Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Mixed economy is adopted in India to remove economic disparity in society.

The President of India appoints the Governor of a state.

The ideal of fraternity is based on : 

1. The dignity of the individual, and 

2. The unity of the nation.

The Supreme Court can declare the orders of the executive unconstitutional.

Dimensions of personality: There are various dimensions of personality which include physical, mental, social and emotional traits. 

(a) Physical: Physique is the primary aspect or dimension of human personality. Heredity has an important role to play in personality along with environment for the development of physical aspect of personality. Genetics provides the base of personality and environment helps in raising a beautiful structure thereon. Most of the time we use the term "first impression is the last impression", this completely refers to one's physical appearance, i.e., the outward mask. and how one carries himself. An individual possessing a well-built physique tends to be more confident of himself. This aesthetic appeal is a source of admiration from others. Thus we can say that a healthy individual not only contributes to the society but is an asset to it.

(b) Mental and intellectual dimensions: A well-built physical stature of an individual, devoid of mental and intellectual abilities, is just like a statue without life. Human personality loses its meaning if conceived without mind and intellect. Man is a psycho-physical organism i.e., a mind and body unit and one part is incapable of effective survival without the other. Those of us who are more intelligent and mentally alert, react and respond quickly to any sort of stimulation and understand the things in a better way, are always in an advantageous position in the society. Mental and intellectual capabilities of an individual help in adjusting to new requirements, circumstances and over changing conditions of present day life in a most appropriate way. 

(c) Social dimensions: Man is a social being. He has learnt speaking, reading, writing and behaving with others from the society in which he lives. In order to be an acceptable member of the society, he has to mould and modify his behaviour, learn and acquire manners, qualities and etiquette and has to follow the rules, customs and traditions of the society. This social interaction enables an individual to develop social attributes like tolerance, cooperation and fair play. It inculcates the spirit of service and sacrifice and cultivates a sense of responsibility and duty besides providing social efficiency. The real recognition of one's personality comes from the society in which one lives. 

(d) Emotional dimension: Emotions play a vital part in our motivational pattern. Life without emotions would be, virtually, a life without motion. Emotions make our life interesting or happy. We can feel dull and unhappy as well. These are present in each and every living organism at all the stages of development. Emotions are personal in nature and differ from individual to individual. Emotions increase energy mobilization in our body. The effect of emotions on our body may be beneficial or harmful. We should learn to control emotions and develop emotional tolerance. 

There are four types of personality: A, B, C and D. 

(a) Type A: The individuals with this type of personality trait are very competitive and high achievers. They have high working involvement and are self-critical. They feel insecure at some point of their life. They are always found busy and have high sense of time urgency. They always try to finish their jobwork on time. 

(b) Type B: These type of individuals are not competitive in nature. They are opposite to type A personality. These individuals are satisfied in life and can be called as successful persons. They are very entertaining and not easily stressed.

(c) Type C: These type of individuals spend time on trying. These individuals are suitable for technical jobs. They have a pleasing nature. They are not assertive at all. They suppress their own desires and emotions. They are reserved in nature. 

(d) Type D: These individuals are distressed. They have a negative outlook towards life. These individuals do not share their emotions with others and live a poor quality of life. They always have fear of rejection. They prefer a withdrawing attitude and monotony of routine. 

Conclusion: Personality is greatly influenced by socio-cultural environment wherein the child is brought up. Environment plays an important role in shaping the child's personality. There is no limit to the continuous growth and development of the personality.

Physical activities and sports play an important role in the development of personality of an individual. These activities help in shaping up the personality of an individual such as: 

(a) Physical appearance: One of the primary aspects of one's personality is his physical appearance. Both boys and girls are much concerned about how they look. Physical activities are conducive to the growth and development of physique. Workouts in gym are becoming a must for all the youngsters of today. This develops their outer personality which creates a good impression. 

(b) Social interactions: Physical activities and sports provide opportunities of interaction between athletes coming from different regions, speaking different languages, having different castes and religions. This helps an individual to develop multi-dimensional personality. Moral values through sports is responsible for development of sound and ideal character, a very essential attribute of personality. 

