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The small leaves of the medicinal creeper resemble betel leaves.

Sanna brought some creepers from the forest.

Surface area of land used for farming and number of people living in that area is considered in agricultural density.

Land used for agriculture and the number of people living on that land is considered in agricultural area density.

(c) the medicinal creeper

Sanna brought the creepers from the forest.

The productive capacity of resources of land and people living on that land is considered in economic density.

The ratio of human population and total land area is considered in mathematical density.

The notion of density of population is significant in order to form the plan of economic progress and social and cultural progress of every country.

(a) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

In African agglomeration, population is mainly centralised in Nile river valley region, on Guinea Coast between Zambia and Niger river valley and in southern and eastern parts of South Africa.

(d) Lord Lytton

(a) Lord Rippon

The Ilbert bill was a bill introduced in 1883 during the viceroy-ship of Lord Rippon, (1880-1884). Ilbert was the law member of the Viceroy’s council. According to this bill, Indian magistrates could try a European accused, while the previous laws prohibited them from doing so. Lord Rippon wanted to improve the judiciary. Lord Rippon had a long discussion with Sir CP Ilbert to change the bill for favoring Indians. This is called the famous Ilbert bill.

The Europeans living in India looked it as a humiliation and the introduction of the bill led to intense opposition in Britain as well as in India (by the Britishers). So, it was withdrawn and later on reintroduced and enacted in 1884 in a severely compromised state.

The Europeans Would now be tried by European and Indian District Magistrates and sessions Judges alike. However, a defendant could claim trial by a jury, of which at least half the members must be Europeans. Thus, this enactment held that the European criminals would be heard only by the Indian Judges assisted by the European Judges.

1. Ilbert Bill was a bill introduced in 1883 during the viceroy-ship of Marquess of Ripon, which was written by Sir Courtenay. The viceroy actually desired to abolish the racial prejudice from India, and as such, this bill proposed that an Indian Judge can hereby try a European convict in various criminal cases.

2. This changed the decades old provision of barring Indian judges from doing so. This caused huge resentment among the British people as they knew the judges from India would be inclined towards Indians and the European convicts who were being prosecuted under the crime committed against an Indian would be punished according to law.

The main reenters were Indigo planters in West Bengal region who were exploiting the farmers and were forcing them to cultivate Indigo even though they did not want to do so. At the same time, rum-ours began circulating that an English female was raped by an Indian in Calcutta. In reference to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, when it was alleged that English women and girls were raped by Indian Sepoy; many British colonialists expressed great concern over the humiliation of the English.

3. Females would have to appear before Indian judges in the case of rapes and the propaganda that Indian judges cannot be trusted in dealing with cases involving English females helped to raise considerable support against the bill.

4. Finally, a solution was adopted by way of compromise: jurisdiction to try Europeans would be conferred to a European and Indian district Magistrates and session judges alike. However, a dependent would in all cases have the right to claim trial by a jury of which at least half the members must be Europeans. The bill was then passed an 25 th July, 1884 as the Criminal Procedure Code Amendment Act, 1884, coming into force on 1st May of that year.

Economic exploitation of India by the British: 

The British exploited India in the following ways:

1. Drain of Indian Wealth:

India got nothing in exchange for the money that was sent to England from India and this was called the drainage of wealth. The clearance money was not in the form of metallic coins, but it was in the form of export of company in India in the form of coins, the goods were purchased for this amount and exported to England. Dadabhai Naoroji said, “The wealth of India goes outside India and this money returns to India in the form of loans for which they have to pay the interest. It was a vicious cycle which was hard to break.”

2. Destruction of Handicraft Industries of India: 

The British government destroyed Indian industries. The British adopted such type of policies that completely destroyed Indian handicraft industries. Indian goods were banned in England. Heavy taxation was applied on their production and export. Indian markets were dumped with British goods.

The machine – made goods of Britain were cheaper than the handmade goods of India. The people started buying cheaper goods made in England. Indian industries started declining, and as a result, thousands of Indian artisans and craftsmen became unemployed. The local people became unable to fulfill even their daily needs. In this way, the local industries lost not only the foreign markets but the local market also.

