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Baking soda is manufactured by passing carbon dioxide through saturated sodium carbonate solution in water. 

Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O→ 2NaHCO₃.

The physical properties of sulfur dioxide are: 

1. It is Colorless 

2. It is has a pungent smell 

3. It is – Not a supporter of combustion 

4. It is – Turns blue litmus red therefore acidic

A method of manufacturing detergents: A long chain hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum are treated with concentrated sulfuric acid. Then it is neutralized with sodium hydroxide the sodium salt thus obtained is detergents.

When sulfur dioxide dissolves in water sulfurous acid is formed.

Soap: 

1. prepared from vegetable oil or animal fat 

2. bio degradable 

3. Not good for washing, when the water is hard 

4. does not cleanse well in acidic medium Detergents 

5. made from hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum 

6. non-biodegradable 

7. cleanse well even in hard water 

8. cleanse well even in acidic medium.

Solutions made using water are called aqueous solution.

1. chloroform 

2. chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) 

3. Sodium chloride 

4. poly vinyl chloride (PVC) 

5. Calcium oxychloride

The chemical properties of chlorine. 

1. Burning magnesium ribbon react with chlorine to form magnesium chloride. 

Mg + Cl₂ → MgCl₂ 

2.Chlorine reacts with hot red phosphorous giving phosphorus pentaxide 

2p + 3Cl₂ → 2PCl₃ (Limited supply of chlorine) 

2p + 5Cl₂ → 2PCl₅ (Excess supply of chlorine) 

3. Sodium burns vigorously on chlorine with golden yellow flame to form sodium chloride. 

2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl 

4. When heated aluminium powder is sprinkled into jar of chlorine it burns brightly with flashes of light. 

2Al + 3Cl₂ → 2AlCl₃ 

5. Chlorine reacts with water to form hypochlorous acid.

Chlorine was first used in the sterilization of drinking water to control the spread of water-born diseases such as typhoid. Cholera, dysentery and gastro-enteritis which killed people more than the people who were killed in all wars in history.

The physical properties of chlorine are. 

1. Chlorine is pale greenish yellow in colour. 

2. It is supporter of combustion. 

3. It is heavier than air. 

4. It turns blue litmus red therefore acidic.

The most common minerals of chlorine are Halite, (rock salt), sylvite camallite, chlorapatite.

MnO₂ + 4HCl → MnCl₂ + CI₂↑+ 2H₂O.

Chlorine gas collected by the upward displacement of air because chlorine is heavier than air.

Over use of synthetic detergents cause water pollution because detergents are non-biodegradable.

Uses of baking soda 

1. It is used in bakery to make the bakery items. 

2. It is used in medicine which acts ‘ as antacid, to treat excess of acid formed in the stomach. 

3. It is used as a mild cleaning agent 

4. It is used to prepare aerated water (soda water)

Glycerol or glycerin is a sweet viscous liquid soluble in water. 

Uses of Glycerol are : 

1. It is used in the manufacture of explosive, elastics and pharmaceuticals. 

2. It is also used to prevent freezing.

(c) animals and plants

The mixture of fats and sodium hydroxide are allowed to boil in the kettle using the steam within the kettle. After boiling, the mass thickness as the fat reacts with the sodium hydroxide producing soap and glycerin. Salt is added to separate soap from glycerin. The soap forms its layer at the top and the glycerin settles at the bottom the glycerin is taken out from the bottom of the kettle. Soap is taken off from the top the soap is then cooled. 

Oil/Fat + Sodium hydroxide → Soap + glycerol.

A cleaning substance made from animal fats or vegetable oil is called soap. The raw materials are, oil or fat, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide and common salt.

Chemical name of baking soda is sodium chloride.

Common name of sodium chloride is common salt.

The chemical name of common salt is sodium chloride. (NaCl)

A method of manufacturing liquid soap. Heat the mixture of oil and potassium hydroxide solution. Stir well. As the soap cooks it will be converted to gel phase. Add distilled water and stir well and add little scent, liquid soap is ready.

(b) MnO₂ + HCl

Chlorine is the common element present in bleaching powder and common salt.

The chemical name of bleaching powder is calcium oxychloride. Molecular formula of bleaching powder (Calcium oxychloride) is CaOCl₂. It is prepared by passing chlorine gas into slakes lime at 4q0°C. Ca(OH)₂ +4Cl₂→ CaOCl₂ + H₂O.

Garlic, onion, reddish, cauliflower, Egg, yolk.

Chlorine is used in the manufacture of bleaching powder: 

1. Chlorine is used in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid 

2. It is used in paper and pulp industry. 

3. It is used as bleaching agent and in purification of water 

4. It is used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride and Chlorofluorocarbons. (C.F.C) 

5. Chlorine is used in the preparation of pesticides like benzene hexachloride commonly called BHC. dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) 

6. It is used in the preparation of chloro form which is used as an anesthetic.

Hair, nails and skin contain sulfur.

To prepare sulfur dioxide in the laboratory copper turnings and sulfuric acid are used.

Priestley prepared sulfur dioxide in the year 1774 by heating concentrated sulfuric acid with mercury and called it “vitriolic acid air.

