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The effective management of ethics is sound business practice. Employees' morale is raised; bottom-line performance is improved, your corporate image is enhanced; and customers choose to form business relationships with companies that adhere to high standards of ethical conduct. One of your key management tasks is to persuade employees to accept your organization's ethical values.

Following are some points to consider in managing ethics:

1. Understand the Benefits of Ethical Conduct.

All key parties benefit from ethical conduct within the organization. Employees who have confidence in their management contribute to their organization's prosperity. Conversely, in an unethical climate, employee productivity declines, creativity is channelled into seeking ways to profit personally from the business, loyalty diminishes, and absenteeism and staff turnover increase. Customers prefer to be associated with and remain loyal to companies that adhere to codes of ethical behavior. Shareholders derive up to fifteen times greater return from companies with a dedicated commitment to ethical conduct.

2. Focus on Ethical Conduct.

When referring to codes of behavior, the term 'ethical conduct' is more comprehensive and more meaningful than 'ethics'. The best ethical values and intentions are relatively meaningless unless they generate fair, just, and observable behaviors in the workplace. Ethical conduct focuses on demonstrated behavior-doing, not just saying.

3. Develop a Code of Ethical Conduct.

The best way to handle ethical dilemmas is to avoid their occurrence in the first place. The process involved in developing a code of ethical conduct helps to sensitize employees to ethical considerations and minimizes the likelihood that unethical behavior will occur.

4. Promote Process.

When it comes to managing ethics and, in particular, developing a code of ethical conduct, the journey is just as important as the destination. Codes, policies, procedures, and budgets are important. So, too, is the process of reflection and dialogue that produces those deliverables. Where possible use group decision making to actively involve participation in, and ownership of, the final outcome.

5. Link Ethics to Other Management Practices.

The development of a code of ethical conduct should not occur in isolation. The creation of a values statement, for example, should occur as part of a strategic planning process. A link to ethical conduct fits ideally with this process. Similarly, any discussion about personnel policies could also reflect ethical values as they apply to the organization's culture.

6. Demonstrate Ethical Practices.

The best way for an organization to gain a reputation for operating ethically is to demonstrate that behaviorthe most important way to remain ethical is to be ethical. And the best advertisement your ethics management program can have is everyone's commitment to it. Be prepared for an increase in the number of ethical issues to be dealt with. As staff becomes increasingly aware of the importance of ethics management, it is to be expected that more issues will be identified. 'The most damaging thing is for management to come out with a code of ethics, or a value statement, and model a different type of behavior.'

7. Allocate Roles and Responsibilities.

The approach will vary according to the organization, but an appropriate structure could include the following: 

• An ethics management committee, representing the entire organization, with responsibilities to include implementing and administering an ethics management program. The creation and monitoring of a code of ethical conduct would be part of that overall program. 
• An ethics officer who ideally should be a senior executive but not from HR or the Legal Department. He or she must be trained in matters of ethics in the workplace and have ultimate responsibility for managing the program. 
• Demonstrated involvement and support of top management. Staff and Board must see that senior management takes ethical conduct seriously.

8. Identify and Model Industry Benchmarks.

An increasing number of companies strive to match practices with espoused values. The Soul of a Business, for example, is an account of the way in which ethical considerations guided the day-to-day operations of the American company, Tom's of Maine. One of the company's stated values was its commitment to the health of the environment. The company, therefore, used glass containers instead of plastic, even though plastic was cheaper to purchase, label, and ship. Tom's of Maine was also committed to supporting its regional economy. Only when it couldn't purchase a resource in its local area would Tom's go farther afield. This demonstrated commitment to espoused values contributed to the company's growth and profitability and inspired others to follow its lead.

An ethical dilemma is a situation wherein moral precepts or ethical obligations conflict in such a way that any possible resolution to the dilemma is morally intolerable. In other words, an ethical dilemma is any situation in which guiding moral principles cannot determine which course of action is right or wrong.

Several ethical dilemmas confront an HR manager. The ethical dilemmas arise from three sources--- face to face ethics, corporate policy ethics, and functional area ethics.

Face -to-face Ethics

These arise mainly because there is a human element in most business transactions. For example, a purchasing agent of a company develops personal relationship with sales representative who sells supplies to the company. They may address one another on first name basis, have lunch together, and talk often on phone. A company's best customers may be well known to people in the production department as it helps to ensure that the company's products fit the customer needs.

Corporate -policy Ethics

Companies are often faced with ethical dilemmas that affect their operations across all departments and divisions.