3. Destruction of Agriculture:

Indians were self-dependent before arrival of the British in India. But after their arrival, Indian agriculture started declining. Heavy taxation was levied on farmers, due to which economic condition of farmers went from bad to worse. The farmers abandoned agriculture and adopted other means of livelihood. British government recovered taxes from farmers by force.

Agricultural lands were snatched from those farmers, who were unable to pay heavy taxes. Later, commercialization of agriculture took place, and due to this, there was a shortage of food grains. The conditions of drought arose all around. People started starving. Due to exploitative British policies, Indian agriculture was crushed into dust.

4. Free – Trade Policy of the British: 

The British government formed a free trade policy. The provisions of this policy destroyed Indian economy. The British government decided such trade polices which served their own economic interests and unsuitable for Indians. The industrialization in Britain ruined Indian cottage industries. Britain wanted more and more capital through this trade policy. They exploited Indian economy badly and became successful in their objective.

The reasons for end of British rule in India are given below: 

1. Emergence of various political and social movements: 

Many social and religious movements started in India in the beginning of the 19th century. These movements tried hard to remove the social evils from the Indian society. Due to these movements, a feeling of national unity developed among Indians.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded Brahmo Samaj. Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded Arya Samaj. Swami Vivekananda founded Ramakrishna Mission and Annie Besant founded Theosophical Society in India. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is called the “father of modern India” and the forerunner of advanced India. Swami Dayanand Saraswati developed religious and national renaissance in India.

Through Arya Samaj, he inspired towards nationalism in the country. Annie Besant embraced Hinduism and encouraged Indians to struggle for complete independence from the British. Due to these religious and social movements, the feeling of nationalism was created among the people and united them.

2. The faulty British governance: 

The British governance in India was quite different from the traditional Indian political system. The native kings had patronized various religious and educational institutions, poets, artists and sages. The British government ended this system.

In the new system, Indian farmers were also subjected to oppression. The British judiciary was not only a costly, lengthy and unfair affair, but also a faulty system in its administration. English was made the common language and this increased the discontent of common people. Indians were considered inferior to Britishers.

3. Effect of English education:

Although Lord Macaulay wanted to make Indians mentally slave through the expansion of English education and language, but English education and language worked as an international mediator for us. The Indian youths started to take interest in English literature. This inspired them to recognize their strength.

4. Freedom Struggle of 1857:

Although the freedom struggle of 1857 proved to be a failure, but the inhuman torturous acts to crush the revolution, increased the dissatisfaction and hatred among the common men towards the Britishers rulers. The British burnt down many villages, killed many innocents. This type of torture created resentment against British government. Indians became united to take their revenge.

5. Economic exploitation of India: 

Indians had deep dissatisfaction towards economic exploitation done by the British government. British destroyed the cottage industries of India. They bought raw materials at very cheap rates from India and sold the ready goods at high rates. The foreign capital was invested in India and it was used to import ready-made goods. In this way, Indian economy was exploited. The drain of Indian wealth became the British policy largely, which destroyed our cottage industries.

6. Social Change:

Due to promotion of English language and education, Indian social and religious system also changed. A new group of young doctors, advocates, teachers and officials arose in India due to this education. They could understand the policies and conspiracies made by British, easily.

7. Glorification of Indian culture and civilization by foreign scholars: 

The research done by foreign scholars also created strong feeling of nationalism among-st Indians. Sir William Jones, Max Muller, Jacobi, Colebrooke, A.B. Kieth, Bumak, etc. studied the historical epics written in Sanskrit language deeply and translated them into English.

The western scholars considered Indian social and religious epics to be valuable treasures of the world. They considered Indian culture and civilization to be the best. This enhanced the glory of ancient India in the entire world. Indians could then understand the importance of their religion and culture. Confidence developed in them, and they came forward to join the national movement for Indian independence.

8. The contribution of literature and newspapers:

Indian literature and newspapers played an important role in the freedom movement. The nationalists continuously got inspiration through literature and newspapers. The repressive poncy of British government was always criticized in the newspapers and political rights for Indians were demanded. The main newspapers of that time were ‘Sambad Kaumaudi, Tribune’, ‘Hindu Patriot,’ ‘Indian Mirror,’ ‘New India,’ ‘Kesari,’ and ‘Arya Darshan’, etc.

