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Elements: 

• Smallest unit of an element is known as atom.
• Total number of the known elements is 118 out of which 98 elements occur naturally and 20 are formed by artificial transmutation.Examples: Na, K, Mg. Al, Si, P, C, F, Br etc.

Mass of one mole of a substance in gram 

Molar mass in gram is numerically equal to atomic/molecular/formula mass in amu or u.

Correct option is D) Von Helmont

No, laws of reflection of light are applicable to curved surfaces also.

Correct option is D) blue colour

Atomic and Molecular Masses: 

Atomic Mass: Mass of an atom compared with one-twelfth mass of 1 atom of C₁₂ isotope taken as 12u. 

Molecular Mass: Mass of a molecule of covalent compound compared with one-twelfth mass of 1 atom of C₁₂ isotope taken as 12 u. 

It is equal to the sum of atomic masses of all the elements present in the molecule. 

Formula Unit Mass 

Mass of a molecule of an ionic compound 

It is also equal to the sum of atomic masses of all the elements present in the molecule.

This is because atomic masses are the relative masses of atoms as compared with an atom of C-12 isotope taken as 12.

Due to the different number of neutrons.

Most of the elements exist in different isotopes ie., atoms with different masses, eg. Cl has two isotopes with mass numbers 35 and 37 existing in the ratio 3:1. Hence, average value is taken.

The three characteristic features which can't be explained by wave theory are :

(i) Kinetic energy of emitted electrons are found to be independent of intensity of incident light.

(ii) Below a certain frequency (threshold) there is no photoemission.

(iii) Spontaneous emission of photo-electrons.

(a) Velocity is vertically upward and acceleration is vertically downward.

(b) Both velocity and acceleration are vertically downward.

(a) At the highest point, the velocity of the stone is zero. Hence, the stone will reach its maximum height corresponding to point Q.

(b) Because at Q, the stone comes to rest (velocity = zero).

1. The resultant motion is linear if:

• initial velocity \(\overset\rightarrow{u}\) = 0 (starting from rest) and acceleration \(\overset\rightarrow{a}\) is in any direction.
• initial velocity \(\overset\rightarrow{u}\) ≠ 0 and acceleration a is in line with the initial velocity (same or opposite direction).

2. The resultant motion is circular if initial velocity \(\overset\rightarrow{u}\) ≠ 0 and acceleration \(\overset\rightarrow{a}\) is perpendicular to the velocity throughout.

3. The resultant motion is parabolic if the initial velocity \(\overset\rightarrow{u}\) is not in line with the acceleration \(\overset\rightarrow{a}\) and \(\overset\rightarrow{a}\) = constant.

e.g., trajectory of a projectile motion.

4. Similarly, various other combinations of initial velocity and acceleration will result into more complicated motions.

As the name suggests, direct current always flows in one direction and alternating current reverses its direction periodically.

These animals show crawling movement for locomotion. Skin is hardened to form scales. Most of the reptilians have three-chambered heart but crocodile has four-chambered heart. They don’t need water to lay eggs, rather eggs are covered with hard shells and laid on land. 

Examples: snakes, lizards, crocodile, turtle, etc.

These animals are adapted to live both in water and land. Mucus glands on skin keep the skin moist. The animals breathe through skin when in water and through lungs when on land. The heart has three chambers. These are cold-blooded animals. 

Examples: Frog, toad, salamander, etc.

Correct Answer is: (a) Mausim

Correct Answer is: (b) Loo

(b) High pressure area to low pressure area.

There are many types of viruses that cause a wide variety of viral infections or viral diseases.

In fact, there are more than 200 different viruses that can cause a cold or an upper respiratory infection. Other common viruses include the following:

• Epstein-Barr virus causes infectious mononucleosis (cytomegalovirus causes a very similar disease in some people).
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS.
• Human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause HPV infection, cervical dysplasia, genital warts, and cervical cancer.
• Influenza viruses, such as H1N1, cause influenza (flu).
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract infections in young children.
• Rhinoviruses cause the common cold.
• Rotavirus, enteroviruses and noroviruses cause viral gastroenteritis.
• Varicella-zoster virus causes shingles and chickenpox.
• West Nile virus causes West Nile fever.

The answer is  (C) Kannad

Lack of good nourishment may be the cause of a disease.

(d) Air is present everywhere but not in soil.

(b) Deciduous forests

When a microbe/ Antigens enter our body our immune system identifies and kills that pathogen by producing antibodies against it. The immune system consists of White Blood Cells that fight with pathogens and provide protection to our body.

Vectors are carriers of the disease between individuals. Mosquitoes act as vectors for transmission of dengue, malaria etc.

