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The Kosi project is a joint venture of India and Nepal.

Tndia is an agricultural country. Therefore it needs a regular and sufficient supply of water. Agriculture in India depends mainly on monsoon rainfall. It is seasonal, uncertain and unevenly distributed. There are certain crops which require a larger and regular water supply, such as Rice, Sugarcane, etc., Besides to increase the yield and production of crops required regular supply of water. This can be provided only by irrigation which is very essential in India.

Well irrigation is the most important type of irrigation in India. Nearly 60.7% of the total irrigated area is from well irrigation. Well irrigation is possible even in areas of low rainfall, it is cheap and easy to dig wells and they do not required superior technology. It is easy even for small farmers to dig wells.

The river valley projects which provide multiple benefits are called multipurpose river valley projects.

The artificial supply of water for the purpose of agriculture is called irrigation. It refers to the supply of water to agricultural land from rivers, reservoirs, tanks or from underground sources. 

The important types of irrigations in India are wells, canals and tanks. Recently other types of irrigations such as sprinkler and drip irrigation have been introduced.

Characteristics of Kandla seaport:

(i) First port developed soon after India got independence.

(ii) Reduced the volume of traffic on Mumbai port.

(iii) Tidal port.

(iv) Caters exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrialised states.

(v) Free trade zone.

Air Transport is considered as an important means of transport in the North-Eastern part of our country because:

(i) Big rivers: Presence of big rivers like Brahmaputra make it difficult to construct roads and railways. Airways are suitable when rivers get flooded.

(ii) Dissected relief: Uneven surface-not suitable for the construction of roadways and railways-costly affair-can be easily travelled by airways.

(iii) Dense forests: Dense forests hamper the construction of roadways and railways.

(iv) International Frontiers: International borders of Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, etc., can be easily travelled by airways without much hassles.

(i) Tourism: “The cultural, recreational and commercial visit to internal places in known as Tourism”.

(ii) (a) Foreign tourist’s arrival in the country contributing Rs. 21828 crore exchange.

(b) More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.

(c) Tourism provides support to local handicrafts.

(d) Foreign tourists visit India for medical tourism and business tourism.

(e) Helps in the growth of national income and integrity.

Merits of Air Transport are:

(i) It is the most comfortable mode of transport.

(ii) It is the fastest mode.

(iii) It is the prestigious mode of transport.

(iv) It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountain and dreary deserts.

(v) Dense forests and oceans are not problems for air transport. It covers them with great ease.

Roadways v/s Railways:

(i) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines and construction time is also comparatively less.

(ii) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography which is a limitation in case of railways.

(iii) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains like the Himalayas, whereas the mountainous regions are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. Likewise, it is difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plains in the deserts, swampy or forested tracks.

(iv) Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances, whereas railways are suitable for transportation of large number of people and goods in bulk especially over long distances.

(v) Roadways provide door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower but railways have not reached everywhere, still there are places which are yet to be connected with the railways.

(vi) Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a Iink between railway stations, air and seaports. On the other hand, railways work as a lifeline for the economic growth of a country as they carry raw materials and produced goods from one part of the nation to another on a large scale.

Prospectus is an invitation to public to purchase its share and debentures. It is issued after the formation of company.

The following are the statutory requirements in relation to Prospectus:

• Draft Prospectus to be made Public: A draft prospectus filed with SEBI by the company should be made available to the public and to the stock exchange where the company wants to lists its shares.
• Signed by Director’s: Prospectus must be signed by all directors or by duly authorised attorney.
• Registration of Prospectus: A copy of the prospectus must be registered with ROC before issuing it to the public.
• Dating of Prospectus: A prospectus has to be dated. The date on the prospectus is considered as the date of publication of prospectus.
• Issuing Prospectus to Public: Prospectus must be issued to the public within 90 days from the date of registering a copy with the ROC.

There are seven continents and four oceans on the earth.

(i) This pipeline is about 1700 km. long.

(ii) Hazira-Jaipur-Jagdishpur cross-country gas pipeline links Mumbai High and Bassien with the fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India.

(iii) This artery has provided an impetus to India's gas production.

(iv) The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas.

(v) Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNC) for vehicles to replace liquid fuels is gaining wide popularity in the country.

Antarctica continent is extended up to South Pole.