Following conflicting situations are typical:

1. Your R & D department has modernized one of your products. It is not really' new and improved'. But you know printing these statements on the package and using it in advertisement will increase its sales. What would you do?

2. You have a chance to win a big account that will mean a lot to you and your company assistant recommends sending a color television set to his home. What would you do?

Another issue relates to the results of employment contraction in labour intensive basic industries because of the improved methods of production. Modern technology has replaced older methods of production which has in turn resulted in hundreds being rendered jobless. The issue therefore is - global economic competitiveness or local social-psychological stability?

The ethical burden of deciding corporate policy matters normally rests upon a company's HR management. The HR managers and directors are responsible for making policies and implementing them too.

Functional -Area Ethics

Functional area of a business are likely to confront ethical issues. Accounting is a critical function of any business. Accounting statements reveal to the manager and owners the financial soundness of a company.

Managers, investors, regulating agencies, tax collectors, and trade unions rely on accounting data to make decisions. Honesty, integrity and accuracy are absolute requirements of the accounting functions.

Marketing lends itself to several ethical issues. Pricing, promotions, advertising and product information are the areas of unethical practices.

Ethical dilemmas crop up in purchasing departments where strong pressures are felt to obtain the lowest possible prices from suppliers and where suppliers too feel a similar need to bag lucrative contracts. Bribes, kickbacks, and discriminatory pricing are temptations to both the parties.

HR managers in every society are influenced by three repositories of ethical values-religion, culture and law. These repositories contain unique systems of values that exert varying degrees of control over managers. A common thread --- idea of reciprocity or mutual help --- runs through all the value systems. This idea reflects the central purpose of all ethics-which is to bind the vast majority of individuals in the society into a cooperative whole. Ethical values constitute a mechanism that controls behavior in HR situations and in other walks of life. Ethics driven restraints are more effective than restrictive controls such as police, law suits or economic incentives. Ethical values channelize the individual energies into pursuits that are benign to others and beneficial to the society.

It is a code of conduct that is supposed to align behaviors within an organization and the social framework. But the question that remains is, where and when did business ethics come into being?

It is for this reason we do not have uniform or completely similar standards across the globe. These three factors exert influences to varying degrees on humans which ultimately get reflected in the ethics of the organization. For example, ethics followed by Infosys are different than those followed by Reliance Industries or by Tata group for that matter. Again ethical procedures vary across geographic boundaries.

Religion

It is one of the oldest foundations of ethical standards. Religion wields varying influences across various sects of people. It is believed that ethics is a manifestation of the divine and so it draws a line between the good and the bad in the society. Depending upon the degree of religious influence we have different sects of people; we have sects, those who are referred to as orthodox or fundamentalists and those who are called as moderates. Needless to mention, religion exerts itself to a greater degree among the orthodox and to lesser extent in case of moderates. Fundamentally however all the religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Confucianism, operate on the principle of reciprocity towards ones fellow beings.

Culture

Culture is a pattern of behaviors and values that are transferred from one generation to another, those that are considered as ideal or within the acceptable limits. No wonder therefore that it is the culture that predominantly determines what is wrong and what is right. It is the culture that defines certain behavior as acceptable and others as unacceptable. Culture determines what is ethical and what is not. Cultural norms play important role in determining values because individuals anchor their conduct in the culture of the group in which they belong.

Human civilization in fact has passed through various cultures, wherein the moral code was redrafted depending upon the epoch that was. What was immoral or unacceptable in certain culture became acceptable later on and vice versa.

During the early years of human development where ones who were the strongest were the ones who survived! Violence, hostility and ferocity were thus the acceptable. Approximately 10,000 year ago when human civilization entered the settlement phase, hard work, patience and peace were seen as virtues and the earlier ones were considered otherwise. These values are still pt in practice by the managers of today!

Still further, when human civilization witnessed the industrial revolution, the ethics of agrarian economy was replaced by the law pertaining to technology, property rights etc. Ever since a tussle has ensued between the values of the agrarian and the industrial economy!

Law

Laws are procedures and code of conduct that are laid down by the legal system of the state. They are meant to guide human behavior within the social fabric. The major problem with the law is that all the ethical expectations cannot be covered by the law and specially with ever changing outer environment the law keeps on changing but often fails to keep pace. In business, complying with the rule of law is taken as ethical behavior, but organizations often break laws by evading taxes, compromising on quality, service norms etc.

