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जिस यंत्र के द्वारा किसी व्यक्ति को एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान को भेजा जाए, उसे मानव प्रक्षेपण-यंत्र कहते हैं।

ऊर्जा का अर्थ है कार्य करने की क्षमता। ऊर्जा कई प्रकार की होती है। ऊर्जा की विशेषता यह है कि इसे हम उत्पन्न नहीं कर सकते। इसी प्रकार ऊर्जा कभी नष्ट भी नहीं की जा सकती। पर आवश्यकतानुसार ऊर्जा को दूसरा रूप दिया जा सकता है। यानी उसका स्वरूप परिवर्तित किया जा सकता है। जैसे- विद्युत-ऊर्जा को आणविक ऊर्जा में परिवर्तित किया जा सकता है और आणविक ऊर्जा को विद्युतऊर्जा में परिवर्तित किया जा सकता है।

“एक नई शुरुआत’ के दो वैज्ञानिकों के नाम प्रोफेसर रामिश और प्रोफेसर माधवन

प्रोफेसर रामिश ने अपना ड्रीम प्रोजेक्ट का प्रयोग छोड़ देने का निर्णय किया क्योंकि यह काम ‘मानव प्रक्षेपण-यंत्र’ प्रॉजेक्ट के प्रयोग से कहीं अधिक जरूरी है।

आणविक ऊर्जा यूरेनियम, थोरियम आदि तत्त्वों को तोड़कर प्राप्त की जा सकती है।

किसी वस्तु के छोटे-से-छोटे अंश या कण को अणु कहते हैं। परमाणु किसी पदार्थ का सबसे छोटा वह अंश होता है, जिसके और टुकडे न हो सकें। अणु की रचना परमाणुओं से होती है तथा परमाणु को आकार मिलता है, उसके अपने भीतर मौजूद इलेक्ट्रॉन, प्रोटोन और न्यूट्रॉन के कारण।

परमाणु का विघटन उसमें मौजूद इलेक्ट्रॉन, प्रोटोन और न्यूट्रॉन को उससे अलग करके किया जा सकता है। परमाणु का संगठन उसमें स्थित इलेक्ट्रॉन, प्रोटोन और न्यूट्रॉन के समावेश से होता है।

परमाणु विघटन मैं उसमें मौजूद इलेक्ट्रॉन, प्रोटोन और न्यूट्रॉन को अलग करना है।

पुस्तकालय का अर्थ है- पुस्तकों का आलय अर्थात् पुस्तकों का घर। पुस्तकालय में विभिन्न विषयों की अनेक पुस्तकें होती हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त दुर्लभ ग्रंथों का संग्रह भी पुस्तकालय में होता है। पुस्तकालय में पुस्तकों तथा ग्रंथों को सुरक्षित रखा जाता है। पाठक पुस्तकालय में आते हैं और अपनी पसंद की पुस्तकों से ज्ञान-पिपाशा शांत करते हैं।

प्रो. रामिश कहते हैं कि अभी तो उन्हें अपना काम शुरू करना है और देश के लाखों लोगों को कुपोषण से बचाना है।

(क) वैज्ञानिक

ऊर्जा की विशेषता यह है कि इसे हम उत्पन्न नहीं कर सकते।

पुस्तकालय में व्यवस्थित ढंग से बहुत सारी पुस्तकें रखने का पर्याप्त स्थान होता है। इसलिए पुस्तकालय पुस्तकों के आलय हैं।

सही विकल्प है (अ) अणु

भारतवर्ष में करोड़ों लोग रहते हैं। भारतवर्ष के सभी लोग ‘भारतवर्ष हमारा है’ का स्वर बुलंद करते हैं। यह स्वरधारा भारतवर्ष के करोड़ों-करोड़ों लोगों की है।

नवयुग के नयनों में अग्नि के जलते हुए पुंज भरे हैं।

जिस दिन सबसे पहले देश के नवनिर्माण की अनेक कल्पनाएं हमारे मन में उठीं, देश-काल के दो-दो विशाल और सुंदर वितानों की रचना हुई। जिस दिन आकाश में असंख्य तारे छिटके और सूरज-तारे अस्तित्व में आए, उसी समय से नवसर्जन के स्वर जागे थे।

तारें और सूरज अस्तित्व में आए तब से नवसर्जन के स्वर जागे थे।

It is used to convert user’s language into machine or binary language.

1. Arithmetic Section: 

Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of above operations. 

2. Logic Section: 

Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching and merging of data. 

3. Control Unit: 

This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer but does not carry out any actual data processing operations. 

4. Functions of this unit are: 

• It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a computer. 
• It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer. 
• It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the computer. 
• It communicates with Input/Output devices for transffering of data or results from storage. 
• It does not process or store data. 

5. Memory or Storage Unit: 

This unit can store instructions, data and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to the other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or main memory or primary storage or Random access memory(RAM). Its size affects speed, power and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory are two types of memories in the computer. 

6. Functions of memory unit are: 

• It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
• It stores intermediate results of processing. 
• It stores final results of processing before these results are released to an output device. 
• All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main memory.

Business: A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility which made it an integrated part in all business organisations. 

1. Computer is used in business organisations for: 

• Payroll calculations 
• Budgeting 
• Sales analysis  
• Financial forecasting 
• Managing employees database 
• Maintenance of stocks etc

2. Banking: 

Almost every bank uses computers to keep the records of money transactions and financial documents. It is also used in this sector because of the speed, convenience and security it provides. 

3. Insurance: 

Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. The insurance companies, finance houses and stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns. Insurance companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information showing- 

• procedure to continue with policies
• starting date of the policies
• next due installment of a policy 
• maturity date
• survival benefits

4. Education: 

Today computers has become an important part of one’s education because we are using computers, in every field. Without the knowledge of computer, we cannot get a job and perform well in it. Computers are used in class rooms by teachers to teach, maintain record of students, online learning, etc.