Tourism means an activity of visiting places, especially in foreign countries for pleasure. 

Tourism is known as a trade because of the following reasons.

• Foreign tourist’s arrivals have increased over the years. 5.78 million foreign tourists visited India in 2010. It contributed ? 64,889 crores as foreign exchange in the year 2010. 
• More than 15 million people are directly engaged in tourism industry. 
• It helps in the development of Indian handicrafts and other economic activities. 
• Foreign tourist visits India for business tourism, adventure tourism, medical tourism, eco tourism, heritage tourism, etc. 

Names of the four oceans on the earth are:

1. Pacific Ocean
2. Atlantic Ocean
3. Indian Ocean and
4. Arctic Ocean.

Names of the seven continents on the earth are:

1. Asia
2. Europe
3. Africa
4. North America
5. South America
6. Australia and
7. Antarctica.

International trade....

The industries cheek in jowl with tourism is handicraft industry, sculpture, sea-shell, regional handloom among others. Indian handicraft and handloom in particular hold special attraction for the Western tourists. Hospitality in services sectors is benefitted immensely, by tourism.

Also, the transportation services reap the benefits of tourism. Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year. For example, tourism contributed 14,000 crore rupees to the Indian exchequer in year 2000 and generated employment for 15 million people directly engaged in the tourism industry.

The significance of tourism as a trade in India:

(i) Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades.

(ii) Foreign tourist’s arrival has witnessed an increase, thus contributing to foreign exchange.

(iii) More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.

(iv) It provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.

(v) Tourism also promotes national integration.

(vi) It helps in development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.

(vii) Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco-tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical and business tourism.

On the basis of temperature (heat) and the amount of light received from the sun, the earth is divided into different parts. These are called ‘Zones’.

B. sewage 

The harmful substances like sewage, toxic materials, silt etc., when gets mixed with water, causes water pollution. The gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons are the major pollutants of air.

C. fly ash 

Fly ash is the air pollutant which is produced by the insufficient burning of fuels which enters into the atmosphere causing air pollution.

SAIL stands for Steel Authority of India Ltd. It is a public sector undertaking which is responsible for the management of all public sector plants in India. Additionally, it has taken over the IISCO and Viswaseraiya plant. 

The sun gives us the light and heat.

The 66.5° latitude to the south of equator is called ‘Antarctic Circle’.

The 66.5° latitude to the north of equator is called ‘Arctic Circle’.

Following are the requirements of the ship building industry. 

1. Large hinterland 

2. Deep navigable water 

3. Huge investment 

4. Raw material like steel, timber, etc 

5. Skilled labour in abundance 

Heavy engineering industries are those which have the following features. 

a. They convert steel, plastic etc into either finished goods such as modes of transport or make machinery and equipment for other industries. 

b. Both raw material and finished goods are bulky in nature. 

The area around the port which consists of those people and industries which depend on the port for their survival constitutes a hinterland. In other words, the area around the port which is influenced by the activities of the port is known as a hinterland. 

Following are the requirements of the heavy engineering industry. 

1. Huge investment 

2. Heavy and bulky raw material like steel 

3. Enormous amount of power 

4. Skilled labour in abundance 

5. Enormous transport costs

Correct option is C. Three

Correct option is A. Seven

The 23.5° latitude to the south of equator is called the ‘Tropic of Capricorn’.

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. False
7. False

(A) May to July

(B) Protected

Answer is (D) 2006

Answer is (A) horizon

Correct option is B. Equator

(C) Hilly areas

1. Temperate zone
2. Continents
3. Oceans
4. seven, four
5. South

The lines to the north of the dark, thick line in the middle of the globe are called the ‘Tropic of Cancer’ and the ‘Arctic Circle’. Similarly, the lines to the south are called the ‘Tropic of Capricorn’ and the Antarctic Circle’.

Correct option is D. Tropic of Cancer

The horizontal line named ‘Equator’ divides the globp into two equal parts. It is called 0° latitude.

Minimum light falls between 66.5° north latitudes to 90° north pole and between 66.5° south latitudes to 90° south pole. This zone is called the ‘Frigid Zone’.

The area to the north of the horizontal line is called the ‘Northern Hemisphere’, and the southern part is called the ‘Southern Hemisphere’.