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Chemical reactions can be done through ;

1. Physical contact 

2. Solution of reactants 

3. Electricity 

4. Heat 

5. Light

6. Catalyst.

1. The rusting of iron. 

2. Combustion (burning) of wood. 

3. The metabolism of food in the body. 

4. Mixing an acid and a base, such as hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. 

5. Cooking an egg. 

6. Digesting sugar with the amylase in saliva. 

7. Mixing baking soda and vinegar to produce carbon dioxide gas. 

8. Using a chemical battery.

9. The explosion of fire works.

10. Rotting bananas.

11. Photosynthesis

Brine is a solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H₂O). Brine is a high concentration solution of salt in water.

 Correct answer is (c) Iron

1. 4f - block elements are called (first) inner transition elements and have partly filled inner orbitaIs or (4f) orbitais.

2. They have general outer electronic configuration

(n-2)f^1-14, (n-1)d^0-1,ns².

3. There are two f-series, namely 4f and 5f series, called lanthanoids and acùnoids respectively.

4. They shos intermediate properties as compared to electropositive s-block elements and electronegative p-block elements. 

Hence they are called (first) inner transition elements.

• Lanthanoids or Lanthanoid series or Lanthanones :  The series of fourteen elements from ₅₈Ce to ₇₁Lu in which a differentiating electron enters 4f subshell and follows lanthanum is called lanthanoid series and the elements are called lanthanoids.
• They have general electronic configuration, [Xe] 4f^1-14 ,5d^0-1, 6s².
• They follow Lanthanum (Z = 57) in 3d-series.

• Lanthanoids or 4f - block elements are called rare earths. 
• Lanthanoids are never found in free state, and their minerals are not pure. 
• They exhibit similar chemical properties hence cannot be extracted and separated by normal metallurgical processes. 
• Lanthanoid metals are available on small scale. Therefore they are called rare earths. 

Correct option is (B) Bill

This sentence was said by Abbu Miyan to Govinda.

To eradicate superstitions and other ill practices from our society the first and most important step is education. Schools and colleges must help their students to develop a scientific attitude and think logically and rationally.

Secondly, as people in India tend to listen to their religious heads, all religious heads should send out clear messages to their followers about the eradication of superstitions. And lastly, the older generation should change their opinions and ideas and get rid of silly superstitious beliefs.

The astrologer thought that he had killed a man after a quarrel. Hence he had run away from his village, changed his appearance and his persona when he arrived in the city, and become an astrologer. However, he still felt guilty for what he had done. When he came to know that the man he thought he had killed was actually alive, the dark load inside him disappeared, and it made his day, i.e. he felt relieved and happy. This is the significance of the title ‘An Astrologer’s Day’.

(a) Astronomy

(b) Astrology

(c) Prophecy

(d) Psychology

Yes, listening helps in developing good relations with people. When we listen, we indicate to the speaker that we care about him/her and are interested in his/her problems/joys. We show that we are ready to help him/her if necessary. We share his/ her ideas. We also realize how we can deal with people successfully by listening to their views.

The exceptional qualities of the place were:

1. A surging crowd 

2. A variety of trades and occupations, like medicine sellers, sellers of stolen hardware and junk 

3. magicians 

4. auctioneers of cheap cloth 

5. a vociferous vendor of fried groundnuts.

The astrologer would listen to his client talk for about ten minutes. He would thus get all the information about his life from him, and then cleverly pose questions which made it appear that he actually knew about the person’s life.

The introduction of the story: The story opens with a faint reflection of the climax. Watson, the narrator, does not give the climax entirely. However, he does tell the reader how the experience will be in the end. 

Introduction of the topic of the story: The narrator does not hit the nail on the head, he rather lets the reader explore the story as the situation unfolds itself. However, Watson does not make the reader wait for too long. 

Introduction of the main characters in the plot: Watson, the narrator takes the hold of the narration in the very beginning introducing the reader to the story. However we get to know him only once he introduces the reader to him. And it is when Holmes addresses Watson, we come to know the name of the narrator. For it is a first person narrative, we have to wait and move as the narrator describes all the events. 

