Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Answer is No.

The number of an organisms decrease it adversely effects the existences of another group that depend them for their food. The increase and decrease in the number of organisms adversely affect the equilibrium of environments.

The loss of organisms in higher levels cause tremendous increase in the number of organisms in the lower levels. It disrupt the equilibrium of environment.

• Same organism belongs to different food chains.
• Beneficial. No species increase or decrease beyond a level.

If a particular species increase its number, the animals that forms its food get destroyed. It cause food scarcity and thus they themselves destroyed.

The number of trophic levels is an ecosystem is not constant. Even though in nature the food chains are not too long. This is to reduce the loss of energy during transmission.

The same organism is included in different trophic levels as the complexity of food web increases.

Tertiary Consumers – Eagle, Mongoose 

Secondary Consumers – Frog, Snake 

Primary Consumers – Grasshopper, Rat 

Producers – Grass, Paddy

Copper plates are actual plates made of copper which the rulers used to inscribe their orders, judicial decisions, donations, etc.

The writings carved on copper plate is called Copper plates. Bhojapatras means the writings written on the bark of tree named ‘Bhauj’, found on the Himalayan mountains. Copper plates and Bhojapatras are the important sources of knowing history. These scripts are mainly written in PANDU script. These scripts and such other scripts have been destroyed by various insects. Even though, samples of such copper plates and Bhojapatras are seen in the Temples, Vihars or Government museums. From these sources we get the information about contemporary kings and their State Administration as well as the public life in ancient times.

Correct Answer is  True

gof (1) = g (f (1)) 

= g (2) = 3 gof (3) 

= g {f (3)} = g (5) = 1 

= gof (4) = g (f (4)) = g (1) = 3 

∴ gof = {(1,3), (3,1), (4,3)}

Answer is (D)

f (x,) = f (x₂) ⇒ x₁⁴ = x₂⁴ 

= x₁⁴ = x₂⁴= 0 

= (x₁ – x₂) (x₁ + x₂) (x₁² = x₂²) 

x₁ = x₂ or x₁ = – x₂ 

∴ f is not one-one 

f(x) = x⁴ ≥ o ∀ x ∈ R 

Range of f = [0, ∞) ∈ R

Jai Samand near Udaipur in Rajasthan.

Indus-Saraswati civilization was developed on the bank of river Saraswati.

Section 617 of Companies Act 1956 defines Government Company as a company in which not less than 51% of the paid up share capital is held by the Central Government or by any State Government or Governments or partly by the Central Government and partly by one or more State Governments and includes a company which is a subsidiary of a Government Company.

The two authors who wrote about Harshavardhana are: 

(1) Banabhatta, who wrote Harshacharita, in Sanskrit. 

(2) Xuan-Zang , the Chinese traveller who left a detailed account of what he saw in Harsha's court.

In the present times, the wars will adversely affect the lives of the people e.g: 

(a) The economy of the country is disrupted and prices of the essential commodities also start rising. 

(b) There can be large scale destruction , caused due to air warfare. 

(c) Chemical warfare and use of nuclear bombs can affect not only the present generation but also many generation to come.

If Aravind was acting as Samundragupta he would have to : 

(1) Lead the army and successfully plan his campaign in almost all parts of India. 

(2) Establish an efficient administration and a strong government. 

(3) Look after the welfare of the people. 

(4) Hear complaints and decide cases.

Prasahastis are the biographies of kings or records of their achievements composed by court poets and then engraved on stones in the form of long inscriptions. 

(1) The parashasti in praise of Samundragupta was written in sanskrit language, the language of the learned people. 

(2) The parashasti was composed in very long sentences. So the ordinary people may not have read and understood the prashasti.

(c) Arthashastra

Wind is a significant agent of erosion in the deserts. Following conditions are necessary for wind to become effective: 

1. Arid areas are essential. In such areas, the rate of evaporation is greater than rate of precipitation. Due to dryness the soil becomes loose and is carried by the wind. 

2. Sparse vegetation cover or absence of trees, so that there is no obstacle for wind.

3. Presence of dry loose materials at the surface which carries out erosion. 

4. A wind velocity high enough to pick up and move sediments.

The River Ganga and its tributaries have deposited load of sediments in the northern Ganga region. Features formed are: Alluvial Plain Region : The River Ganga and its tributaries bring loads of sediments – organic sediments like dead remains of plants and animals, skin, hide, bones etc., and inorganic sediments like sand, silt, clay, gravel, etc., and deposits at the foothills of the Himalayan family, Northern Ganga Plain region. It is a fertile land and agriculture is the major human occupation. Along with agriculture river transportation and fishing is also done on a large scale. Fertile plains are in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana. 

