Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

They have to spread over a large area.

Due to zero terminal velocity.

In winter i.e., at low temperature the viscosity of lubricants increases.

The water is transparent and lets energy pass through. On the other land, the sun heats up only the top layer of the land. This is because the land is solid. A solid is opaque and does not let energy through. This is the difference in heating of land and water.

Some amount of solar rays are absorbed or reflected away by smoke or dust in the atmosphere. If the atmosphere gets more polluted with smoke and dust, it may absorb more heat. As a result the temperatures on the earth may raise. If it reflects more, there will not be heat on the earth. Both are dangerous to ‘the life’ on ‘the earth’.

Romesh, a fourteen year old boy, left his family back in Bihar and reached Hyderabad to find a new future. Finding a job was not an easy job for him. Cursed by hunger, he joined a group of rag pickers. Some rescuer called 1098 help line and he got a helping hand from ‘The Child Line”. He is now one of the beneficiaries of Andhra Pradesh State based project for the Elimination of Child Labour.

Many such children fall to similar fate due to domestic violence and abject poverty. Shanti, a nine year old girl, was sent to Hyderabad by her parents to work in a middle class home. There she did the menial tasks like cooking, moping, cleaning and washing clothes. Her owners used to lock her up in a tiny room when they went out. The neighbours informed the “Child Labour Enforcement Team” and she was rescued and is now placed in a girls’ transit home.

CRY (Child Rights and You) is an organization that believes that children are citizens and they have their own rights. At CRY, they partner some basic level organizations working for children, their parents and communities. It acts as a bridge between child developmental organizations and people working for marginalized children. They gather the support, money and time of the Indians around the world and thousands of field workers across India who struggle to enrich the lives of children. CRY has freed more than 1 lakh children from hunger, exploitation and illiteracy in more than 13000 villages and slums.

1. The child lives in a street and on pavements of a road.

2. The child in the poem is 10 years old.

3. The child in the poem is 10 years old.

The organisations that are working to save the destitutes are: 

1. Child Rights and You (CRY) and 

2. Save our Soul (SOS)

At first I will talk with the owners who employ children to do the menial jobs and make them realize that they are doing wrong. I will make them know that those children are like their own children. I will ask them to educate those unlucky children and feed them well if they can. Next, I will inform the “Child Labour Enforcement Team” about those children. Thus, I will try to save them.

CRY is an organization that partners some basic level organizations working for children, their parents and communities. CRY’s role is that of a bridge between child developmental organizations and people working for marginalized children. They gather the support, money and time of the Indians around the world and thousands of field workers across India who struggle to enrich the lives of children.

Some rescuer called 1098 helpline and Romesh got a helping hand from “The Child Line”. He is now one of the beneficiaries of Andhra Pradesh State based project for the Elimination of Child Labour. In the case of Shanti, the neighbours informed the “Child Labour Enforcement Team”. She was rescued and is now placed in a girls’ transit home.

SOS provides family-based care for children. It advocates the concerns, rights and needs of children. SOS focuses on strengthening families, helping them to stay together during difficult times and provide the best care possible to their children. SOS children’s village experts work with families to help them develop a wide range of skills, from household budget planning, how to get a job and earning a living, to bonding with a child or young person and learning to create a stable family life at home.

Renewable - Supply can be renewed, Environment-friendly.

Eg: wind, sun, water(Anyone)

Non-Renewable - Supply is limited, cause environmental pollution.

Eg: coal, petroleum 

Detailed Answer:

i. Pure nitric acid is colourless. 

ii. Nitric acid obtained in laboratory is pale yellow in colour. 

iii. The pale yellow colour of nitric acid disappears and hence it becomes colourless.

Formation of a hard residual crust of the corresponding sulphate [Na₂SO₄ or K₂SO₄ ] which being a -poor conductor of heat, sticks to the glass and cannot be easily removed from the apparatus.

The reaction temperature is maintained below 200°C. This is because at higher temperatures, HNO₃ decomposes to give NO₂ . The brown coloured NO₂ dissolves in HNO₃ to give it a yellow colour. Thus, if the temperature is allowed to go beyond 200°C, the product (HNO₃) obtained is not pure (colourless). 

Correct answer is (B) B-Cells

Tropical cyclones.

In India the eastern coast is more prone to Cyclones.

If the wind blows spirally inwards towards the centre of low pressure it is called a cyclone. 

Effects of cyclone: Tropical cyclones are very destructive to causes loss of life and property, damage to buildings, transports and communication system, disrupt power supply, destroy crops, vegetation, animals etc.

Causes of landslides: Both natural and human induced forces cause landslides.

Effects: Landslides are destructive natural disasters. Major effects are blocking of roads, railway lines, hurrying of human settlements and vegetation, loss of life and property etc. Roads blocking is a very common problem.

Precautionary measures to be taken to reduce the effects of earthquakes are:

1. Avoid the human settlements in the earthquake prone zones. 

2. Follow earthquake resistant designs for the construction of buildings. 

3. Use building materials of high quality and avoid high rise buildings. 

4. Restrict the over groundwater mining. 

5. Restrict urban growth in the hilly areas with high seismic vulnerability. 

6. Avoid the construction of large dams and reservoires. 

7. Stop deforestation and heavy quarrying activities. Besides post disaster measures after earthquakes are also essential i.e relief, reeoveiy, rehabilitations.

