grains

Answer is (A) Vetti

(C) Landcess

Traditional crafts persons are adding technology to their tradition. As the prices are high, there is no demand for their products. Village artists had enjoyed the encouragement of the Kings and Zamindars. Now they lack it. So their lives are in worse condition.

Britishers developed India according to their needs. They were selfish in this attitude. Some people supported and some opposed them. During the colonial period some gained some lost. We were treated as second class civilians in our own motherland. Women were uplifted with the introduction of women education, abolition of child marriages and widow re-marriages. But the handicrafts were suppressed. The introduction of motors and machines caused this. They are still in the same situation. On the whole the British rule caused mixed results.

1. This settlement inadvertently converted all the peasants into the tenants. 

2. Since rent collected was much higher than the revenue, the cultivators could not pay and sometimes deserted the lands. These were the affects.

1. This settlement inadvertently converted all the peasants into the tenants. 

2. Since rent collected was much higher than the revenue, the cultivators could not pay and sometimes deserted the lands. These were the affects.

(C) zamindars

Answer is (C) MDM

The peasants were forced to work on the zamindars’ fields and many peasants could not cultivate their own fields properly. They could not improve their fields. Their plight can be seen in a government report written in 1878. The report says that the peasants do not try to dig well on their lands or irrigate it, nor do they try to bund their fields or dig drains or use fertilisers. “They do nothing to improve their land because they fear they can be evicted from their land at any time. If they improve their farming, the zamindar immediately increases the share he takes from them. But the zamindars also prevent the peasants from improving their fields because they are afraid that the peasants would then start asserting their rights over the land.”

(A) Money lenders

(A) a hike in landcess and unable to pay the revenue

(A) Farmers suffered from loans

(D) exploitation

(D) all the above

As the Zamindars were middlemen, the Britishers could not get proper income. Peasants suffered a lot from lack of developmental activities. So the British planned to collect revenue directly from the peasants by providing various facilities. So the detailed land survey is needed for the ‘Ryotwari Settlement’.

Answer is (A) Vetti

(C) zamindars

(B) Corn Wallis

Answer is (D) 1973

The landless tenants had to pay the revenue and the rent many times more than their yield. They had no chance to develop their fields or to invest on it. They had to approach moneylenders to meet their expenditure. If they could not repay their loans on time, the moneylenders also had to go to court to get their land auctioned to recover the loan money.

The agricultural prices were determined by the international market. As a result the tenants had to bear more losses. If they cultivated cash crops, it would have resulted in scarcity of food. As a result, they had to desert the lands. Many people migrated to South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji and other distant places as coolies during ‘Ganjam Famine’.

I think that the conditions of the cultivators may get improved with the Ryotwari system. But my prediction goes on wrong. Farmers became as landlords and the tenants as coolies.

1. The peasants were forced to do ‘Vetti’ in the lands of zamindars. 

2. The zamindars also tried to extract as much money as they could from the peasants under a variety of pretexts. 

3. The peasants also had to regularly supply ghee, milk, vegetables, gur, straw, cow dung cakes etc., free of cost to zamindar’s house. Thus they paid in form of labour, cash and kind.

(C) Vinobaji

In modem era, under consumer culture, mindless exploitation is being done of natural resources such as minerals, forest, water, energy sources to manufacture products. This system, by depleting valuable and health some sources are polluting the atmosphere. According to scientists, if the consumption of natural resources remains at current rate, then underground copper will disappear in 277 years, cobalt and platinum in 400 years, petrol in 49 years, petroleum gas in 60 years and coal in a few years.

Today in the world, whatever energy resources such as petrol, coal, and natural gas are being used, nature had taken 10 lakh years in preparing them. Thus it is clear that in consumer culture, people are not happy and satisfied in the true sense of the word inspite of such sources of luxuries. Due to unending new needs, man is falling prey to mental tension. The earth is not a personal property of anyone. Thus, it is our moral duty to conserve present natural resources, by keeping our needs confined. We should lead a controlled and sensibly frugal life.

1. In cinema halls and Video Parlour, at least two short movies/ messages must be shown free in each show. It is a condition before issuing license. 

2. To show informative movies of short period regarding pollution. 

3. The broadcast of environment and pollution related messages should be of 5 to 7 minutes duration daily. 

4. To bring common awareness among the students, it should be a compulsory subject in educational institutions. 

5. In 1996, the supreme court ordered the federal government and local authorities to clean Delhi’s historic old section everyday and implementing reserved forest laws. 

6. Supreme court passed the order to stop 292 coal-based industries or to shift them elsewhere or to use CNG or green fuel to save the World Heritage monument Taj Mahal from effects of air pollution. 

7. Supreme court has issued different directions to stop pollution from vehicles. 

8. It is the result of supreme court’s order that from the year 2000, lead-less petrol is being used in four metropolitan cities Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai. 

9. It is the result of supreme court’s order that from April 2001, CNG is being used in buses, taxies and autorickshaws. 

10. Stress is being given to stop smoke emission and vehicular pollution.

Conventional energy resources : 

These are the following :

•  Mineral coal :

Mineral coal is of four kinds- Anthracite, bituminous, lignite and peat. Among these, anthracite is the best kind of coal. Mineral coal is the relic of trees and vegetation which remained buried in the soil layers for millions of years. Burning of coal causes pollution.

•  Petroleum : 

It is the mixture of hydrocarbon compounds. High speed petrol, diesel and kerosene are obtained after refining of crude petroleum. 50% oil of the world is obtained from Gulf countries. In Gulf countries, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, U.A.E and Qatar are included. 

• Natural gas : 

These are hydrocarbon resources. It consists a major percentage of methane and inflammable gases. 

• Hydroelectricity : 

Moving turbines by quick stream of water, electricity is produced. It does not harm the atmosphere. In Rajasthan, hydro-electricity projects are established on the rivers Chambal and Mahi.

• Atomic electricity : 

It is obtained from Uranium. One kg uranium can produce the electricity equivalent to 25 lakh kg mineral oil.

Non-conventional energy resources : 

Due to regular exploitation of conventional resources and their depletion, research is being done to obtain non-conventional energy resources. 

The major resources of this category are : 

• Solar energy : 

The radiation obtained from the sun is called solar energy. The sun has unlimited energy stock. No other energy is so cheap and pollution-free as solar energy. 

•  Wind energy : 

It is also a pollution-less energy resource. In western Rajasthan, the speed of air remains 20 to 40 km/ hour. From it, 2500 KW electricity can be produced. 

•  Geothermal energy : 

At many places at the depth of 3 to 15 km, very hot rocks are found where hot water sources are found. The use of this geothermal heat is made to produce electricity by revolving the turbine by steam. 

• Bio gas : 

Bio gas is made by decomposing animal dung and other vegetative waste materials. 50 to 60 % methane is found in it. This gas is used for cooking, lighting, etc.

Season: Season is the sum of short – term conditions of weather in context of the components of weather (temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, rainfall and cloud) in a particular duration of time at a place.

Climate: Climate is the sum of the long – term weather conditions of a particular place. In climate, there is a description of the long – term atmospheric conditions in an extensive area. Thus, the meaning of the term climate is broader than the term season.

Answer is (C) 1857

The prices rose faster than the land revenue and the ryots found it more profitable to employ tenants to cultivate their lands and receive rent from them. So they did not invest in improving agriculture or extending agriculture.