Delta: Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, world’s largest delta has been formed at the mouth of the River Ganga. This delta is known as Sundarbans and is located in West Bengal. It is one of the most fertile regions in the world. Most delta is composed of alluvial soil. Thus, agriculture is the occupation followed in this region too.

Abrasion involves the scratching and polishing of the surface or bedrock by the particles which are moving onto it. Let us study different landforms formed by different agents of erosion through the process of abrasion.

Work of Seas Waves: 

1. Sea cliffs : Sea cliffs are carved where waves strike directly against rocks. The softer rock along the coastline gets eroded first.

2. Caves : Sometimes, waves can erode the softer part and make it hollow enough to be called a cave. 

3. A sea arch : A sea arch forms when waves erode a layer of soft rock underneath a layer of hard rock. 

4. Sea stack : If a sea arch collapses, it creates a sea stack, which looks like a large rock in the middle of water. 

5. Headland : The part of land projecting into the sea is called headland. 

6. Wave-cut platforms : Surfaces at the base of the cliffs are called wave-cut platforms. Extensive platforms are developed where the rocks are least resistant to wave erosion. They are visible at lower water levels, such as at low tide.

Work of Wind: 

(i) Ventifacts: Abrasion carves the windward side of rock into smooth sloping surface. These rocks are called ventifacts.

(ii) Mushroom rocks: 

1.The high rising rocks in the path of the wind are attacked by the sand that moves with the wind. 

2. Winds and the particles they carry attack the base of an individual rock. 

3. The larger top part is not eroded as much as the basal part because the particles are not lifted at a height. 

4. The particles at medium height are smaller but their velocities are high. Hence, their impact is more. 

5. As a result, the portion of rock at medium height is eroded more and the rock as a whole gets the shape of a mushroom.

(iii) Yardang:

1. In areas where hard and soft rocks are found, the softer rocks get more eroded faster. 

2. The eroded portion of softer rocks appear like elongated ridges and harder rocks appear as elevated portions. 

3. A yardang is the remaining part of a ridge where rocks have been eroded.

Work of Glaciers:

(i) Roche moutonnee: 

They are bedrock hills that are smoothly rounded on the upper side by abrasion and plucking on the lower side. 

(ii) Cirque:

1. An armchair like feature is formed when ice movement accompanied by weathering and mass wasting steepens the wall at the head of the glacier.

2. It deepens into armchair-shaped depression called cirque.

(iii) Arete :

1. Often two or more cirques develop side by side. 

2. This leaves the area between any two of them into a narrow wall. This is called arete.

(iv) Horn :

1. When three or more cirques are formed, the headward erosion of the glacier erodes the summit. 

2. This leads to formation of a characteristic peak which is called a horn. The Matterhorn in the Swiss Alps is an example.

(v) U-Shaped Valleys 

When glaciers move ahead, they erode the sides as well as the bottom of the valleys they flow through. This makes the valley broad at the bottom, forming a ‘U’. This is called a Ushaped valley.

(d) 19th Century

According to Rig Veda, Saraswati river is considered Naditame (best in all rivers), amtritame (best in mothers) and Devitame (best in goddesses). According to Indian archaeology council, it originates from Rupan glacier of Shivalik range of Himalayan ranges which converted into a water current. After reaching ‘Adi Badri’ it received water from Drishadvati and Hiranyavati as tributaries. At present the river which flows between Satluj and Yamuna rivers, is Saraswati. Due to tectonic movements beneath the earth and elevations of earth this river shifted towards west and ultimately become dry of the earth’s surface due to lack of supply of water and slowly become extinct it flows beneath the earth, i.e. in land (Antah Salila).

Research done by ‘Isro’ proves present drainage system, i.e, Brahm Sarovar of Kurukshetra, Pehva semi-circular lakes as well as visible drainage of rivers from Punjab, Haryana and through North-Western Rajasthan to Pakistan in form of Ghaghar Hakra. Nara is the example of presence of so-called Saraswati river which flows under earth by extracting water of this inland flowing extinct river regions present in close proximity could be developed. Evidence found in early excavations witnessed that Harappa Civilization was named as Indus valley civilization. But on the basis of remains found in 2600 at the bank of vedic Saraswati river, was named Indus-Saraswati Civilization.

(a) In polythene, long chain of ethene is present – C = C –. 

(b) Jute bag is biodegradable and will not cause pollution. While poly bag is nonbiodegradable and causes pollution. 

(c) Suman shows the value of a responsible behaviour.