The writings of Dadabhai Naoroji, Lokmanya Tilak, Maithili Sharan Gupta, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Rabindranath Tagore, Bharatendu Harishchandra created feelings of nationalism amongst Indians. Important tool of that time were ‘Anand Matha’ and Vande Mataram by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, ‘Jana-Gana-Mana’ by Rabindranath Tagore, Bharat-Bharti by Maithili Sharan Gupt.

9. Dispute on Ilbert Bill:

During the governance of Lord Rippon, a legal member of legistature, Ilbert, passed a bill in 1883. In the bill, Indian magistrates were provided the right of hearing the cases of British criminals and to punish them accordingly. The Britishers united against this bill and protested at large scale. Circumstances compelled the government to take the bill back. The Indians learnt a lesson through this incident. They understood that the British government could also be bent by a united opposition at large scale. It, later, strengthened our struggle.

10. The Repressive policy of Lord Lytton:

During the period (1876 to 1880) of Lord Lytton, many unfair and anti-Indian policies were adopted which made the Indians dissatisfied. The unfair policies of Lord Lytton are given below : The age limit for the Indians was decreased by 19 from 21 years for the recruitment in public services. A lot of money was spent in the welcome function of Queen Victoria in Delhi, The Vernacular Press Act was enacted to prevent the press from expressing criticism of British policies.

11. Emergence of Indian National Congress: 

Hume, a retired British officer, founded the Indian National Congress on December 28, 1885. The Congress wanted to turn the feelings of nationalism and patriotism towards supporting legal governance, so that facilities of social and economic safety and security could be provided to the Indians. The Congress gave a new thought and direction to the freedom movement in India.

12. Global events:

Due to First and Second World War, global scenario changed rapidly and United States of America and Sovient Union arose as superpowers, and it made the British position weaker. On the other hand, a number of revolutions against colonial rule were conducted in many countries. This inspired the Indians and gave the freedom movement a new direction. Newly-emerged superpowers were of opinion to free those nations which were fighting for their independence.

13. Revolutionary movements: 

The secret organizations of revolutionary leaders trained the freedom fighters and provided them ammunition. The famous revolutionary organizations were ‘Abhinav Bharat’ in Maharashtra, ‘Anushilan Samiti’ in Bengal and ‘Yugantar’ in Odissa. Indians living in foreign countries were also active in the struggle for independence at their own level and capacity. All these developments were main causes of the decline of British rule in India.

• Sambad Kaumudi (Bangla language) 
• Mirat U1 Akhbar (Persian language)
• Bangdoot (Hindi language)

The state took over by the British from the Bhosale of Nagpur in 1803 Odisha.

The effects of freedom struggle of 1857: 

Freedom struggle of 1857 created the feeling of nationalism among-st Indians and proved to be a milestone in the struggle for freedom in India. 

Main effects of freedom struggle of 1857 are given below:

1. Development of national integration:

Indian freedom struggle of 1857 proved to be a milestone in the struggle of freedom for Indian independence. Various rulers, soldiers and leaders came together for a single cause. The courage, pride and intensity for the demand of freedom arose among the Indian masses, and lifeline of national integrity developed among-st Indians and Hindu – Muslim unity was seen everywhere. This, later took the form of a huge movement.

2. End of the rule of East India Company:

After 1857, British government took away the power and governance from East India Company. The Board of control and Board of directors were removed. The post of Indian secretary was ended. The Indian administration was brought under the British empire directly. The post of Governor – General was re-titled as Viceroy.

3. Renouncement of the policy of territorial expansion:

By order from Queen Victoria, the policy of territorial expansion was discontinued, the local kings and princes were promised to get their pride, glory and rights again. It was also promised to end religious exploitation and discrimination in the public services.

4. Restructuring the Army:

It were soldiers who had taught a lesson to British government in the freedom struggle of 1857. According to Peel Commission Report of 1861, the number of European soldiers in the army was increased and the artillery was not kept with the Indian soldiers. It was also kept under consideration that the soldiers of same community could not live together in the same camps.

