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Refractive index of a medium decreases with increase in wavelength of light.

Refractive index of a medium for violet light (least wavelength) is greater than that for red light (greatest wavelength).

The two factors on which the refractive index of a medium depends are:

1) Nature of a medium i.e. its optical density (e.g. μ g = 1.5, μ _w = 1.33) - Smaller the speed of light in a medium relative to air, higher is the refractive index of that medium.

2) Physical condition such as temperature - with increase in temperature, the speed of light in medium increases, so the refractive index of medium decreases.

(C) Badami Chalukyas

(D) all the above

(C) Both A & B

(D) The details of kings families

(A) Vijayalaya Chola

(C) Vijayalaya

(B) Raja Raja Chola

Whatever may be the election procedure the requirements of a candidate to contest in the election was so far better than our Panchayat elections in the following aspects.

1. Age 

2. Knowledge 

3. Honesty 

4. Declaration of own wealth.

When compared to the temples shown in this chapter “New Kings and Kingdoms, the present-day temples are small in size and are coloured.

All communalists believe in a ‘being’ based on religion. They also show hatred towards followers of other religions. Communalists are often violent. They insult and attack people who do not follow their tenets. Communalism gives too much importance to religion. They believe that religion is above everything else. A person’s wealth, profession or political leanings are not at all important.

Only his religion is important. The many similarities among religions and their followers are denied by communalists.

Correct answer is a) communalism

Three new cities came into existence due to urban change in the British age. These cities were—Madras, Bombay and Calcutta.

A brief description of these cities is given below :

1. Madras: The city of Madras is situated on Eastern coast of India. It’s present name is Chennai and it is the capital of State of Tamil Nadu. Madras was one of the three main centres which were-Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. It was also centre of of Presidency of the East India Company. French General La-Bourdnnais snatched it from the British in first Carnatic War (1746-1748). But it was given back to the British at the end of this war (1748 A.D.)

Madras became one of the important and prosperous cities after the British win in three Carnatic wars. Madras was developed into a port city and a famous industrial city very rapidly. It has many beautiful places to see. Churches, Buildings, Monuments, Attractive Temples and Beaches are some of the beautiful places of Madras.

2. Bombay: The City of Bombay (Mumbai) is situated in Maharashtra on Eastern coast of Arabian Sea. It’s present name is Mumbai. It is not only a famous commercial centre but it is also a centre of industrial and cultural activities. In 1661 A.D., Portuguese princess Catherine was married to the British King Charles II. Then this city was given in the form of dowry by Portuguese to the British. He gave this city on rent to the East India Company. Gradually Bombay became the Presidency of Britishers. Some of the famous places of this city are Juhu Beach, Chaupati, Kolaba, Malabar Hill, Jahangiri Art Gallery, Museum, Bombay University, Mahalaxmi Temple, Victoria Garden, Kamla Nehru.

3. Calcutta: Calcutta is the Capital of West Bengal. It’s present name is Kolkata. It was a famous commercial centre of India during the British rule. Britishers established their first factory over here in 1695 A.D. and fortified it from all sides. Till 1757 A.D., the British East India Company spent most of its time in Commercial activities. When war started between Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daula and the East India Company, the British won that war. Later on their different Commercial centres (Bastis), like Bombay, Madras and Calcutta, were developed into cities. Most of Indian traders started living in these cities because every type of trading facility was available over here. In the battle of Plassey and battle of Buxar respectively in 1757 A.D. and 1764 A.D., Nawabs of Bengal were defeated and the Britishers emerged victorious. That’s why, the importance of the city of Calcutta was increased.

These days many beautiful places are there in Calcutta. Howrah Bridge, Victoria Memorial, Botanical Garden, Indian Museum, Alipur Zoo, Vailoor Math, National Library, etc. are some of them which increase the importance of Calcutta.

Anand Math Novel was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

Famous writers of short stories were Ravindra Nath Tagore, Premchand, Jaspal, Tejendra Kumar, Krishna Chand, etc.

More and more people in the worker’s paradise were becoming idle, wasting their time on painting and sculpture.

The poem is an attempt to distinct happiness and true happiness, the real and imaginary, reality and dream, the pleasure and pain, the ideal and the actual as Richard Fogle calls it. The everlasting and the momentary have been differentiated in the poem. The true pleasure as Keats defines lies not in the physical world which is full of miseries and pain and loss. We chase the beauty and happiness the way the poet chases the bird's song and still at a point the spell is bound to break like a bubble bursts and the human is thrown into the reality to realise the ultimate and inevitable, the death! Happiness is elusive and evanescent and can not be held for ever. It is fickle and promiscuous. The poet when felt that he has found the true happiness in the singing of the nightingale, which is beyond age and time; he wakes up to the reality. He realizes that it was just a vision a dream, so is happiness, like a dream, not stationary! All that we can do is delay the inevitability of death through this beauty that gives transcendental happiness.

While the poet is celebrating his new found happiness in the nightingale's song, he is thrown into much deeper thought. Keats commiserates with the human for the sorrow and all the unpleasantness that one has to go through in one's life. The poet wishes to escape from all these. He wishes to fly away to the bird and drown himself in the ecstasy of its humming. Keats realises the truth of human life. He renounces and learn that this world can serve nothing more than momentary pleasures to humans and rest all is sham and has pain. All the materialistic gains have pain rooted in them and he wants to break free from them. He lists out various such intricacies and obstacles. He tells the bird, who has never experienced fever, weariness, fret; who never sits like men and groans while palsy shakes a few, those sad folks with those last few gray hair. How youth fades and grows pale, thin and dies with time. He grieves for this world where nothing is permanent. The poet wishes to escape from all these aspects of our physical world and wants to see the other world where true happiness lies, where the spiritual bliss awaits him.