Development of the plot: In the beginning, Holmes is talking about a person with a particular surname and that there is a need to find a person with the surname. Then he tells Watson to wait for the person who has assigned the task to the detective as Holmes wants the person in question himself to explain the situation to his friend. Then arrives, John Garrideb of Kansas, who explains the reason for why is there a need of another surname. And it is made clear for why Nathan approached Holmes for the task as it was John who approached Nathan for the same reason. And then further the story unfolds and with it is the truth explored. 

Climax: The climax is built as the series of events are described. There are clues laid for the reader to guess, yet the narrator does not give away the resolution. The reader guesses the possibilities. Ultimately a stage comes where the story reaches its height when Holmes is sure of the identity of the suspect and is sure of evil intentions and yet his motives are not clear. It is all to be discovered by the reader as he/she advances to the final tragedy.

Resolution of the mystery: The resolution unleashes a comical tragedy. The reader is surprised and feels funny as well, thanks to the witty detective that leads the case. A faint reflection of the emotions that the reader might go in the ending were already given in the beginning, yet the resolution was unknown. It is not just the tragedy revealed but along with it is revealed the other side of the main character Sherlock Holmes and his friendship with Dr. Watson. There is more than expected revealed. The digressions of Holmes are justified in the end as well. It was a mystery resolved in the end.

The expression is made by Watson on being shot on his thigh by Killer Evans. When he got shot, Holmes led him to a chair and with great concerned asked him if was hurt. For the first time,. Says Watson, the clear hard eyes of Holmes were dimmed for a moment and firm lips were shaking. Watson says that it was worth a wound, worth many wounds, to know the depth of loyalty and love that lay behind that cold mask. It was no doubt a professional relation that Holmes and Watson shared. However, it had grown into a friendship that ran much deeper than it appeared. It was in this moment that Watson caught a glimpse of a great heart as well as of a great brain.

The vendor of fried groundnuts gave his wares fancy names like ‘Bombay Ice Cream’, ‘Delhi Almond’, ‘Raja’s Delicacy’ and so on. People were amused and attracted by this and flocked to him to buy groundnuts. As the astrologer was seated right next to him, the groundnut vendor’s customers dallied near the astrologer and were probably tempted to consult him.

1. He had not in the least intended to be an astrologer when he began life. 

2. He knew no more of what was going to happen to others than he knew what was going to happen to himself the next minute. 

3. He was as much a stranger to the stars as were his innocent customers. 

4. It was a bewildering crisscross of light rays and moving shadows. This suited the astrologer very well.

John Garrideb was furious over the fact that Nathan got a detective involved in the whole case and as Holmes and Watson knew this they expected John Garrideb to show up immediately after their meeting in Nathan's apartment. They knew that John will come to question and express his discomfort over Nathan's actions. However, Holmes and Watson did put the man at ease by clearing it to him that they were least interested in any matter and won his confidence by showing that they were just to help him in discovering another Garideb. Thus, Garrideb did appear at Little Ryder Street. To their amazement, he had acted promptly by coming up with the advertisement of Howard Garrideb and with a neat plan of sending Nathan away to Birmingham and knocking the detectives out of his way so that he can carry his plan out without any hindrance.

John Garrideb's was a fool proof plan. However, as Holmes said even the best criminals leave behind some clues. John had the knowledge of a note printing machine, cloistered below the room Nathan Garideb was living in. The previous tenant of the room was a man named Waldron or Rodger Presbury, he was the owner of the machine and he was shot by John Garrideb or James Winter, alias Morecroft, alias Killer Evans. Thus, so that no body suspects his intentions, Garrideb wove the intricate plan and decided to break in Nathan's house when he was off to Birmingham to see the third Garrideb.

Yes, astrology is an art. There are various methods of predicting the future, like palmreading, reading the pulse, reading the horoscope, etc. These methods can be studied, or the knowledge can be inherited from one’s ancestors. However, the astrologer must have intuition and talent for this art.