5. Marketing 

• Advertising: 

With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products. 

• At Home Shopping: 

Home shopping has been made possible through use of computerised,catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers. 

6. Health Care: 

Computers have become important part of the functioning in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. The computers are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, Ultrasounds and CT Scans etc., are also done by computerised machines. 

7. Engineering Design:

Computers are widely used in Engineering purpose. One of major areas is CAD (Computer aided design). That provides creation and modification of images. 

Some fields are: 

• Structural Engineering: It Requires stress and strain analysis for design of Ships, Buildings, Budgets, Airplanes etc. 
• Industrial Engineering: Computers deal with design, implementation and improvement of integrated systems of people, materials and equipments.
• Architectural Engineering: Computers help in planning towns, designing buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings. 

8. Military: 

Computers are largely used in defence. Computers are helpful in making Modern tanks, missiles, weapons etc. Military also employs computerised control systems. 

9. Communication: 

Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for. Communication has become very easy and simple through internet and email. Through email, we can send messages in a split-second to anybody in any part of the world. 

10.Government: 

Computers play an important role in the working of a government. Some major fields in this category are: 

• Preparation of Budgets 
• Sales tax department 
• Income tax department 
• Male/Female ratio calculation 
• Computerization of voters lists
• Computerization of driving licensing system 
• Computerization of PAN card 
• Weather forecasting

Set of instructions is known as program.

PARAM is a series of supercomputers designed and assembled by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune, India. 

PARAM is a high speed high bandwidth low latency. Param II will be used for research in space, bioinformatics, weather forecasting, seismic data analysis, aeronautical engineering, scientific data processing and pharmaceutical development. Educational institutes like the Indian Institutes of Technology and National Institutes of Technology * can be linked to the computer through the national knowledge network. This computer is a stepping stone towards building the future petaflop-range supercomputers in India.

Characteristics of Computer: 

1. High Speed 

• Computer is a very fast device.
• It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data. 
• The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the pico second. 
• It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who will spend many months for doing the same task. 

2. Accuracy 

• In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate. 
• The calculations are 100% error free. 
• Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that correct input has been given. 

3. Storage Capability 

• Memory is a very important characteristic of computers. 
• It can store large amount of data. 
• It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and many others. 

4. Diligence 

• Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of concentration. 
• It can work continuously without any error and boredom. 
• It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy. 

5. Versatility 

• A computer is a very versatile machine. 
• This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields. 
• At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next moment it may be playing a card game. 

6. Reliability

• A computer is a reliable machine. 
• Modern electronic components have long lives. 
• Computers are designed to make maintenance easy. 

7. Automation 

• Computer is an automatic machine.
• Automation means ability to perform the given task automatically. 
• Once a program is given to computer i.e., stored in computer memory, the program and instruction can control the program execution without human interaction. 

8. Reduction in Paper Work 

• The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in paper work and results in speeding up the process.
• As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the problem of maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced.

1. It is an extremely fast computer which can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second. 

2. It is used to store large amount of data. 

3. It is multi-user computer system. 

Examples are: PARAM, CRAY, CDC etc.

The man had no alternative as he was afraid that his refusal to build another hut on another site would expose him to the teeth and claws of members of the Commission.

D. Both ‘A’ and ‘B’

Correct option is B. drink.

Taro ran in the direction of the stream because he wanted to quench his thirst.

B. on a lonely hillside.

The Emperor of Japan rewarded Taro with twenty pieces of gold and he named the most beautiful fountain in the city after Taro.

Taro was sent for by the Emperor of Japan to give him a reward for his good and kind act.

B. chopping wood in the forest.

The next day, Taro carried the largest pitcher type owned as he wanted to bring back more sake for his parents.

Taro was feeling warm and thirsty as a result of the hard work he had done. His mouth was dry and his face was wet with sweat. Hence, when Taro heard the sound of a rushing stream he ran in the direction of the sound of the water to quench his thirst.

Taro was a woodcutter.

C. to fulfil the needs of his parents.

The waterfall was behind a rock in the forest.

Taro was delighted to have been able to provide some delicious sake to his father. He left the next day to get some more sake for his father. However, upon reaching there he saw all the villagers had already reached there with their buckets and pitchers to collect the delicious sake. When the villagers tasted the liquid of the waterfall they could only taste water and not the delicious sake. Hence, Taro felt that the sake was a dream.

Taro was a very thoughtful son. He worked hard all day by chopping wood but could not earn enough. He however, wanted to give his old parents everything that they needed. One cold evening, his father expressed the desire to drink the expensive drink sake. Hence, Taro wanted to earn more money to buy that drink which would provide his father some warmth in the bitter cold.

Taro’s father drank the sake and their neighbour, a lady drank the sake greedily from the pitcher. Everyone from Taro’s neighbourhood took a sip of the sake and thus the pitcher became empty.

D. Both A’ and ‘B’

C. the price of the wood was very low.

The Emperor rewarded Taro for his kindness and goodness. The Emperor wanted to encourage all children to respect and obey their parents.

When Taro reached at the waterfall the next morning, he found all his neighbours with pitchers, jars and buckets there.

Ali got a new kite from his grandfather. So, he kissed him. He promised that he would not lose it.

By imposing economic sanctions against the South African government, it played a significant role in challenging the apartheid policy and liberating the South African people from apartheid.

The need of the hour is to reform and strengthen the UN and to make it strong and effective, capable of healing the wounds of our times and restoring sanity, balance and harmony to our strife-tom world.

1. True

2. True

3. False

4. True

5. False

The Security Council is the most important organ of the UN.