Method 1

Sulfur is present in many minerals one of the minerals is mercurous sulfide. It is commonly called cinnabar. The ” sulfide are burns in the presence of air and sulfur dioxide is obtained as by product. 

HgS+O₂ → Hg + SO₂ ↑.

Method 2 

During the extraction of zinc from zinc blend. Sulfur dioxide is obtained as byproduct. 

2ZnS+ 3O₂ → 2ZnO+ 2SO₂↑

Sulfur dioxide is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid 

1. It is used to increase the shelf life of foods. 

2. In sugar industry sulfur dioxide is used to remove coloring matter from sugar. 

3. It is used to prevent decolonization of dried fruits.

All financial business transaction have effect on two sides, namely receiving benefit and giving benefit. When this two hold effect is recorded systematically it become double entry- system. This system developed by England.

All the financial transactions can be classified in two groups. 

I. personal accounts. 

II. Impersonal accounts.

I. Personal a/c: Transactions between two persons is called personal a/c. Persons means it may be natural persons or firm, govt. Expand Institutions etc. Accounts relates to persons called personal a/c. There are three types of persons. They are- 

(a) Natural persons: The living individuals like me and you comes under natural persons. 

(b) Artificial persons: The persons who created by law established as per legal procedure called Artificial person. Ex : Companies, Firms, Banks, Co-operative Societies etc. 

(c) Representative person: The person’who are represent some person or groups called Representative person. Accrued expenses a/c, o/s expenses a/c. prepaid expenses. o/s Income, Income received in advance etc. are examples for representative person.

II. Real a/c : These accounts relates to assets or properties are owned by a business. Real accounts may be classified as : 

(a) Tangible assets: The assets which can be see and touch called Tangible assets. 

Ex : Land and Building, plant and machinery, furniture, stock, Vehicles, etc.

(b) Intangible assets: Assets which can’t be seen or touch called intangible assets. Assets which do not have physical existence but can be bought and sold and benefited by business. 

Example : Goodwill, Trade mark, copy rights etc.

III. Nominal a/c : The accounts of various expenses or losses and income or gain recorded called nominal a/c. They cannot be seen or touched. It is intangible in nature. They are fictitious or not real or nominal. The expense which a business incurs and income earns in the activities of business. Nominal a/c can classified as :

(a) Income or gain a/c: Accounts of gain, revenue, income or profit recorded. 

Example : Discount received, rent received, commission received etc. 

(b) Expenses a/c: Losses and expenses are recorded. 

Example : Salary, bad debts, Travelling expense, Depreciation etc. 

Magnesium containing to burn displacing sulfur particles which stick to the jar 2Mg + SO₂→ 2MgO+ S.

Correct option  (B) Vertically upward on the wire 

Explanation:

 By using Fleming's left hand rule, the force acts vertically upward.

A dimension equation consists of physical quantity equated to its dimensional formula. e.g., Velocity = [LT^-1 ]

Velocity gradient = \(\frac{Velocity}{Distance}\)= [M⁰L⁰T^-1]

Main errors are – constant error, systematic error, random error, gross error, relative error and percentage error.

(ii) 3 x 10¹⁰ सेमी/सेकण्ड

(i) वेबर/मीटर²

1/9 x 10¹⁶ (कूलॉम /ऐम्पियर x मीटर)²

चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र में गतिमान आवेश (इलेक्ट्रॉन) पर लगने वाले चुम्बकीय बल को लॉरेन्ज बल कहते हैं। यदि q आवेश v वेग से चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र vector B की दिशा से θ कोण पर गति करे, तो उस पर कार्य करने वाला लॉरेन्ज बल F = qvB sin θ। बल की दिशा vector v तथा vector B दोनों के लम्बवत् होती है।

श्रेणीक्रम में उच्च प्रतिरोध जोड़ने पर धारामापी वोल्टमीटर में परिवर्तित हो जाता है।

यदि किसी धारामापी में थोड़ी-सी धारा प्रवाहित करने से ही पर्याप्त विक्षेप आ जाए तो धारामापी को सुग्राही कहते हैं। कुण्डली में एकांक धारा प्रवाहित करने पर उसमें उत्पन्न विक्षेप को धारामापी की सुग्राहिता कहते हैं।

(iii) (i) तथा (ii) दोनों के द्वारा

1. धारामापी की कुण्डली के समान्तर में लघु प्रतिरोध (शन्ट) लगा देते हैं, जिसका मान ऐमीटर की परास पर निर्भर करता है। इस प्रकार चल कुण्डली धारामापी का ऐमीटर में रूपान्तरण हो जाता है। 

2. श्रेणीक्रम में उच्च प्रतिरोध जोड़ने पर धारामापी वोल्टमीटर में परिवर्तित हो जाता है।

(iii) वैद्युत एवं चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र दोनों

(iii) वृत्ताकार

साइक्लोट्रॉन के कार्य करने का सिद्धान्त यह है कि डीज के बीच लगने वाले प्रत्यावर्ती विभवान्तर की रेडियो आवृत्ति, डीज के भीतर आवेशित कण के परिक्रमण की आवृत्ति के बराबर होनी चाहिए।