A statement that compares financial data of different years is known as comparative financial statement. It helps determine business trends and assess a company’s success or failure over a period of time.

Those financial statements that enable intra-firm and comparisons of financial statements over a period of time are called Comparative Financial Statements. In other words, these statements help the accounting users to evaluate and assess the financial progress in the relative terms. These statements express the absolute figures, absolute change and the percentage change in the financial items over a period of time. Comparative Financial Statements present the financial data in such a manner that is easily understandable and can be analysed without any ambiguity. If the accounting policies and practices for the treatment of the items are same over the period of study, only then the Comparative Financial Statements enable meaningful comparisons.

The following are the two Comparative Financial Statements that are commonly prepared

(i) Comparative Balance Sheet

(ii) Comparative Income Statements

These statements depict the relationship between various items of financial statements and some common items in percentage terms. In other words, various items of Trading and Profit and Loss Account such as Cost of Goods Sold, Non-Operating Incomes and Expenses are expressed in terms of percentage of Net Sales. On the other hand, different items of Balance Sheet such as Fixed Assets, Current Assets, Share Capital etc. are expressed in terms of percentage of Total of Balance Sheet. These percentage figures are easily comparable with that of the previous years’ and with that of the figures of other firms in the same industry as well.

The most commonly used techniques of financial analysis are as follows 

(i) Comparative Statements: These are the statements showing the profitability and financial position of a firm for different periods of time in a comparative form to give an idea about the position of two or more periods. The financial data will be comparative only when same accounting principles are used in preparing these statements. Comparative figures indicate the trend and direction of financial position and operating results. This analysis is also known as ‘horizontal analysis’. 

(ii) Common Size Statements: These are the statements which indicate the relationship of different items of a financial statement with some common item by expressing each item as a percentage of the common item. The percentage thus calculated can be easily compared with the results corresponding percentages of the previous year or of some other firms, as the numbers are brought to common base. Such statements also allow an analyst to compare the operating and financing characteristics of two companies of different sizes in the same industry. This analysis is also known as ‘Vertical analysis’. 

(iii) Trend Analysis :It is a technique of studying the operational results and financial position over a series of years. Using the previous years’ data of a business enterprise, trend analysis can be done to observe the percentage changes over time in the selected data. Trend analysis is important because, with its long run view, it may point to basic changes in the nature of the business. By looking at a trend in a particular ratio, one may find whether the ratio is falling, rising or remaining relatively constant. From this observation, a problem is detected or the sign of good management is found. . 

(iv) Ratio Analysis :It describes the significant relationship which exists between various items of a balance sheet and a profit and loss account of a firm. As a technique of financial analysis accounting ratios measure the comparative significance of the individual items of the income and position statements. 

(v) Cash Flow Analysis :It refers to the analysis of actual movement of cash into and out of an organisation. The flow of cash into the business is called as cash inflow or positive cash flow and the flow of cash out of the firm is called as cash outflow or a negative cash flow. The difference between the inflow and outflow of cash is the net cash flow. Limitations of Financial Analysis The following are the limitations of Financial Analysis 

(i) Ignorance of Price Level Changes :Financial statement is based on historical cost method and fails to capture the change in price level. The figures of different years are taken on nominal values and not in real terms (i.e., not taking price change into considerations). 

(ii) Misleading and Wrong information : The financial analysis fails to reveal the change in the accounting procedures and practices. Consequently, they may provide wrong and misleading information. 

(iii) Fail to Provide Final Picture: The financial analysis presents only the interim report and thereby provides incomplete information. They fail to provide the final and holistic picture. 

(iv) Consider Only Monetary Aspect: This is one of the limitations of financial analysis that it reveals only the monetary aspects. Only those items are considered here which can be measured in term of money and fail to disclose managerial efficiency, growth prospects, and other non-operational efficiency of a business. 

(v) Non-Reliable Conclusions :Conclusion base on financial analysis may be non reliable because financial statement are based on certain concepts and conventions. 

(vi) Involves Personal Biasness: The financial analysis reflects the personal biasness and personal value judgments of the accountants and clerks involved. There are different techniques used by different personnel for charging depreciation (original cost or written-down value method) and also for inventory valuation. The use of different techniques by different people reduces the effectiveness of the financial analysis. 

(vii) Unsuitable for Comparisons :Due to the involvement of personal value judgment, personal biasness and use of different techniques by different accountant, various types of comparisons such as inter-firm and intra-firm comparisons may not be possible and reliable.

For the transfer of bearer debenture, there is no procedure or registration necessary in the books of company.

The financial statements are prepared by the Profit-making organisations as well as Nonprofit concerns or organisations.

