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The instrument by which RBC are counted is called Haemocytometer.

(i) (a) 1. Right auricle,

2. Left ventricle,

3. Pulmonary artery,

4. Pulmonary vein,

5. Inferior vena cava,

6. Aorta,

7. Pulmonary semilunar valve,

8. Tricuspid valve.

(b) 5 — carry deoxygenated blood from the body parts to the right auricle of the heart.

6 — distributes blood all over the body.

7 — prevents the backflow of the blood into the ventricles.

8 — prevents the reverse flow of the blood from right ventricle into the right auricle,

(ii) (a) The heart makes the blood to circulate all over the body.

(b) The walls of left ventricle are more muscular because they have to pump blood to a larger distance than the right so that walls have to withstand a high pressure.

The circulatory system in human beings consists of heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins  and capillaries) and blood. Blood circulates throughout the body in blood vessels by the  pumping action of the heart. The impure blood is carried by veins from all parts of the  body to the heart. The heart pumps it into the – lungs where blood is oxygenated and  carried back to the heart. From heart, the oxygenated (pure) blood is pumped to all  parts of the body through arteries.  

Thus, the circulatory system forms the transport system carrying food, oxygen, waste  products, nutrients etc. throughout the body.

The animal-group which show single circulation is Fishes

Correct answer is (d) pH

Erythropoiesis

Mediastinum is the space in which human heart is located.

The oxygen dissociation curve will shift towards the right due to increase in H⁺ concentration, increase in _ppCO₂ rise in temperature and rise in DPG (2, 3 diphosphoglycerate), formed in RBCs during glycolysis.

For the formation of a single molecule of ATP about 7.3 Kcal of energy is required.

In the RBCs, CO₂ combines with water in the presence of a Zn containing enzyme, carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acid. In the presence of carbonic anhydrase carbonic acid immediately dissociates into HCO₃^- and H⁺ ions leading to large accumulation of HCO₃^- inside the RBCs.

Systolic B. P. is 100-140.

Diastolic B. P. is 60-80.

Tissue Fluid or Intercellular Fluid: As the blood flows in the capillaries of the tissues, the plasma and the leucocytes Teak out through their walls. This fluid bathes the cells and is called the tissue fluid or the intercellular or extracellular fluid. It is from this fluid that the cells absorb oxygen and other required substances, and in turn, give out CO₂ and other wastes back into it.

Cardiac muscles

The blood flowing through the arteries exert some p ressure on its walls. This pressure is known as blood pressure. It is measured by an instrument named as sphygmomanometer.

Layer, Pericardium surrounds the heart.

The blood entering the kidneys contains excretory substances such as urea, uric acid, etc. These substances are removed from the blood in the kidneys and the blood is free from the waste: products of metabolism when it leaves the kidneys.

The blood vessel leaving the left ventricle of the mammalian heart is Dorsal aorta.

We got coal from stratified rocks.

1. Thrombocytes or platelets are nonnucleated, round and biconvex blood corpuscles. 

2. They are smallest corpuscles measuring about 2.5 to 5 mm in diameter with a count of about 2.5 lakhs/cu mm of blood. 

3. Their life span is about 5 to 10 days. 

4. Thrombocytes are formed from megakaryocytes of bone marrow. They break from these cells as fragments during the process of thrombopoiesis. 

5. Thrombocytosis is the increase in platelet count while thrombocytopenia is decrease in platelet count. 

6. Thrombocytes possess thromboplastin which helps in clotting of blood.

7. Therefore, at the site of injury platelets aggregate and form a platelet plug. Here they release thromboplastin due to which further blood clotting reactions take place.

Pulmonary artery

Vena cava and Aorta

It is a hard and strong product. Tin and copper are mixed to make it. It is used in making tools and weapons.

1. Heat, light or any other radiation may be given off or absorbed. 

2. Sound may be produced. 

3. A change in smell may take place (or) a new smell may be given off. 

4. A colour change may take place. 

5. A gas may be formed. 

6. Formation of precipitate

Dissolution of sugar: 

1. When sugar is dissolved in water it disappears. It we taste the solution, the sugar is still present in dissolved form. 

2. If water is evaporated we get back the sugar. 

3. So it is a physical and reversible change.

Burning of sugar:

1. Fire activates a chemical reaction between sugar and oxygen. The oxygen in the air reacts with the sugar as the chemical bonds broke. 

2. Energy is released in the form of smoke. 

3. So, burning a sugar is a chemical change.

The term ‘ferrous’ means containing or consisting of iron. Ferrous minerals are those minerals that contain iron while non-ferrous minerals are those that do not contain iron. In the following table, their difference has been further illustrated.

Limestone is a sedimentary rock but composed majorly of the minerals - calcite and aragonite which are different forms of calcium carbonate. It is the basic raw material required in the cement industry and essential for smelting iron in the blast furnaces.