The need of business ethics can be explained with the help of the following points:

(1) Introducing Socialism in Business: This means the gains of business must be shared by all concerned and not just by owner of business. Profit is the result of group efforts and hence all concerned must share the same. In other words, the concept of socialism in business say that workers, shareholders, consumers all others who contribute to the success of the business must share its gain.

(2) Interest of Industry: Business ethics are required to protect the interest of small business firms. Big firms normally try to dominate and eradicate small firms. If industry follows code of conduct, small firms can fight for their existence and stay in the business for long.

(3) Buyers Market: In recent times, structural changes have taken place in the concept of business. In case of many products, sellers market has been converted into buyers market. Under such changed business conditions business ethics is needed to stress the importance of consumer satisfaction and service orientation in place of profit orientation.

(4) Better Relations with Society: Code of conduct results in better relations between business and society. It will reconcile conflicting interest of various sections of the society such as workers, shareholders, consumers, distributors, suppliers, competitors and government.

(5) Advantages to Business and Society: Ethics point out what is good and bad, so also what is right or wrong. It brings to the notice of the business community the importance of honesty, sincerity, fairness which makes them alert and socially conscious.

In the final analysis, business ethics help the business and society at large. It ensures healthy atmosphere in business which ensures improvement in social, economic and cultural values of the society.

Business ethics does not differ from generally accepted norms of good or bad practices. If dishonesty is considered to be unethical and immoral in the society, then any business person who is dishonest with his  or her employees, customers, shareholders or competitors is an unethical and immoral person. If protecting others from any harm is considered to be ethical, then a company which recalls a defective or harmful product from the market is an ethical company. Two theories are important when one considers nature of ethics.

The theory of moral unity essentially advocates the principle that business actions should be judged by the general ethical standards of the society. There exists only one set of ethical standards which applies to business and non-business situations.

Opposite to this is the theory of amorality, which argues that a business can be amoral, and actions of business people need not be guided by general ethical standards. Managers may act selfishly because the market mechanism distills their actions into benefits to shareholders and the society at large.

Ethics refers to the study of good and evil, right and wrong, and just and unjust actions of business people. Business ethics is the same as the generally accepted norms of good or bad practices. Human resource management (HRM) is the science of managing people systematically in organizations. The unique individual actor in the organization - a given executive, manager, line worker - is not the focus of HRM, rather, human resources practices and policies concerning recurring cycles of staffing, reward and compensation, and performance management inform how any person or group of people is introduced into the organization, managed while there, and exited from the organization. When these three overarching aspects of human resource management are designed effectively, the organization benefits from a management system that enhances the sustained competitive advantage of the organization. A critical part of designing these aspects effectively requires consideration of ethical concerns at each stage. Staffing is comprised of systems designed to recruit and select employees to undertake required roles in the organization. The purpose of recruiting is to provide the organization with a group of candidates large enough for the organization to select the qualified employees that it needs. Needs are formalized by

(1) job or position descriptions, which are written statements of content and organizational level of the job; and

(2) hiring specification, which details background, experience, and skills requirements.

1. The Utilitarian Approach

Some ethicists emphasize that the ethical action is the one that provides the most good or does the least harm, or, to put it another way, produces the greatest balance of good over harm. The ethical corporate action, then, is the one that produces the greatest good and does the least harm for all who are affected customers, employees, shareholders, the community, and the environment. Ethical warfare balances the good achieved in ending terrorism with the harm done to all parties through death, injuries, and destruction. The utilitarian approach deals with consequences; it tries both to increase the good done and to reduce the harm done.

2. The Rights Approach

Other philosophers and ethicists suggest that the ethical action is the one that best protects and respects the moral rights of those affected. This approach starts from the belief that humans have a dignity based on their human nature per se or on their ability to choose freely what they do with their lives. On the basis of such dignity, they have a right to be treated as ends and not merely as means to other ends. The list of moral rights -including the rights to make one's own choices about what kind of life to lead, to be told the truth, not to be injured, to a degree of privacy, and so on-is widely debated; some now argue that nonhumans have rights, too. Also, it is often said that rights imply duties-in particular, the duty to respect others' rights.

3. The Fairness or Justice Approach

Aristotle and other Greek philosophers have contributed the idea that all equals should be treated equally. Today we use this idea to say that ethical actions treat all human beings equally-or if unequally, then fairly based on some standard that is defensible. We pay people more based on their harder work or the greater amount that they contribute to an organization, and say that is fair. But there is a debate over CEO salaries that are hundreds of times larger than the pay of others; many ask whether the huge disparity is based on a defensible standard or whether it is the result of an imbalance of power and hence is unfair.