You will be informed by Stanley later.

I learnt from this fable that our physical appearance has very little significance as compared to our capacities, capabilities, abilities and our inner strength.

The fable deals with the conceited peacock and the crane.

Yes, I like to take tests, because the result of the tests shows our progress in learning. We know our drawbacks and we can try to improve our weak subjects.

No, never. I always love my school because I regard it as my Mother. My progress in life depends on the knowledge and education that I receive in school.

1. (c) will not be recognized

2. (a) wasn’t invited

3. (c) was broken

4. (b) has been won

5. (c) is being repaired

6. (a) be begun

7. (b) is spoken

8. (c) was shocked

9. (b) had already been sent

10. (b) am worried by

1. False. It was’t Dr. Watson, if was Holmes,

2. False

3. True

a. “Where did you find it?”

b. “What’s it about?”

c. “They had a teacher.”

d. “How could a man be a teacher?”

e. “Sure, if they were the same age.”

Yes, Margie had regular days and hours for school. Her mother thought that little girls learnt better if they learned at regular hours.

a. 1. school

2. cool 

3. holy 

4. yard.

b. 1. I don’t know what kind of school they had all that time ago. 

2. Margie’s grandfather said to her when he was a little boy his grandfather told him that there was a time when all stories were printed on paper.

Tommy says that centuries ago there used to be a special kind of school with a separate building. Students went to that building for studies. Human teachers taught the students.

1. about 

2. funny 

3. night 

4. quick.

1. I don’t know what kind of school they had all that time ago. 

2. Margie’s grandfather said to her when he was a little boy his grandfather told him that there was a time when all stories were printed on paper

1. The kids laughed and shouted.

2. She sings a song.

3. He did not go to school today.

4. Where are you going now?

a. Meaning today: She had been hoping they would officially dismiss the teacher from his job forever. 

Meaning in the content of the story: She had been hoping they would remove the teacher from the screen permanently.

b. Meaning today: They had suspended Tommy’s teacher for nearly one month.

c. Meaning today: It wasn’t the teacher who regularly did the teaching work in school. It was some person who taught the students.

Meaning in the context of the story: It was the mechanical teacher who gave lessons to students on screen, regularly.

d. Meaning today: This question is meaningless in these days because teaching work is always done by some person (male teacher or female teacher).

Meaning in the context of the story: They had the mechanical teacher and they didn’t expect a man in place of the mechanical teacher.

e. Meaning today: The teacher has to deal with the students according to the need of the whole class and use a suitable method of teaching.

Meaning in the context of the story: The mechanical teacher has to be repaired and made suitable according to the need of individual students or the subject taught.

1. Margie even wrote about it. – past tense. 

2. Today Tommy found a new book. – past tense

3. Margie was scornful, (singular/plural) 

4. What’s there to write about school? (singular/plural)

1. will, go 

2. will do/will be doing 

3. will ring 

4. will visit 

5. will understand 

6. would have lived 

7. will come 

8. will help

Once the idea of learning cycling as a sign of women’s emancipation caught on among the womenfolk of Pudukkottai, there was a huge demand for ‘ladies’ cycles. Once the stocks of ladies cycles got exhausted there was a shortage of of ‘ladies’ cycles. Consequently, women did not hesitate to buy ‘gents’ cycles as well. In fact, some women even preferred ‘gents’ cycles because the gents cycles have an additional bar from the seat to the handle. That way the women realized that they could seat a child on the bar. Consequently, the shortage of ladies cycles was solved by going in for gents cycles.

1.  subordinate clause – which had laid anchor.

2. subordinate clause – if anyone would support her return to England.

If the child tried to walk fast he/she will not be able to properly understand the actions, thoughts, etc. of his/her father and will fail to achieve success in life.

a. Sometimes the father’s actions are too quick for the child to follow them properly.

b. Sometimes the actions of the father are so difficult that the child cannot understand, observe and act accordingly.

c. The child who is grown up now wants to guide his child correctly in the journey of his life.

d. The grown up child is confident about his opinions, judgements and actions in his life. He was correct and sincere throughout his life like his father.

No, the word ‘walk’ does not refer here only to the act of walking. The poet actually wants to say that the father should communicate his thoughts and feelings to the child and help him/her to learn or become familiar with the ways of life by showing him/her or explaining the child how to behave and act for living a good life.

(a) The child is talking to its father. (father/child) 

(b) The father is leading and the child is following, (father/child) 

(c) Someday the child will become a father. (father/child) 

(d) The child does not wish to fall while following its father. (father/child)

The ‘footsteps’ of the father refers here to the father’s mannerisms, distinctive and individual gestures, traits of speaking and behaving, his actions and his all other characteristics that makes a person successful in life.

Their ability, noble thoughts and actions, kindness and love for others, discipline, hard work, I honesty, perseverance and to remain happy in good or bad condition.

According to the speaker, learning to ride a bicycle has brought a change in the lifestyle of the women of Pudukkottai.