5. Divide and Rule Policy:

In the freedom struggle of 1857, Hindus and Muslims set an example of communal warmth and unity. It made the British governance reluctant and they sowed the seeds of distrust and enmity between Hindus and Muslims. The British followed the policy of divide and rule.

6. Partial Partnership of Indians in Administration: 

The British government had well understood that the revolution of 1857 had taken place due to lack of direct dialogue between government and public. In Indian Councils Act of 1861, three Indians were made the members of viceroy’s executive council.

7. The Policy of Economic Exploitation Started: 

By then, the British government was paying full attention towards colonization. After the revolution (first freedom struggle) of 1857, they abandoned the policy of colonization and started to grab Indian wealth. The burden of the expenditure on suppression of revolution of 1857, was put on Indians. The raw materials were exported to Britain at very cheap rates and the finished products were imported to India and these were sold at very high rates. In this way, the interests of debts and earned capital profits were sent to England while India was left to starve.

The mantra is given by Gandhiji Do or Die.

After the first and second world wars, the British became weaker and the United States of America and the Soviet Union emerged as the new global powers. Both the countries were against colonization. At the same time, there started many movements against colonization in many countries of the world.

The Russian revolution of 1917 motivated and united the Indians against British Rule. It also provided them moral strength to struggle. Indians also got motivation from other countries who fought bravely and got their independence. Some countries like Japan, Germany and France helped Indian freedom fighters against British government.

They provided Indian freedom fighters place in their country to keep the fight on. The Indians living in foreign countries for higher education also took the freedom movement in a new direction. After the foundation of United Nations Organization in 1945, the member countries of United Nations Organization protested against British colonization. At last, owing to all these causes, the British were forced to quit India and we got independence on August 15,1947.

Pseudonym took by Achyutrao Patwardhan Kusum.

Veer Savarkar was a revolutionary leader who took an active part in independence movement of India. He was a great revolutionary patriot and a freedom fighter. He served the country throughout his life. His dedication, sacrifice and austerity for the cause of the country cannot be expressed in words. People called him as ‘Veer’. His real name was Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, but people liked call him Veer Savarkar.

He was a great warrior of freedom struggle. He not only took active part in many freedom movements, but also motivated thousands of youth to join the struggle. He published a book in Marathi language and described the revolt of 1857 as a war instead of a mutiny. According to Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, “The revolt of 1857 was the first war against British governance for achieving independence”.

The Hindu Patriot, The Hindi Mirror, Amrit Bazar Patrika and Kesari, etc

Vernacular Press Act: 

Governor – General Lord Lytton had passed a bill to check the freedom of Indian newspapers which was called the Vernacular Press Act (native language newspaper act). Main reason for introducing this Act was to put restrictions over printing and circulation of such news, which was creating dissatisfaction against British government in the minds of ignorant, uneducated and largely illiterate people of India.

After implementation of this Act, the newspaper publishers had to submit all the proof sheets of contents of papers to the police before publication. The police used to scrutineer the news content. Thus, many of the papers were fined and their editors were sent to jail. There was a great opposition to this suppressible measure, not only by the politicians, but also by the common people. The prominent leaders declared this Act as unjustified and demanded its withdrawal.

The Constitution of India was implemented on 26^th January 1950.

Partition of Bengal was planned by Lord Curzon.

Martin Luther King (Jr) describes the Civil Rights Movement of the blacks in the USA as a ‘Creative battle’. This is to show that the battle is going to ‘create’ a new world. The battle uses ‘good’ will and ‘good’ intention as weapons. It follows ‘good’ methods like ‘truth’, ‘non-violence’ and ‘love’. Its aim is to promote universal brotherhood. Hence it is a creative battle.

Martin Luther King (Jr) is full of hope. He visualises a bright future for Americans and humanity. He dreams of a widening and engthening super highway. Blacks and whites will travel along it in a cooperative and brotherly mood. That will lead them to an ideal land. There everyone gets food, education, justice, equality and dignity. Love, truth and peace will rule supreme.

Year in which the Vernacular Press Act was implemented 1878.

In 1879 was the Vernacular Press Act implemented in India.