(c) Analytic thinking: This mental exercise enhances the intellectual abilities of the participants and broadens their mental horizon. It is well said that physique is of no use if not governed by analytical thinking, analyzing and interpreting new situations. 

(d) Disciplined and assertive: In sports one learns to make sincere efforts, which reflect positively in the development of an individual's personality. Code of discipline is fundamental in learning of any physical activity and effective participation in sports. 

(e) Well balanced individual: Physical activities also provide recreation which go a long way in producing a perfectly happy, satisfied and balanced individual having a pleasing and energetic personality, zest for life experiences. Physical activities and sports are the basic needs of human beings which help in the development of a well balanced personality.

Goal setting as a technique of motivation: Achieving performance goals is a sign of competence that affects motivation. It is necessary to set realistic goals (aims) based on one's own abilities. Setting up too high a goal or a very low goal will adversely affect the level of motivation. The goal should be difficult one but should be realistic, specific and attainable. It should be attained step by step. Goalsetting has been recognised as a powerful motivational technique as it mobilizes an athlete's efforts and prolongs his persistence.

Motivation is, more or less. a force which includes or stimulates a person's interest in learning the activity. This force may be the inner urge emanating from within or may be external or outer pulls or attractions which compel and drive him towards the activity. It can thus be said that the main sources of motivation may be natural or artificial, and on the basis of these sources, motivation can be classified into two categories: 

(a) Intrinsic Motivation: Intrinsic means something inherent. Instrinsic motivated behaviour is a behaviour which is motivated by person's innate need to feel competent and self-determining in dealing with his or her environment. It comes from within, a feeling of pure enjoyment or satisfaction and provide a sense of personal competence. Intrinsic motivation is the motivation to perform an activity for its own sake; performance for the sake of enjoyment. 

(b) Extrinsic Motivation: When an athlete/individual initiates and sustains an activity as a result of pulls, attractions, forces. incentive, etc.. it is called Extrinsic motivation. When an athlete is competing because some other goals or rewards might result from his performance, he can be said to be extrinsically motivated. Where motivation is controlled or regulated by external means or factors such as rewards" prizes, praise, scholarship, social recognisation, position, jobs etc; this type of motivation is called extrinsic motivation, e.g. when an athlete takes part in any activity with the object of winning a medal or trophy- or securing a position or a job. 

In real life a person's motivation is infact a combination of both types. When strong extrinsic motivation is combined with high intrinsic motivation, it would result in enhancement of performance.

It expresses the parliamentary system.

(i) Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis. (False)
(ii) Plants which synthesise their food themselves are called saprotrophs. (False)
(iii) The product of photosynthesis is not a protein. (True)
(iv) Solar energy is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis. (True)

1. bad odour

2. accumulation

3. jaundice

4. polio

They are in no way dependent on forests, but have a considerable stake in their management. They recognize the need to preserve biodiversity as a whole.

A tournament is a large contest of many rounds among various teams. It is a competition held among various teams in a particular activity according to a fixed schedule where a winner is decided.

Chipko movement was started in early 1970s in village Reni in Garhwal by the women of Uttarakhand to stop felling of forest trees of their area. 

(i) Fossil fuels are conventional sources of energy that will not last longer 

(ii) To reduce air pollution.

It can cause earthquakes, loss of habitat, submerging of plants releases methane gas that causes green house effect.

The development which can be maintained for a long time without undue damage to the environment.

Two objectives : 

(i) To provide the economic well being to the present and future generation.

(ii) To maintain a healthy environment and life support system.

We need to manage natural resources because of the reasons listed below :

(i) A majority of natural resources is limited. 

(ii) Human population is increasing at a tremendous rate. 

(iii) Utilization of natural resources is increasing at an exponential rate. 

(iv) Need to conserve resources for future generations.

Over four hundred years ago, in the parts of Himachal Pradesh had developed a local system of canal irrigation called kulhs. The water flowing in the streams was diverted into man-made channels. Canals carried the water to numerous villages down the hillside to irrigate crops.

