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The Treaty of Allahabad was signed in 1765. According to its term the Nawab surrendered the districts of Allahabad and Kara to the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam. The Nawab agreed to pay 50 lakh rupees to the company. The Mughal Emperor granted the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the British. In return the company agreed to pay T 26 lakhs annually to him. The company for the first time got involved in the direct administration of Bengal.

Due to his expansionist policy, he became master of a powerful kingdom which extended from the Khyber Pass in the North to Sind in the South.

(a) The collapse of the powerful Vijayanagar empire in the 17th century gave rise to a number of independent kingdoms, constantly at war with one another. The most important of these was the kingdom of Mysore which had somehow managed to preserve its independence despite repeated attacks by neighboring kingdoms. In the middle of the 18th century, Mysore, under the leadership of Hyder Ali, emerged as one of the most powerful kingdoms in the south. 

(b) In 1761 Hyder Ali overthrew the government and established his authority over the Mysore state. Under his rule, Mysore became a prosperous and powerful state and a formidable adversary of the English East India Company in the south. 

(c) Tipu Sultan proved to be a worthy successor. He introduced many reforms to overhaul and reorganize the administrative machinery. He modernized the army and strengthened the economy by encouraging agriculture and modem trade and industry.

(a) Murshid Quli Khan was an excellent administrator and a man of exceptional abilities. He freed Bengal from external and internal dangers and established stability, peace and prosperity in the state. 

(b) Alivardi Khan recognized the importance of promoting trade and encouraged merchants-Indian as well as foreign-to carry on trde in Bengal. He, however, did not allow the French and British merchants to fortify their factories in Chandemagore (now Chandannagar) and Culcutta (now Kolkata), respectively. 

(c) The nawabs of Bengal, however, failed to understand the true nature and ulterior motives of the British trading company. They believed that a trading company could never challenge their authority. No efforts were made to reorganize and strengthen the army. Corruption was rampant and even high-ranking officials were susceptible to bribes. These weaknesses made Bengal a happy hunting ground for the aggressive and imperialistic ambitions of the British.

Mir Qasim objected to the misuse cf trade regulations. The abuse of duty free inland trade adversely affected the revenue which was the only income of the Nawab. Mir Qasim took other measures for consolidation of his administration, (a) training his army on European lines (b) transfer of treasury from Murshidabad to Munghyr. The British did not like these administrative steps. Under these circumstances, Nawab Mir Qasim challenged the company and a war broke out between them. The Nawab was defeated and fled to Awadh. He formed an alliance with Shuja-ud-daulah, the Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam, the Mughal Emperor. The three forces met the British at Buxar on October 22, 1764. This battle is known as Battle of Buxar. The British emerged victorious. They made Mir Jaffar the Nawab of Bengal, the second time. The defeat in the battle of Buxar finally sealed the fate of Indian rulers and made the English the supreme power in India.

Name the kingdom founded by him.

Punjab.

The company deposed Mir Jaffar and made his son-in-law, Mir Qasim, the new Nawab of Bengal. From the beginning the relations between the two were not cordial. Qasim objected to the misuese of trade regulations.

The principal Rajput states like Jaipur (Amber), Jodhpur (Marwar) and Udaipur (Mewar) took advantage of the declining power of the Mughals and asserted their independence.

Ranjit Singh signed a treaty of ‘perpetual friendship’ with Lord Minto.

He brought all the Sikh chiefs, west of the Sutlej, under his control and made himself master of Punjab by the end of 18th century.

After the Battle of Plassey the English East India Company became the real power. The company made demands which Mir Jaffar was unable to meet. Gradually, the Nawab’s treasury became empty. The company also started interfering in the day to day administration. Mir Jaffar was not happy with the company. The company deposed Mir Jaffar and made Mir Qasim, his son-in-law, the new Nawab of Bengal.

Number of triangle in a rectangles = 3

Number of circles in a rectangles = 2

Numbers of squares in a rectangles = 2

Total number of figures in a rectangles = 7

(a) Ratio of the number of triangles to the number of circles = 3/2

(b) Ratio of the number of squares to all the figures in rectangle = 2/7

(c) Ratio of the number of circles to tall the figures in the rectangle = 2/3

The court intrigues, conspiracies, treachery and corruption of the Mughal courts were replayed in the courts of the Rajput rulers. This sapped their energies and made them vulnerable to the selfish designs of the English East India Company.

1. The British had to face the challenge of the rulers of Hyderabad and Mysore, Marathas after the conquest of Bengal. 

2. The new Nizam of Hyderabad, Salabat Jung initially had cordial relations with the English. 

3. Lord Wellesley made the Nizam of Hyderabad enter the Subsidiary Alliance system. 

4. The English fought four wars with rulers of Mysore, known as Anglo-Mysore wars. 

5. It took the British 43 years to defeat the Marathas in three Anglo-Maratha wars. 

6. Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh on basis of misgovernance.

According to Doctrine of Lapse if the ruler of a dependent state died without leaving a natural heir the state would automatically pass over to the British. The Doctrine of Lapse did not recognise adopted children as rightful heirs. Satara, Jaitpur, Baghat, Udaipur, Sambhalpur, Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse. Punjab was annexed through war. Awadh was annexed by Dalhousie on the basis of misgovemance.