The various techniques used in financial analysis are as follows: 

Comparative Statements: These statements depict the figures of two or more accounting years simultaneously that help to access the profitability and financial position of a business. The Comparative Statements help us in analysing the trend of the financial position of the business. These statements also enable us to undertake various types of comparisons like inter¬firm comparisons and intrafirm comparisons. It presents the change in the financial items both in absolute as well as percentage terms. Therefore, these statements help in measuring the efficiency of the business in relative terms. The analyses based on these statements are known as Horizontal Analysis.

Common Size Statements: These statements depict the relationship between various items of financial statements and some common items (like Net Sales and the Total of Balance Sheet) in percentage terms. In other words, various items of Trading and Profit and Loss Account such as Cost of Goods Sold, Non Operating Incomes and Expenses are expressed in terms of percentage of Net Sales. On the other hand, different items of Balance Sheet such as Fixed Assets,

Current Assets, Share Capital, etc. are expressed in terms of percentage of Total of Balance Sheet. These percentage figures are easily comparable with that of the previous years’ (i.e. inter-firm comparison) and with that of the figures of other firms in the same industry (i.e. inter-firm comparison) as well. The analyses based on these statements are commonly known as Vertical Analysis.

Trend Analysis: This analysis undertakes the study of trend in the financial positions and the operating performance of a business over a series of successive years. In this technique, a particular year is assumed to be the base year and the figures of all other years are expressed in percentage terms of the base year’s figures. These trends (or the percentage figures) not only helps in assessing the operational efficiency and the financial position of the business but also helps in detecting the problems and inefficiencies.

Ratio Analysis: This technique depicts the relationship between various items of Balance Sheet and the Income Statements. It helps in ascertaining the profitability, operational efficiency, solvency, etc of a firm.. The analysis expresses financial items in terms of percentage, fraction, proportion and as number of times. It enables budgetary controls by assessing the qualitative relationship among different financial variables. This analysis provides vital information to different accounting users regarding the financial position, viability and performance of a firm. It also facilitates decision making and policy designing process.

Cash Flow Analysis: This analysis is presented in the form of a statement showing inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents from operating, investing and financing activities of a company during a particular period of time. It helps in analysing the reasons of receipts and payments in cash and change in the cash balances during an accounting year in a company.

Limitations of Financial Analysis The limitations of Financial Analysis are: Ignores Changes in the Price level: The financial analysis fails to capture the change in price level. The figures of different years are taken on nominal values and not in real terms (i.e. not taking price change into considerations).

Misleading and Wrong Information: The financial analysis fails to reveal the change in the accounting procedures and practices. Consequently they may provide wrong and misleading information.

Interim and Final Picture: The financial analysis presents only the interim report and ‘ thereby provides incomplete information. They fail to provide the final and holistic picture.

Ignores Qualitative and Non-monetary Aspects: The financial analysis reveals only the monetary aspects. In other words, these analyses consider only that information that can be expressed only in monetary terms. These analyses fail to disclose managerial efficiency, growth prospects, and other non-operational efficiency of a business.

Accounting Concepts and Conventions: The financial analysis are based an accounting concepts and conventions. Therefore, the analysis and conclusions based on such analyses may not be reliable. For example, the analysis considers only the book-value of various items (i.e. according to the Going Concept) and consequently ignores the present market value of those items. Hence, the analysis may not be realistic.

Involves Personal Biasness: The financial analysis reflects the personal biasness and personal value judgments of the accountants and clerks involved. There are different techniques used by different personnel for charging depreciation (original cost or written-down value method) and also for inventory valuation. The use of different techniques by different people reduces the effectiveness of the financial analysis.

Unsuitable for Comparisons: Due to the involvement of personal value judgment, personal biasness and use of different techniques by different accountant, various types of comparisons such as inter-firm and intra-firm comparisons may not be possible and reliable.

There are 3 types of issuing debentures :

1. At par (at cost price)
2. At premium and
3. At discount.

Bearer debentures are just like currency notes which can be transferred by mere delivery.

The following are the commonly used techniques of Financial Statement analysis: 

• Comparative Financial Statements 

• Common Size Financial Statements 

• Trend Analysis 

• Ratio Analysis 

• Cash Flow Statement 

• Fund Flow Statement

The main tools or techniques of financial analysis are as follows:

1. Comparative financial statement 

2. Common size statement 

3. Cash flow analysis.

Correct option is (D) Capital gain

There is no restriction for issuing debenture at discount in companies act.

Correct option is (C) Capital loss

Correct option is (D) Unlimited

The interest coupons are provided with bearer debentures certificate.