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The property of live plant cells that they have the genetic potential when cultured in nutrient medium to give rise to a complete individual plant.

(b) vegetative multiplication of plants by using small explants

Basic concepts of plant tissue culture are totipotency, differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation.

(b) capacity to generate a whole plant from any plant cell / explant

Cybrid is a cytoplasmic hybrid obtained by the fusion of cytoplasm of cells of different parental sources a term applied to the fusion of cytoplasms of two different protoplasts.

Basic concepts of plant tissue culture are totipotency, differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation.

1. Totipotency: The property of live plant cells that they have the genetic potential when cultured in nutrient medium to give rise to a complete individual plant.

2.Differentiation: The process of biochemical and structural changes by which cells become specialized in form and function.

3. Redifferentiation: The further differentiation of already differentiated cell into another type of cell. 

For example, when the component cells of callus have the ability to form a whole plant in a nutrient medium, the phenomenon is called redifferentiation.

4. Dedifferentiation: The phenomenon of the reversion of mature cells to the meristematic state leading to the formation of callus is called dedifferentiation. These two phenomena of redifferentiation and dedifferentiation are the inherent capacities of living plant cells or tissue. This is described as totipotency.

The success of tissue culture lies in the composition of the growth medium, plant growth  regulators and culture conditions such as temperature, pH, light and humidity.

Consider the radius of circle as r

dr/dt = 3.5 cm/s

We know that area of circle = πr²

So the rate of change of area of circle = 2πr dr/dt

By substituting the values

= 2 × 3.14 × 7.5 × 3.5

On further calculation

= 165 cm²/s

a) Force is defined as the influence which bring a moving body into rest or can make a resting body move. 

b) Following are the effects of force: 

i) Force can stop a moving object 

ii) Force can move a resting object 

iii) Force can change the direction of a moving body 

iv) Force can change the shape of the body 

v) Force can change the speed of a moving body

Mendel is called father of genetics.

Genetics is a branch of biology dealing with Both heredity and variation. 

Casparian strip is the deposition of water-impermeable, waxy-material suberin on the tangential and radial walls of the endodermal cells of roots.

Functions:

• It prevents plasmolysis of endodermal cells 
• It doesn’t allow soil water to pass across

(b) encystment

(d) contractile vacuole

Sphagnum is used in nurseries. 

Siliceous walls are present in Diatoms.

Bryophytes completely lack vascular tissue systern. 

Siliceous walls are seen in Diatoms. 

Air bladders are seen in Sargassum. 

(b) microgametes

Sporophyte an gametophyte. 

Tubers store food materials in Chara. 

Glycogen is carbohydrate store in animal cells.

(A) papilionaceous corolla

The peculiar characteristic of pea flower is papilionaceous corolla, i.e. butterfly like, having five petals.

(D) genetics

Genetics is the branch of science that is concerned or deals with the phenomenon of heredity and variation. Cytohistology is the study of structure and life processes of cells and their components along with cellular details of a tissue or organ. Embryology is the study of development of embryo. Cytology is the study of cells.

When two plates of similar nature converge, one plate climbs on another while the depletion of a plate occurs. After this the plate’s front is melted when it breaks into an elongated string. This is called the destructive margins. This molten substance reaches out of weak crust and creates volcanic and island arc. Mountains have been formed as island arc on the margins of ocean plates in the Pacific Ocean.

Cryopreservation, also known as Cryoconservation, is a process by which protoplasts, cells, tissues, organelles, organs, extracellular matrix, enzymes or any other biological materials are subjected to preservation by cooling to very low temperature of-196°C using liquid nitrogen. At this extreme low temperature any enzymatic or chemical activity of the biological material will be totally stopped and this leads to preservation of material in dormant status.

Later these materials can be activated by bringing to room temperature slowly for any experimental work. Protective agents like dimethyl sulphoxide, glycerol or sucrose are added before cryopreservation process. These protective agents are called cryoprotectants, since they protect the cells, or tissues frofn the stress of freezing temperature.

(b) Transform fault

The mid – Atlantic ridge is in the vicinity of the Atlantic coast.

Various artificial hybridization technique (various crop improvement programmes involve the removal of the anther from bisexual flowers without affecting the female reproductive part (pistil) through the process of emasculation. Then, these emasculated flowers are wrapped in bags to prevent pollination by unwanted pollen grains. This process is called bagging.

This technique is an important part of the plant breeding programme as it ensures that pollen grains of only desired plants are used for fertilization of the stigma to develop the desired plant variably.

Covering the emasculated flowers with a bag of suitable size to protect them from contamination with unwanted pollen.

There are three types of plate margins: 

1. Constructive Plate Margins: The space formed by the displacement of the two plates form a new one. It is called the constructive Plate margins.

2. Destructive Plate Margins: The convergence of the plates leads to the dispersal/erosion of plates. This is called the Destructive Plate margins. 