Bauxite is an important mineral as aluminium; an important metal in many industries. India’s bauxite deposits are mainly distributed between the states of Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh. The main areas are found in the Amarkantak Plateau (Madhya Pradesh), Maikal Hills (Chattisgarh), and the plateau region of Bilaspur – Katni (between Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh).

1. When we eat, our mouth physically break down food into small pieces. 

2. Mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth, stomach and small intestine.

3. Food is chemically changed in digestion when new, smaller substances are formed. 

4. Moreover, we will never be able to get back the raw material in the same form as it was before. 

5. Digestion of food is a permanent change which is irreversible.

1. When a candle is burnt both physical and chemical changes take place. 

2. Burning of candle giving heat and light and reducing its size is a chemical change. 

3. The wax melted during burning again condenses to solid wax is a physical change. 

4. Part of the candle burnt is a permanent change and it cannot be reversed. 

5. Due to the burning of the candle, carbon dioxide and water vapour are produced.

Examples:

1. Burning of LPG in our kitchen. 

2. Liquid state of LPG in the cylinder is converted into gaseous state when comes out This is a physical change. 

3. When LPG burns in air heat is produced, this is a chemical change.

1. First the ring in the iron blade of spade is heated. 

2. Heating of the blade leads to its expansion and thus the ring gets bigger.

3. This happens because metals always expand on heating. 

4. The metal blade is then fitted easily into the wooden handle. 

5. After this, cold water is usually poured on the iron blade which leads to the contraction of the expanded iron blade. 

6. The spade can also be left to cool down, undisturbed so that it is firmly fixed, (vu) The blade is attached firmly to the wooden handle of a spade in this process.

Correct option is (b) Mica

Winds are formed due to the high and low pressure pockets formed in the atmosphere wind energy is obtained through the wind mills. It is called wind energy.

The energy that is created by splitting apart the nuclei of atoms. It is the source of nuclear power, which uses sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity.

Odisha, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Goa are major manganese producing states. Manganese is also obtained from Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

1. True

2. False

3. True

4. False

5. True

We paint wooden doors and window to protect them from moisture, white ants and other insects.

1. When a candle is burnt both physical and chemical changes take place. 

2. Burning of candle giving heat and light and reducing its size is a chemical change. 

3. The wax melted during burning again condenses to solid wax is a physical change. 

4. Part of the candle burnt is a permanent change and it cannot be reversed. 

5. Due to the burning of the candle, carbon dioxide and water vapour are produced. 

Examples: 

1) Burning of LPG in our kitchen. 

2) Liquid state of LPG in the cylinder is converted into a gaseous state when comes out This is a physical change. 

3) When LPG burns in air heat is produced, this is a chemical change.

Correct answer is Karnataka

1. When water was preserved in Aluminium containers some deposits were observed in the containers after two to three days. 

2. This is because salts and minerals present in water form scales on the Aluminium containers.

Mica is a non-metallic mineral which is made up of a series of plates and leaves. It is widely distributed and occurs in all rock types. It is available in a variety of colours and can be flaky. Mica is one of the indispensable minerals used in the electrical and electronic industries because of its excellent insulating properties and resistance to high voltage. The states of Jharkhand and Rajasthan have many mica producing belts. Koderma – Gaya Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer of mica in India. In Rajasthan, Ajmer has important mica producing belt around it.

(i) Gene

It is the carrier of genetic information from one generation to another.

(i) The information is acquired at the end of the dendrite tip of a nerve cell.

(ii) The information travels as an electrical impulse from the dendrite to the cell body and then along the axon to its end.

(i) No.

(ii) Intake of such contaminated milk may cause various health disorders. 

Associated Value: The learners will become more vigilant while taking milk or milk products and would prefer to take them from the registered outlet like-Mother Diary, DMS etc.

(i) Goitre /Thyroid related disease.

(ii) Iodine present in iodised salt is needed to produce thyroxin hormone.

Associated Value: The learners will only take up iodised salt in their meal in order to check iodine deficiency disease.

Structural and functional units of kidneys.

ROLE OF OTHER ORGANS IN EXCRETION

Lungs: Lungs remove large amounts of CO₂ (18 litres/day) and also significant quantities of water every day.

Liver: Liver, the largest gland in our body, secretes bile containing substances like bilirubin, biliverdin, cholesterol, degraded steroid hormones, vitamins and drugs. Most of these substances ultimately pass out alongwith digestive wastes. 

Skin: The sweat and sebaceous glands in the skin can eliminate certain substances through their secretions. Sweat produced by the sweat glands is a watery fluid containing NaCl, small amounts of urea, lactic acid, etc. Though the primary function of sweat is to facilitate a cooling effect on the body surface, it also helps in the removal of some of the wastes mentioned above. Sebaceous glands eliminate certain substances like sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum. This secretion provides a protective oily covering for the skin.

Nephridia help to eliminate nitrogenous waste.

They maintain the fluid and ionic balance in the body. Phtonephridia are present in planaria, rotifers etc.

Sodium chloride, lactic acid, glucose.