(a) afforestation

Large dams can ensure the storage of adequate water not just for irrigation, but also for generating electricity, as discussed in the previous chapter. Canal systems leading from these dams can transfer large amounts of water over great distances. For example, the Indira Gandhi Canal has brought greenery to considerable areas of Rajasthan.

We often hear or read about environmental problems. These are often global-level problems and we feel helpless to make any changes. There are international laws and regulations and then there are our own national laws and acts for environmental protection. There are also national and international organizations working towards protecting our environment.

Natural resources are the materials provided by nature. They include forests, water, coal and petroleum reserves. Day-by-day we are exploiting our natural resources. River Ganga features an example for the exploitation of natural resources. The coliform bacteria are usually found in the human intestine whose presence in the Ganga water indicates contamination by faeces and disease-causing micro-organisms. The Ganga Action Plan project was launched in 1985 to clean the Ganga and make its water free from pollution.

The 3R's in conserving resources are Reduce, Recycle and Reuse. We can make environment friendly decision by knowing more about how our choices affect the environment. The concept of sustainable development encourages forms of growth that meet current basic human needs, while preserving the resources for the needs of future generations. Economic development is linked to environmental conservation. Thus sustainable development implies a change in all aspects of life.

Our natural resources are limited. With the rapid increase in human population, due to improvement in health care the demand for all resources is increasing.

All the things we use or consume are obtained from resources on the earth. The only thing we get from outside is energy which we receive from the Sun. Our resources are not unlimited. With the human population increasing at a tremendous rate due to improvement in health care, the demand for all resources is increasing at an exponential rate. The management of natural resources requires a long term perspective so that these will last for the generations to come and will not merely be exploited to the hilt for short term gains.

Another factor to be considered while we exploit these natural resources is the damage we cause to the environment while these resources are either extracted or used. For eg: mining. Hence sustainable natural resource management demands that we plan for the safe disposal of these wastes too.

The main aim behind the Narmada Bachao Andolan (‘Save the Narmada Movement’) is to oppose the raising the height of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the river Narmada. By raising the height a large number of peasants and tribal will be displaced without adequate compensation or rehabilitation,

(c) Save Narmada

Mining causes soil erosion, loss of biodiversity. The chemicals released from mining activities cause contamination of soil, groundwater, surface water. Dust from mining causes air pollution. Mining activities too cause noise pollution. In this way, mining practices cause air, water, soil and noise pollution.

Hay, dry leaves, husk, cowdung, etc.

Paper, cardboard, fruit peels, vegetable peels, soapy water, rags, etc.

Correct option (C) Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false.    

Explanation:

Hydrogen and chlorine combine to give hydrogen chloride hence, it is a combination reaction.

pH will decrease so that milk does not get spoilt /sour/ when changed into curd.

Because enzymes which can change the milk to curd does not work in alkaline pH.

Correct option (C) AS, Al, Na and Pb 

Explanation:

Silver cannot displace hydrogen from dilute acid.The! reaction of aluminium with hydrochloric acid is exothermic.Sodium is highly reactive so, reaction is explosive. Lead is slightly more reactive than hydrogen hence, only some gas bubbles are seen.

Correct option (D)  

Explanation:

As per the reactivity series, reactivity of metals is Al > Zn > Fe > Cu.

As Zn, Fe and Cu, all are less reactive than Al so, they do not displace Al from Al₂(SO₄)s solution hence, all the solutions remain colourless. There is no effect observed in test tube 4 as AI is dipped in its own salt solution.

Correct option  (D) Zn, Cu, Al, Ag.

Explanation:

Black residue is obtained in test tubes I and lll i.e., iron gets displaced in test tubes I and lll. Therefore, metals P and R should be more reactive than iron.

No change is observed in test tubes ll and lV hence, metals Q and S should be less reactive than iron.

(b) Hospital waste

(c) Fruit peel

Useless product at the end of any process is called waste.

Carbon dioxide and methane.

Biogas is made bv decomposition of farm waste and some domestic waste.