4. The Common Good Approach

The Greek philosophers have also contributed the notion that life in community is a good in itself and our actions should contribute to that life. This approach suggests that the interlocking relationships of society are the basis of ethical reasoning and that respect and compassion for all others-especially the vulnerableare requirements of such reasoning. This approach also calls attention to the common conditions that are important to the welfare of everyone. This may be a system of laws, effective police and fire departments, health care, a public educational system, or even public recreational areas.

5. The Virtue Approach

A very ancient approach to ethics is that ethical actions ought to be consistent with certain ideal virtues that provide for the full development of our humanity. These virtues are dispositions and habits that enable us to act according to the highest potential of our character and on behalf of values like truth and beauty. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, tolerance, love, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all examples of virtues. Virtue ethics asks of any action, "What kind of person will I become if I do this?" or "Is this action consistent with my acting at my best?"

Putting the Approaches Together

Each of the approaches helps us determine what standards of behavior can be considered ethical. There are still problems to be solved, however.

The first problem is that we may not agree on the content of some of these specific approaches. We may not all agree to the same set of human and civil rights.

We may not agree on what constitutes the common good. We may not even agree on what is a good and what is a harm.

The second problem is that the different approaches may not all answer the question "What is ethical?" in the same way. Nonetheless, each approach gives us important information with which to determine what is ethical in a particular circumstance. And much more often than not, the different approaches do lead to similar answers.

Making Ethical Decisions

Making good ethical decisions requires a trained sensitivity to ethical issues and a practiced method for exploring the ethical aspects of a decision and weighing the considerations that should impact our choice of a course of action. Having a method for ethical decision making is absolutely essential. When practiced regularly, the method becomes so familiar that we work through it automatically without consulting the specific steps.

The more novel and difficult the ethical choice we face, the more we need to rely on discussion and dialogue with others about the dilemma. Only by careful exploration of the problem, aided by the insights and different perspectives of others, can we make good ethical choices in such situations.

We have found the following framework for ethical decision making a useful method for exploring ethical dilemmas and identifying ethical courses of action.

Human Male germ cell is sperm.

There are states which are self efficient while some states lack vital resources. Jharkhand, chattisgarh, madhya pradesh and orissa have rich deposits of minerals and fossil fuels. Arunachal Pradesh has abundant water resources but it lacks infrastructure facilities. Rajasthan and Gujarat have Huge potential for wind and solar energy but lack water. Ladakh is isolated from the rest of the country as it lacks vital resources.

Freddie Mercury and David Bowie

(i) प्रस्तुत गद्यावतरण हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘गद्य-गरिमा’ में संकलित एवं प्रसिद्ध रिपोर्ताज और संस्मरण लेखक श्री कन्हैयालाल मिश्र ‘प्रभाकर’ द्वारा लिखित राबर्ट नर्सिंग होम में पाठ निबन्ध से अवतरित है।
अथवा
पाठ का नाम- राबर्ट नर्सिंग होम में।
लेखक का नाम-श्री कन्हैयालाल मिश्र ‘प्रभाकर’।

(ii) रेखांकित अंश की व्याख्या-लेखक कहता है कि मैंने संसार में ऐसे बहुत-से व्यक्तियों को देखा है, जो अपनी विशिष्ट विशेषताओं से लोगों को अपना बना लेते हैं एवं अपार यश अर्जित करते हैं। कुछ लोग अपने रूप-सौन्दर्य द्वारा लोगों को अपनी ओर आकर्षित करते हैं तो कुछ ऐसे भी लोग होते हैं, जिनके पास अपार धन होता है और वे उसके बल पर लोगों पर अपना प्रभाव जमाते हैं या दूसरों को आत्मीय बना लेते हैं। कुछ व्यक्ति ऐसे होते हैं, जिनमें कोई विशिष्ट गुण होता है और वे अपने गुणों द्वारा बहुत कुछ प्राप्त कर लेते हैं; परन्तु आज लेखक ने एक ऐसी अद्भुत नारी को देखा, जिसने मानवता के लिए सर्वस्व समर्पित करके दूसरों की श्रद्धा और आदर को प्राप्त किया है।

(iii) लेखक ने समर्पण और प्राप्ति का यह अद्भुत सौम्य स्वरूप देखा कि कोई अपनी पीड़ा से किसी को पाए और किसी का उत्सर्ग सदा किसी को पीड़ा के लिए ही सुरक्षित रहे।