खुली वायु या नम वायु, जल के संपर्क में किसी धातु की सतह पर आती है तो इसकी सतह पर वायु धातु से अभिक्रिया कर एक पदार्थ बना लेता है जिससे धातु का श्रय होने लगता है¬ इस परिघटना को संक्षारण कहते है | धातु को संक्षारित होने से बचाने के लिए तीन विधियाँ निम्न है |

1.  जस्तीकरण करके

2.  पेंट करके

3.  तेल या ग्रीस लगाकर

सही विकल्प है (क) सन् 1497 में

कुछ रचनाकारों की रचनाओं में स्वयं की अनुभूति से उत्पन्न विचार होते हैं और कुछ अनुभवों से प्राप्त विचारों को लिखा जाता है। इसके साथ ऐसे कारण (बाह्य दबाव) भी उपस्थित हो जाते हैं जिससे लेखक लिखने के लिए प्रेरित हो उठता है। ये बाह्य-दबाव हैं- 

1. सामाजिक परिस्थितियाँ 

2. आर्थिक लाभ की आकांक्षा 

3. प्रकाशकों और संपादकों का पुनः-पुनः का आग्रह 

4. विशिष्ट के पक्ष में विचारों को प्रस्तुत करने का दबाव

सही व्यक्ति अपने पद का सदुपयोग करता है। सही व्यक्ति नि:स्वार्थ, अनासक्त होकर लोकहित में कार्य करता है। वह उच्च-विचार वाला व्यवहारकुशल, परोपकारी, मिलनसार और धैर्यवान होता है।

इन पंक्तियों का अर्थ यह है कि शिक्षा देने से शिक्षक का ज्ञान और बढ़ जाता है। शिक्षा न देने से ज्ञान धीरे-धीरे कम होकर क्षीण हो जाता है।

विद्या एक शक्ति है, जिसका सदुपयोग लाभकारी और दुरुपयोग विनाशकारी होता है।

राजपुत्र गुणशील होते हैं; लेकिन ये राजपुत्र जब अभी इतने उद्दण्ड, अयोग्य और अत्याचारी हैं; तब राजा बनने के बाद क्या करेंगे!

अच्छा जीवन जीने के लिए विद्वान होने के साथ-साथ लोक-व्यवहारकुशल और अच्छे-बुरे के ज्ञान वाला होना भी जरूरी होता है।

मूर्ख पुत्र राजा बन जाते तो वह अपने राज्य को नष्ट कर देते।

सेटलर या आबादकार उपनिवेश स्थापित करने वाले को कहा जाता है। यह शब्द दक्षिण अफ्रीका में डच के लिए, आयरलैण्ड, न्यूजीलैण्ड और ऑस्ट्रेलिया में ब्रिटिश के लिए और अमेरिका में यूरोपीय लोगों के लिए प्रयुक्त होता था। इन उपनिवेशों की राजभाषा अंग्रेजी थी।

विद्या का प्रयोग सोच-समझकर और अच्छे-बुरे का ध्यान करके करना चाहिए, नहीं तो इसके दुरुपयोग से अपनी ही हानि होती है।

मित्र युवकों ने बिना सोचे-विचारे मृत शेर को जीवित कर दिया, जो उन्हें मारकर खा गया।

पढ़ा-लिखा व्यक्ति पुस्तकों के विषय में तो पूरी जानकारी रख सकता है, परंतु वह बुद्धिमान भी हो यह आवश्यक नहीं है, जबकि बुद्धिमान व्यक्ति अपनी बुद्धि और कौशल के बल पर समाज में उच्च स्थान प्राप्त कर सकता है।

अगर मृत शेर की जगह गाय होती, तो दूध पीने को मिलता और इससे लाभ होता।

सही विकल्प है (ख) मेरे हृदय का अन्धकार दूर कर दो।

राजा के पुत्र मूर्ख, उद्दण्ड और निकम्मे थे; इसलिए राजा चिन्तित रहता था।

राजा के पुत्र आम के पेड़ पर चढ़ते, आम का रस फेंककर गुठली खाते, निरीह पशुओं का शिकार करते, बात-बात पर झगड़ा करते और बड़ों की बातें नहीं मानते थे।

सही विकल्प है (ग) 1685 ई० में