3. Protective Plate Margins: When the plates create neither the erosion nor the formation of new substances, this is called the Protective Plate margins.

(c) at very low temperature of-196 by using liquid nitrogen

(b) avoid unwanted pollen

(c) Biosafety

Correct Answer is: (a) Sial

According to Wegener, in the Carboniferous Era, a super continent that incorporated almost all the landmasses on earth is called Pangaea.

1. Human blood is composed of Blood cells and plasm. Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood. 

2. Blood cells are of three types – Red blood cells, White blood cells and Blood platelets. 

3. White blood cells are again of different types. 

4. The white blood cells boost our immunity and protect us from the harmful, disease causing micro organisms that enter into our body. 

5. They act like police force of our body. 

6. Red blood cells have a colouring pigment called Haemoglobin in the RBC, which gives blood the red colour. 

7. Haemoglobin acts as a carrier for oxygen and carbon dioxide and plays a key role in respiration. 

8. Blood platelets play an important role in coagulation of blood when there are cuts and wounds. 

9. Blood plays an important role in the transport of materials in animals. 

10. Blood is the medium to carry the digested food materials and the inhaled oxygen to all parts of the body.

(b) Tuzo Wilson

(C) 08

The F₁ generation has mullatoes with 8 types of gametes. The genetic combination is AaBbCc. As there are three pairs of heterozygous alleles, it will form 8 types of gametes.

Statement 

(a) and statement 

(b) are correct whereas statement 

(c) is incorrect. A respiratory surface area should be kept moist, is the correct statement.

1. The time duration required to complete one cardiac cycle is 0.8 second. 

2. Cardiac cycle is divided into three important phases, viz, atrial systole, ventricular systole and joint diastole. 

3. Atrial systole in normal condition lasts for 0.1 second, ventricular systole follows atrial systole and lasts for 0.3 second whereas joint diastole or complete diastole lasts for about 0.4 second. 

4. In this way one cardiac cycle is completed in 0.8 second.

1. When heart undergoes systole, it pushes the blood with pressure in aorta. This pressure moves the entire circulation of the blood throughout the body. Aorta gives rise to dorsal aorta after supplying to upper parts of body. Then it divides into two arteries which enter two legs. The blood is forced to move in the legs due to blood pressure and also aided by gravity. 

2. In addition, the muscles in legs help transport blood back to our heart. As the muscles of our body contract and relax to move our limbs, they squeeze the blood in veins and the blood is then pushed towards the heart. 

3. The veins in legs also have valves to keep this process going and prevent blood from flowing back down towards the feet.

4. In this way blood is kept moving in the large veins of the legs.

(A) 1

The types of gametes formed by a pure line is/are 1.

The organisms which are dependent upon the host plants for their entire nutrition are called Holoparasites. They are also called total parasites.

Example: Cuscuta is a total stem parasite of the host plant Acacia.

Hemiparasites is the organisms which derive only water and minerals from their host plant while synthesizing their own food by photosynthesis are called Hemiparasites. They are also called partial parasites.

Example: Viscum.

(C) experimental, quantitative, qualitative and evaluative study of Pisum sativum

Mendelism was based on experimental, quantitative, qualitative and evaluative study of Pisum sativum.

1. Partial stem parasite – E.g: Loranthus.

2. Partial root parasite – E.g: Santalum.

Here is a short guide to help you think through ethical issues and make effective decisions.

1. Is it an Ethical Issue?

Being ethical does not always mean following the law. And just because something is possible doesn't mean it is ethical, hence the global debates about bio-technology advances such as cloning. And ethics and religion do not always concur.

This is perhaps the trickiest stage in ethical decision making, as sometimes the subtleties of the issue are above and beyond our knowledge and experience. Listen to your instincts - if it feels uncomfortable making the decision on your own, get others involved and use their collective knowledge and experience to make a more considered decision.

2. Get the Facts

What do you know, and just as importantly, what don't you know? Who are the people affected by your decision? Have they been consulted? What are your options? Have you reviewed your options with someone you respect?

3. Evaluate Alternative Actions

There are different ethical approaches which may help you make the most ethical decision.

a. Utilitarian Approach - which action results in the most good and least harm?

b. Rights Based Approach - which action respects the rights of everyone involved?

c. Fairness or Justice Approach- which action treats people fairly?

d. Common Good Approach - which action contributes most to the quality of life of the people affected?

e. Virtue Approach - which action embodies the character strengths you value?

4. Test Your Decision

Could you comfortably explain your decision to your mother? To the man in the street? On television? If not, you may have to re-think your decision before you take action.

5. Just Do It - but what did you learn?

Once you've made the decision, then don't waste time in implementing it. Set a date to review your decision and make adjustments if necessary. Often decisions are made with the best information to hand at the time, but things change, and your decision making needs to be flexible enough to change too.