Differences between Being Healthy and Disease-free:

Among three conditions in the condition (c) a person most likely to fall sick because After fasting of four days, and taking care of someone suffering from chicken-pox. In this case, she becomes weak and she may fall sick.

In condition (c), a person is most likely to fall sick. 

The reasons are:

(a) Due to malaria, the body becomes weak and loss of body fluids occur. In this condition, it she takes four days fast, her recovery from malaria related weakness will not occur and she will become more weak.

(b) Her immune system is already weak due to malaria and if she takes care of someone suffering from chicken pox, there is high probability that she may also suffer this diseases.

Non – infectious diseases like cancer, high blood pressure do not spread.

When the microbes affect the entire organ, such as lungs or kidneys, it is known as organ-specific manifestation. The microorganisms that enter the body travel to a specific organ and multiply there. Different microbes are at home in different parts of the body. For instance, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that cause tuberculosis. 

When the entire tissue is affected by the microbes, it is called a tissue-specific manifestation. The immune system is also activated in response to the infections. The microorganisms enter into the tissues and damage it. The immune system recruits the disease-causing microbes and destroys them.

This is known as inflammation.

True

The individual units of organs are tissues which work together to perform similar functions. The tissues themselves are made of cells, the functional unit of life.

There are many places, organs or tissues where these microorganisms could go. Symptoms tell us about the target organ infected. Malaria causing microbes, entering through a mosquito bite, will go to the liver, and then to the red blood cells.

The signs and symptoms of a disease will depend on the tissue or organ which microbe targets. If the liver is targeted, there will be jaundice. If the brain is the target, we will observe headaches, vomiting, fits or unconsciousness. An active immune system recruits many cells to the affected tissue to kill off the disease-causing microbes. This recruitment process is called inflammation. The severity of disease manifestations depend on the number of microbes in the body. The immune system is a major factor that determines the number of microbes surviving in the body.

Principles of treatment and Prevention:

There are two ways to treat an infectious disease. One would be to reduce the effects of the disease and the other to kill cause of the disease. Antibiotics are the drugs used to treat the diseases caused by bacteria, fungi and protozoans. e.g. penicillin. Anti-viral drugs are the medicines used to treat diseases caused by viruses. These drugs are difficult to be prepared when compared to anti-bacterial drugs. Despite this limitation, there are now effective anti-viral drugs, for example, the drugs that keep HIV infection under control.

There are two ways one general and one specific to prevent diseases. The general ways of preventing infections mostly relate to preventing infections. Airborne micro-organisms can be prevented by providing living conditions which are not over crowded. Water-borne microorganisms can be prevented by providing safe drinking water. Vector-borne diseases can be prevented by providing clean environment. Public hygiene is one basic step in the prevention of infectious diseases. Availability of proper and sufficient food can prevent infectious diseases. Immunization through vaccines is specific way of preventing diseases. Eg: vaccines against tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles and polio etc.

Machines have given humans abnormal power. They are helping them in every field. They are working as man’s slaves.

Bengaluru urban district is with the highest density of population. Kodagu district is with the lowest density of population.

Karnataka has a large number of villages. Totally there are 29,406 villages. According to the 2011 census, the rural population is 3.75 crore population. This means that out of Karnataka’s total population 61.4% population live in rural areas. The remaining 88.6% (2.35 crore) population in Urban areas. Comparing to the average population of India, the urban population of Karnataka is greater. The population is not distributed equally in all the districts of Karnataka. Bengaluru urban district has the largest urban population whereas the Kodagu district has the smallest urban population.

According to the 2001 census, the total population of Karnataka was 5.28,50,562. In, the decade from 2001 to 2011 census 80,80,142 persons have been added to the population. This growth rate during this period is lower than the growth rate of population in India (17.64). The reason for this is awareness about family planning program, literacy program, birth control.

The basic facilities needed in a tourist spot are : providing tourists with tourist homes, lodges and restaurants, so that the tourists can stay there and eat food.

Science has helped us to produce more and more food. It has also invented many new medicines and helped man to live longer.

1. 6,11,30,704.

2. Bengaluru Urban district

3. Udupi.

4. Kodagu

5. 275.

In the modern world, everybody is running after material things. Nobody cares about ethics and morals.

As the tiger which was very dangerous caught two months ago was licking with more relish as nobody went near him for the last two months, it may have been thinking of better food.

Golu asked his tall aunt, the ostrich , "Why don’t you ever fly like other birds?"

Grandfather was shocked when he came to know that his pet tiger Timothy had died two months back due to pneumonia and the tiger licking his hands was a very dangerous one who was only caught two months back.

Toto was a monkey. He teased Timothy and pulled his tail.

Grandmother feared that one day Timothy might get violent and eat up Mahmoud because Timothy’s behaviour was changing. No, it did not come true.