(iv) प्राय: गुणी व्यक्ति का लोगों पर यह प्रभाव पड़ता है कि वे अपने गुणों के द्वारा दूसरों को अपना बना लेते

(v) प्रस्तुत गद्यांश के माध्यम से लेखक ने विश्वप्रसिद्ध मानव-सेविका मदर टेरेसा की सेवा-भावना एवं आत्म-त्याग की मनोरम झाँकी प्रस्तुत की है।

(i) प्रस्तुत गद्यावतरण हमारी पाठ्य-पुस्तक ‘गद्य-गरिमा’ में संकलित एवं प्रसिद्ध रिपोर्ताज और संस्मरण लेखक श्री कन्हैयालाल मिश्र ‘प्रभाकर’ द्वारा लिखित राबर्ट नर्सिंग होम में पाठ से अद्भुत है।
अथवा
पाठ का नाम- राबर्ट नर्सिंग होम में।
लेखक का नाम-श्री कन्हैयालाल मिश्र ‘प्रभाकर’।

(ii) रेखांकित अंश की व्याख्या–मदर मार्गरेट इन्दौर के नर्सिंग होम की सर्वाधिक वृद्धा नर्स हैं। लेखक ने वहाँ रहकर देखा कि उस नर्सिंग होम में जो जितनी वृद्धा नर्स है, वह उतनी ही अधिक सेवा-परायण, कर्तव्यपरायण, क्रियाशील, प्रसन्न और मुसकानमयी है।

(iii) भिन्न-भिन्न प्रान्तों में भाषा में भिन्न-भिन्न अन्तर देखने को मिलते हैं।

(iv) सबके हृदय में एक अद्भुत ज्योति प्रज्वलित है, वह है सेवा और प्यार की ज्योति। यही ज्योति विश्व की सर्वोत्तम ज्योति है।

(v) लेखक ने प्रस्तुत गद्यांश में रोबर्ट नर्सिंग होम में समर्पित भाव से सेवारत और सर्वाधिक वृद्धा नर्स मार्गरेट के मुसकानमय जीवन का चित्रांकन किया है।

The answer is Emil Heitz

The answer is Non – histone.

ढाका की मलमल का ताका माचिस की डिब्बी में समा जाता था और साड़ी अंगूठी से गुजर जाती थी ।

The answer is (c) ER

The answer is (b) Acetocarmine

The answer is (c) Chromatin

The answer is (a) Nucleolous

The answer is (d) All the above

The answer is (b) Euchromatin

The answer is Endomitosis.

The answer is (b) Histone

The answer is 3 – 6

The answer is (c) Metaphase

The answer is (a) One

The answer is (a) 42

The answer is V, L, J, I shapes.

The answer is Nucleolar organizer.

The answer is Aulocantha

The answer is Endosperm of angiosperm

स्रोत-अंकुरित दालें, सम्पूर्ण अनाज, मूंगफली, खमीर उठा भोजन, यकृत आदि।

कमी से हानियाँ-

1. प्लैगरा नामक रोग हो जाता है। त्वचा का रंग काला हो जाता है, खुजली तथा सूजन हो जाती है।
2. मुँह का स्वाद खराब हो जाता है।
3. अनीमिया के साथ-साथ मानसिक परेशानी भी हो सकती है।
4. दस्त लग जाते हैं।

हमारे शरीर में हर समय तन्तुओं की टूट-फूट होती रहती है। तन्तु, कोशिकाओं के समूह, घिसते तथा नष्ट होते रहते हैं। भोजन में मौजूद प्रोटीन इन टूटे हुए तन्तुओं तथा कोशिकाओं की मुरम्मत करने में सहायता करते हैं तथा नए तन्तु उत्पन्न भी करते हैं।

भिन्न-भिन्न शारीरिक क्रियाएं करते समय शरीर के सैल टूटते, घिसते और नष्ट होते रहते हैं। इसलिए नए सैलों के निर्माण के लिए हमें प्रोटीन युक्त भोजन पदार्थ खाने चाहिएं जैसे अण्डा, दूध, मीट, मछली अनाज। सोयाबीन प्रोटीन का एक मुख्य और सस्ता स्रोत है।

सही उत्तर है 4 कैलोरी

लोहे की कमी के कारण।

भोजन के कार्बोज, चिकनाई और प्रोटीन से शरीर को ऊर्जा मिलती है।

आयोडीन गल ग्रंथियों की क्रियाशीलता के लिए महत्त्वपूर्ण है। गल ग्रंथियों का रस थायरोक्सान शरीर की क्रियाओं को नियमित करता है।
आयोडीन बच्चों की वृद्धि तथा विकास के लिए बहुत आवश्यक है तथा प्रजनन के लिए भी आवश्यक है।