Length of the rectangle = 40cm 

Width of the rectangle = 20cm 

Ratio of length and width = 40 cm : 20 cm

= 40/20 = 2/1 = 2 :1

1. The Subsidiary Alliance system was started by Lord Cornwallis. False. 

2. The capture of the port of Mahe by the British led to the Second Anglo-Mysore War in 1780 True. 

3. Tipu won a great battle against his three enemies, the English, Nizam and the Marathas in 1792 False. 

4. The war of succession among the Marathas in 1772 gave a chance to the English to interfere in Maratha politics. True. 

5. The Second Anglo-Maratha war was fought when Lord Wellesley was the Governor General of India. True. 

6. Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed under the pretext of misgovernance. False.

In the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-1792) the company won the support of two other powers – the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas. Tipu Sultan was completely defeated by these three joint powers and was forced to sign the Treaty of Seringapattam in 1792. According to the terms of this treaty Tipu had to surrender half of his territories which were to be shared between the British, the Nizam and the Marathas. Tipu also had to pay a war indemnity of ruppees 3.3 crore. Two of his sons were taken hostages.

After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh there was a state of political instability in the Punjab. For six years there was conflict among various claimants to the throne.

Carnatic, however, freed himself from the Nizam’s control and established hereditary rule in his state. This led to wars of succession and political instability in the Carnatic, providing the European trading companies opportunities to interfere in its internal affairs and make territorial, commercial and financial gains.

Speed of Cheetah = 120 kmph 

Speed of a man = 20 kmph 

∴ Ratio of speed of Cheetah to a man 

= 120 : 20 

= 6 : 1

The Marathas, the Nizam and the British marched towards Mysore. But Hyder won over the Marathas and the Nizam. The British were isolated. Haider won after some setbacks. He forced the British to sign a peace treaty in 1769, according to which both Haider and the British agreed to help each other in case of any attack by a third power.

The mother of the minor son of Ranjit Singh, Maharani Jindan Kaur instigated the Khalsa against the British. This led to the first Anglo-Sikh War. The Sikhs were defeated and had to sign the Treaty of Lahore in 1846. The Sikhs lost territory and had to keep British Resident.

C) i, ii and iii

1. Nano tubes are used as molecule wires.

2. In intigrated circuits nano tubes are used to connect the components together. 

3. Nano tubes are used to incert Biomolecules into the single cell.

C) Sumi Li Jima

Speed of the Garden Snell = 50 m/hour = 50/1000 kmph

= 1/20 kmph

Speed of the Cheetah = 120 kmph 

Ratio of their speeds = 1/20 : 120

= 20/20 : 20 x 120

= 1 : 2400

Generally, hydrochloric acid is used for bathroom cleaning. It liberates thick fumes and pungent smell when poured on the floor.

The chemical name of vitamin C is Ascorbic acid.

Sulphuric acid is used in batteries.

Yes. It contain carbonic acids.

B) Air bags inside the vehicles

A) low impulse

The picture shows the dead body of an elephant. It also shows a fallen tree. It presents man’s cruelty to animals and trees. It shows man’s selfishness as well as senselessness. It reminds us of the need to protect plant life and animal life.

We can do a lot to save nature. First of all, not harming nature itself is a great service. Then, we can go on planting trees at various places like school grounds, road sides. We can promote animal life. We can spread awareness among people the need to and methods of saving nature. Preventing pollution, avoiding excessive use of resources, limiting deforestation and encouraging afforestation, promoting animal life are some of the steps we can initiate.

Man has been attacking Nature mercilessly. Michael Jackson is moved. He is concerned. He asks everyone to think. He asks everyone to notice the crying earth. He appeals for peace, protection, preservation. He uses a series of questions to convince the reader.

“Mother earth motivates writers in many ways. Poets find Mother earth as an endless source of inspiration. Earth’s colour, shape, textures, life it supports and many more things have formed themes of a lot many works.”

“But these days the major theme has been “how man abuses Mother earth”. People have become not only selfish but also senseless. Their cruelty to earth is going to cost a heavy price to man.”

“Nature is man’s best benefactor. It gives us rich food, fresh water, and clean air. It provides us with chances to play. It entertains us. It educates us. It fills our minds with great ideas. It sets models of behaviour.” 

“Nature helps one develop one’s personality well. It creates plenty of opportunities to learn, to correct, to improve, to perform and to progress. Hence great persons, poets, philosophers appreciate Nature’s glory and acknowledge its service. They appeal for the preservation of nature for posterity.”

(i) stedom – modest 

(ii) teccirle – electric 

(iii) eilpmid – implied 

(iv) ectubrh – butcher

1. I would not accept. 

2. my friend would have felt very happy. 

3. he will shine in studies. 

4. he would have escaped imposition. 

5. I would try my best to improve the students’ performance.

Transfer payments are payments for which no goods or services are provided in exchange. 

1. John suffers from Asthama but attends school regularly. 

Main clause – John suffers from Asthama 

Main clause – (he) attends school regularly. 

2. We like songs but they like games. 

Main clause – We like songs 

Main clause – they like games. 

3. Japan attacked China in 1937 and wounded many soldiers. 

Main clause – Japan attacked China in 1937. 

Main clause – (Japan) wounded many soldiers. 

4. If the rain stops, we will go out. 

Main clause – We will go out. 

Subordinate clause – If the rain stops 

5. She was unhappy or she was upset. 

Main clause – She was unhappy 

Main clause – She was upset. 

6. The shops were closed because there was a strike. 

Main clause – The shops were closed. 

Subordinate clause – because there was a strike.

Non market activities are those activities which have no market price. 

Ex. An electrical fault can be repaired by himself. 

By deducting intermediate consumption from value of output, the problem of double counting can be solved.

Non marketing activities refer to acquiring of many final goods and services not through regular market transactions. E.g. vegetable grown in the backyard of the house.