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1. Erythroblastosis foetalis is condition in which there is destruction of the erythrocytes of the foetus. It is the haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). 

2. This is caused in foetus, if mother is Rh -ve and father is Rh +ve. Rh +ve is the dominant allele, the foetus becomes Rh +ve, when its father is RH +ve. 

3. Rh +ve blood groups have D antigen which induces a strong immunogenic response when introduced into Rh -ve individuals. 

4. During foetal life, there is connection between mother and foetus through placenta, therefore Rh +ve antigen D from the foetus enters maternal circulation. 

5. This triggers formation of anti-Rh antibodies in mother. Subsequently Rh+ve foetus receives anti-Rh antibodies produced by mother.

6. This causes agglutination reaction resulting into haemolysis in foetus. In order to prevent HDN, Rh -ve mother is injected with the anti-Rh antibody during all her pregnancies if her husband is Rh +ve.

Python keyword is used to execute the python program from command line

Correct answer is (a) colostrum

Correct answer is (a) Thymocytes

Correct answer is (d) AIDS

(1) I is a virus which is trying to cause infection, II are two antigen molecules which are trying to attack the virus.

(2) (a) is epitope which is antigen determinant and 

(b) is a paratope which is part of the antibody. Epitope and paratope are specific to each other and hence they form a complex.

(3) The study of antigen-antibody interactions is called serology.

Hinge is the region of Y-shaped structure, holding arms and stem of antibody where four polypeptide chains of antibody are held together by disulfide bonds (-s-s-) to form a ‘Y’-shaped structure.

AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.

T-cells and B-cells are produced from the stem cells called haemocytoblasts, in bone marrow of adults and in liver of the foetus, by the process of haematopoiesis and in the bone marrow in adult.

Helper T-cells stimulate B-cells to form antibodies.

1. There are about 30 known antigens on the surface of human red blood cells. They decide the type of blood group such as ABO, Rh, Duffy, Kidd, Lewis, P MNS, Bombay.

2. The different blood groups are determined genetically due to presence of a particular antigen. 

3. Landsteiner found two antigens or agglutinogens on the surface of human red blood cells which are named as antigen A and antigen B. 

4. There is another antigen called Antigen D which decides the Rh status of the blood. If Antigen D is present, the person is said to be RH positive and when it is lacking, the person is Rh negative. 

5. These antigens are responsible for types of blood group and the specific transfusions. 

6. Antigens present on the RBCs and antibodies present in the serum can cause agglutination reactions if they are non-compatible. Therefore, at the time of transfusion blood groups are checked properly.

On the right side of the diagram, the stages of plasmodium are passed in the body of human. Whereas on the left side of the diagram, those take place in the body of mosquito. Hypnozoite is the stage that is dormant in the liver of human host. From this schizont and then merozoites Trophozoite is the stage in the erythrocytes, which rupture and gives rise to gamerocyte. Microgamete and macrogamete fuse with each other to form zygote which later gives rise to ookinete which forms sporozoites. This enters the salivary glands of mosquito. Sexual phase of Plasmodium occurs in mosquito body, whereas asexual phase is in human body.

Correct answer is (c) Sporozoite → Merozoites → Trophozoites → Schizonts

1. Anopheles Female mosquito which is a carrier carries sporozoites. When it bites the human, these sporozoites enter human circulation. 

2. Sporozoites undergo asexual reproduction through fission or schizogony in the liver cells or erythrocytes of the human. 

3. It forms merozoites. The cells formed within erythrocytes function as gametocytes. They undergo gamogony.

4. Upon biting such person, the gametocytes enter into female Anopheles, fertilization occurs in its gut. 

5. Diploid zygote transforms into oocyst. Oocyst forms large number of haploid sporozoites through meiosis (sporogony). 

6. Sporozoites migrate to salivary glands and are ready to infect new human host. 

7. Again Sporozoite → Merozoite → Trophozoite → Schizont sequence is carried on for plasmodial stages in human body. 

8. The sexual life cycle of Plasmodium occurs in mosquito body which acts as a vector. While its asexual phase takes place in human body.

Correct answer is (b) thymus glands

Plasmodium undergoes sexual reproduction by the process of fertilization and development in the intestine of mosquito.

Plasmodium reproduce asexually in the liver cells and red blood cells of infected human being.

Carbohydrates in the form of capsular polysaccharides and/or lipopolysaccharides

Diseases which are developed after the birth of an individual are called acquired diseases. These are of two types, viz. (a) Communicable or infectious diseases and (b) Noncommunicable or Non-infectious diseases. Communicable or infectious diseases are transmitted from infected person to another healthy person either directly or indirectly. They are caused due to pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi, helminth worms, etc. Noncommunicable or Non-infectious diseases cannot be transmitted from infected person to another healthy one either directly or indirectly.

1. The common cold (nasopharyngitis or rhinopharyngitis) is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system. The causative organisms are rhinoviruses and coronaviruses. 

2. Symptoms include cough, sore throat, runny nose and fever. 

3. There is no known treatment, however, symptoms usually resolve spontaneously in 7 to 10 days. 

4. The best prevention for the common cold is to stay away from infected people and places where infected individuals have been. 