Floods are caused by both natural and man made factors. Natural catises for floods: The natural factors include heavy rainfall, melting of snow, tropical cyclone cloud burst, blockage of the free flow of river water and silting river beds etc.

The natural hazards which create widespread destruction are known as natural disasters. 

Eg: earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides.

Causes and Distribution: Coastal erosion is mostly caused by sea waves and ocean currents. 

In India the causes are: 

(i) Monsoon winds 

(ii) Tropical cyclones and 

(iii) Tsunamis.

i) The South West Monsoon: These winds causes intensive coastal erosion along the west coast of India.During this season the coasts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu are largely affected by coastal erosion.

ii) Tropical cyclone: These winds are destructive and mostly occur during the North-East Monsoon season over the Bay of Bengal. They cause serious coastal erosion along the east coast of India including the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.

iii) Tsunamis: These are large waves generated by earthquakes. The coastal erosion occurs due to tsunamis in India. Andaman – Nicobar Islands and east coast of India have been affected by Tsunamis.

sea waves, ocean currents.

Sea waves strike the coasts with great force.

Floods are caused by both natural Man made and factors.

Bay of Bengal.

In peninsular India earthquake occur occasionally.

Removal of sands construction break water.

Zone of minimum intensity of earthquake.

The parallels and meridians on the globe form a net that is called a graticule.

No, the distance between K₁ K₂ and P₁ P₂ are not the same.

Magnetic moment of a current loop: The torque on current loop is

τ = MB sin θ, where θ is angle between magnetic moment and magnetic field.

\(\Rightarrow M=\frac{r}{B\,sin\,\theta}\) 

If B or 1 T, sin θ = 1 or θ = 90° then M = τ.

That is the magnetic moment of a current loop is defined as the torque acting on the loop when placed in a magnetic field of 1 T such that the loop is oriented with its area vector normal to the magnetic field.

Also, M = IA

i.e., magnetic moment of a current loop is the product of current flowing in the loop and area of loop. Its direction is perpendicular to the plane of the loop and determined by using right hand thumb rule.

Magnetic moment of revolving electron,

\(M=\frac{e\text{v}r}{2}\)

E .O Lawrence and M. S. Livingston 

(i) α-particle

It is a device used to accelerate charged particles or ions. 

Commercially cleansing agents are of the following two main types, depending on their chemical composition:

• Soaps 
• Synthetic detergents

[Note: Cleansing agents may be natural or synthetically developed.]

• A special case of dipole-dipole interaction.

• Exists in the molecules which are highly polar containing N-H, O-H or H-F bonds.

• Energy of H-bond ≈ 10 to 100 kJ mol^-1 .

• One of the important forces in proteins and nucleic acids.

• It determines the structure and properties of many compounds.

gaseous and liquid states

General Idea •

• Matter can exist (mainly) in three states viz; solid, liquid and gas.
• State of matter is determined by the nature of intermolecular forces, molecular interactions and thermal energy of particles.
• Change in the physical state does not change the chemical properties of a substance.
• Rates of Chemical reactions depend upon the physical state. 
• Physical laws govern the behavior of matter in different states.

Dipole – Dipole Forces

• Present between the molecules possessing permanent dipoles. 

• For stationary polar molecules : interaction energy∝ 1/r³ 

• For rotating polar molecules : interaction energy ∝1/r⁶ where, r = distance between polar molecules.

Exists between polar molecules having permanent dipole and non-polar molecules.

Interaction Energy \(\propto \frac{1}{r^6}\) where, r = distance between two molecules.

Existence of the three states of matter - It is due to the balance between intermolecular forces and the thermal energy of the molecules

Predominance of intermolecular interactions

Gas→ liquid→ solid

Predominance of thermal energy

Gas ←liquid ←solid

• Forces of attraction and repulsion between interacting particles (atoms and molecules).

• Covalent bonding is not intermolecular force

• Force of attraction between two temporary instantaneous dipoles.

•There forces are always attractive. 

• Interaction energy ∝1/r⁶ , where r is the distance between the two particles.

Van der Waals Forces 

• Attractive intermolecular forces. 
• These forces include dispersion forces or London forces, dipole-dipole forces and dipoleinduced dipole forces. 
• Ion-dipole forces are not van der Waals forces.

(i) Bromo ethane 

(ii) Methanal 

(iii) Hex-1-yne

Acetic acid is a monobasic acid which on ionization in water produce one hydronium ion per molecule of the acid.

(a) Sodium metal test: Add a small piece of sodium metal to the organic liquid (to be tested), taken in a dry test tube. If bubbles (or effervescence) of hydrogen gas are produced, it indicates that the given organic liquid is an alcohol.

(b) Harmful effects of drinking alcohol:

(i) Alcohol slows down the activity of the nervous system and brain due to which the judgement of a person is impaired and his reaction becomes slow.

(ii) Heavy drinking of alcohol on a particular occasion leads to staggered movement, slurred speech and vomiting.

(c) Unlike ethanol, drinking methanol, even in a small quantity can be fatal leading to permanent blindness and even death. Methanol damages the optic nerve causing permanent blindness in a person. This happens because methanol is oxidised to methanal in the liver of a person. This methanal reacts rapidly with the components of the cell causing coagulation of their protoplasm. Due to this, the cells stop functioning normally.