Roger Presbury was a man shot by John Garrideb over cards in a night club on the Waterloo Road in January, 1895. His appearance matched with the appearance of Waldron, the previous tenant in Nathan Garrideb's room, who acquired the note printing press. It was this printing press that John Garrideb was after and carved out the whole plan to acquire it.

Holmes was a detective, and a renowned one. John Garrideb was afraid that Sherlock Holmes and his partner Watson will suspect his motives and will jeopardise his plan. Involving a detective in a plan that had a fake story, other that the fact that Garrideb, alias Killer Evans, who had a criminal background was not safe.

The astrologer had a working analysis of mankind’s troubles like marriage, money and the tangle of human ties. Long practice had sharpened the way he perceived things, and thus he could understand the problem in five minutes.

The intermolecular forces of attraction that hold the water molecules together are stronger than the forces that hold the alcohol particles together. Hence, more energy is required to break these intermolecular forces of attraction of water particles than that of alcohol. This gives water a higher boiling point as more heat energy will be used than that for alcohol. 

Water changes into solid state at a temperature of 273.15 K and turns into vapour at 373.15 K

In gases, there is a large space between the gaseous particles and the particles move at high speeds. This is because of the weak intermolecular forces of attraction. The intermolecular forces of attraction are higher in solids, liquids, and plasma.

The full form of BEC is Bose-Einstein condensate. A Bose Einstein condensate is the fifth state of matter. This state does not exist under normal conditions

Diffusion of solid into another solid is an extremely slow process because the particles do not move from the fixed positions and they vibrate. When two metal blocks are packed close to each other the particles diffuse from one other after few years.

Solids diffuse the slowest as the particles in solids do not move from their fixed positions. Gases diffuse the fastest as the particles in gases move very quickly in all directions.

Wood has (i) fixed shape, and (ii) fixed volume.

There will be a weak force of attraction between the particles in air. So we can move our hands on air whereas the particles in solid plank are closely packed and a strong force of attraction exists between them. Hence it needs a huge force to overcome the attraction which a karate expert can do.

Short-circuiting takes place if live wire and neutral wire come into direct contact due to damage of insulation of live wire. 

Use fuse, the connecting wire should be of good quality, the wire should be properly insulated externally. 

Associated Value: The learners will become more educated to handle an emergency situation like electric fire more carefully.

Communication is a way of transferring information between the various devices

Set-Top boxes are used in cable television and satellite television systems.

(c) both physical change. 

Burning of wood is a chemical change because in burning new substances are formed as

Wood + Oxygen → Charcoal + Carbon dioxide + Heat + Light

But cutting it into small pieces is physical change because no new substance is formed. We can only reduce the size of wood.

Burning of wood is a chemical change because wood on burning converted to new substances like ash (carbon), carbon dioxide gas, water vapour, heat and light. The change is irreversible. While cutting of wood in smaller pieces is a physical change because the original composition of wood does not change. No new substances are formed.

(a) Broadcast quality video is delivered using high speed Internet broadband network.

(d) To make video conference, a user typically must have a computer, camera, microphone, video screen, sound system, communication technology, Internet satellite based system or other communication technology.

(b) Windows media center allows users to view and record live television and that is why included in various versions of Windows.

It is a communication technology that integrates video and audio to connect users anywhere in the world as if they are in the same room. 

Video conferencing term usually refers to communication between two or more users who are in at least two different locations and it often includes multiple people at each location. Each user or group of users who are participating in a video conference typically must have a computer, a camera, a microphone, a video screen, a sound system and communication technology’ (Internet satellite based system or other communication technology). 

Through video conferencing, participants can see and hear each other in real-time allowing natural face-to-face conversations and visual elements that are not possible with voice only communication technology, e.g. mobile phone.

(a) (i) Folding of paper (ii) Melting of ice.
(b) (i) Tearing of paper. (ii) Breaking of glass.
(c) (i) Reaction between vinegar and baking soda. (ii) Burning of a match stick.

There are many other examples in each case which can be given.

We can say that setting of curd is a chemical change because we can not get the original substance, i.e., milk back and a new substance is formed with different taste, smell and other chemical properties.