5. Hand washing with plain soap and water is recommended. Also alcoholbased hand sanitizers provide very little protection.

Health is defined as the state of complete physical, mental and social well¬being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Correct answer is (c) Fungus thrives well on the warm and moist skin.

Correct answer is (b) When scrotum is infected with filarial worms

Correct answer is (a) caused by a virus

Correct answer is (b) Keratin

Correct answer is (a) Diethyle carbamacine

Correct answer is (a) Microsporum

Correct answer is (a) gut of female Anopheles

Correct answer is (d) Eating uncovered roadside food.

Correct answer is (c) a toxin from Plasmodium

Correct answer is (d) Filariasis

(1) AIDS or the acquired immuno deficiency syndrome, is fatal viral disease caused by a retrovirus (ss RNA) known as the human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) which weakens the body’s immune system. It is called a modern pandemic. 

(2) The HIV attacks the immune system which in turn causes many opportunistic infections, neurological disorders and unusual malignancies ultimately leading to death. 

(3) AIDS was first noticed in USA in 1981 whereas in India, first confirmed case of AIDS was in April 1986 from Tamil Nadu. 

(4) HIV is transmitted through body fluids such as saliva, tears, nervous system tissue, spinal fluid, blood, semen, vaginal fluid and breast milk. However, only blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk generally transmit infection to others.

(5) The transmission of HIV occurs by sexual contact, through blood and blood products and by contaminated syringes, needles, etc. There is also transplacental transmission or through breast milk at the time of nursing. 

(6) Accidental needle injury, artificial insemination with infected donated semen and transplantation with infected organs are some of the rare occasions of transmission of HIV. 

(7) HIV infection is not spread by casual contact such as hugging, bite of mosquitoes or using other objects touched by a patient. 

(8) Acute HIV infection progresses over time to asymptomatic HIV infection and then to early symptomatic HIV infection. Later, it progresses to full blown AIDS when patient shows advanced HIV infection with CD4 T-cell count below 200 cells/mm.

Symptoms of malaria: 

1. Fever accompanied by shivering. 

2. Joint pain or arthralgia. 3. Vomiting. 

4. Anaemia caused due to rupture of RBCs or haemolysis. 

5. Haemoglobinuria.

Male mosquito feed only on plant sap and not blood of human beings; therefore it does not spread Malaria.

Preventive measures of malaria :

1. Transmission of malarial parasite can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites. Therefore, mosquitoes should be controlled or totally eradicated. 

2. This can be done by using of mosquito nets and insect repellents. 

3. Mosquito control measures such as spraying insecticides inside houses and draining stagnant water where mosquitoes lay their eggs. 

4. The mosquito larvae can be eradicated by releasing Gambusia fish which can feed upon these larvae. 

5. Vaccine against malaria is also under preparation.

Correct answer is (b) they do not produce antibodies and antitoxins

Amoebiasis or amoebic dysentery is the gastro-intestinal disease by which 15% Indian population is affected.

The disease which is transmitted from infected person to another healthy person either directly or indirectly is called infectious disease or communicable disease.

Eradication of mosquitoes:

1. Removal of all stagnant water pools around the houses. 

2. If such water bodies are there, they should be sprayed with insecticides.

3. But better option which is eco-friendly is releasing mosquito eating fish like Gambusia or Tilapia. 

4. Use of mosquito repellent plants like Citronella. Use of coils and repellent creams. 

5. Fumigation of the area to kill the mosquito. 

6. Aedes sps. breed in man-made containers, especially plastic and cement tanks. Care should therefore be taken to dispose such containers properly. Water should not be accumulated in them.

The ability of an organism to enter a host and cause a disease is called pathogenicity.

1. Avoiding areas where mosquitoes are in more concentration.

2. Carrying mosquito repellent creams or coils. 

3. Use of mosquito nets and other fumigation devices. 

4. Wearing full clothing in light colours. 

5. Staying indoors when mosquitoes are swarming, especially in the evening. 

6. Taking anti-malarial pills as a precautionary measure.

An organism that lives in or on another organism called host and takes its nourishment from it (host) is called parasite.

The functions of immunoglobulin are agglutination, precipitation, opsonisation, neutralization.

1. First generation vaccine – MMR vaccine 

2. Second generation vaccine – Hepatitis-B vaccine 

3. Third generation vaccine – DNA Vaccine

Pathogen are living agents such as viruses, ricketssia, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, helminth and certain insect larvae which are capable of causing diseases.

Opsonisation or enhanced attachment is the process by which a pathogen is marked of ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte. Opsonisation involves the binding of an opsonin i.e antibody, to a receptor on the pathogen’s cell membrane. After opsonin binds to the membrane, phagocytes are attracted to the pathogen. So, opsonisation is a process in which pathogens are coated with a substance called an opsonin, marking the pathogen out for destruction by the immune system. This results in a much more efficient phagocytosis.

A branch of immunology which deals with the study of antigen-antibody interactions is called serology.

c. Both deoxyribose and ribose belong to a class of sugars called pentoses.

Response of plant to the relative length of day and night period to induce flowering is Photoperiodism.

The overall ability of body to fight against the disease causing pathogen is called immunity. It is also called disease resistance and the lack of immunity is known as susceptibility.