फोक (Roughage)- फल और सब्जियों के रेशे और अनाजों के छिलके फोक बनाते हैं, यह स्टार्च के कणों को बांध कर रखते हैं। ये पदार्थ आप नहीं पचते इनको चाहे जितना भी पचाया जाए फिर भी ये घुलते नहीं।

फोक के कार्य (Functions of Roughage) — ये शरीर को कोई पौष्टिक तत्त्व नहीं देते फिर भी इनका शरीर के लिए बहुत महत्त्व है।

1. इनसे भोजन की मात्रा बढ़ जाती है।
2. फोक से भोजन को पाचन प्रणाली को चलाने में सहायता मिलती है।
3. आंतों और पट्ठों को क्रियाशील रखने में मदद करते हैं।
4. पाचन के पश्चात् मल बाहर निकालने में सहायता करते हैं।
5. कब्ज़ को दूर करते हैं।
6. ये कुछ ऐसे जीवाणु के बनने में सहायता करते हैं जो कि पित एसिड को तोडते हैं।

फोक की प्राप्ति के स्त्रोत (Sources of Roughage) —

1. हरी सब्ज़ियाँ जैसे बन्द गोभी, गाजर के पत्ते, हरा धनिया, कड़ी पत्ता, पुदीना आदि।
2. फल जैसे-अंजीर, संतरा, अनार, टमाटर, अंगूर और अमरूद।
3. सम्पूर्ण अनाज।

लोहा, ताँबा, कोबाल्ट, आयोडीन आदि।

सही विकल्प है (क) विटामिन A

सही विकल्प है (ग) कार्बोज

चर्बी के कार्य (Functions of Fat)-चर्बी हमारे शरीर में निम्नलिखित कार्य करती है

1. ऊर्जा का साधन (Source of energy)
2. आवश्यक वसा अम्लों का साधन (Sources of essential fatty acids)
3. चर्बी में घुलनशील विटामिनों का स्रोत (Source of fat soluble vitamins)
4. कोमल अंगों की सुरक्षा (Protection of sensitive body organs)
5. भोजन को स्वादिष्ट बनाती है (Help in making food tasty)
6. सन्तुष्टि देती है (Give satisfaction)
7. शरीर का तापमान बनाए रखती है (Helps in regulating body temperature)
8. चमड़ी के स्वास्थ्य के लिए (For healthy skin)।

सही विकल्प है (ग) विटामिन C

आयोडीन की कमी से

विटामिन D के स्रोत हैंजिगर का तेल, अण्डे की जर्दी, धूप विटामिन B के स्त्रोत हैं- अंकुरित दालें, दूध, अण्डे, जिगर, सूखे मेवे आदि।

अमीनो एसिड वह छोटी-छोटी इकाइयां हैं जिनसे प्रोटीन बनते हैं। अमीनो अम्ल 20-22 प्रकार के होते हैं।

कार्बोहाइड्रेट का मुख्य कार्य शरीर को ऊर्जा प्रदान करना है। इसकी कमी के कारण शरीर में प्रोटीन और चर्बी इस कार्य के लिए प्रयोग की जाती है और शरीर कमज़ोर होना शुरू हो जाता है। लगातार भोजन में कार्बोहाइड्रेट्स की कमी होने से शारीरिक वृद्धि रुक जाती है और मरास्मस नाम का रोग हो जाता है। इसलिए कार्बोज़ का भोजन में उचित मात्रा में होना बहुत आवश्यक है।

शक्ति निम्नलिखित भोजन पदार्थों से मिलती है, जैसे

1. कार्बोज युक्त पदार्थ- गुड़, शक्कर, चीनी और जड़ों वाली सब्जियां।
2. चिकनाई युक्त पदार्थ- जैसे मक्खन, घी, तेल और तले हुए भोजन पदार्थ ।
3. प्रोटीन युक्त पदार्थ- भोजन पदार्थ जैसे दूध, दही, मक्खन, अण्डे, मीट आदि।

यह हाइड्रोजन, ऑक्सीजन और कार्बन का मिश्रण है। यह शरीर को गर्मी और शक्ति देने का सबसे सस्ता स्रोत है। कार्बोहाइड्रेट, गेहूँ, चावल, मक्की, जौ, फल, सूखे मेवे, गुड़, शक्कर, चीनी, शहद आदि से प्राप्त होता है।