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The cost of levelling and turning a square lawn = 2.50 per m²

Total cost of levelling and turning = Rs. 13322.50

Total area of square lawn 

= 13322.50/2.50

= 5329 m²

Side² = 5329

Side of square lawn 

= √5329

= 73 m

So, total length of lawn is ,

= 4 × 73

= 292 m

∴ Cost of fencing the lawn at Rs 5 per metre 

= 292 × 5

= Rs.1460

The area of square field = 60025 m²

Speed of cyclist = 18 km/h

= 18 × (1000/60×60)

= 5 m/s²

Area = 60025 m²

Side² = 60025

Side = √60025

= 245

Total length of boundary = 4 × Side

= 4 × 245

= 980 m

Now ,Time taken to return to the starting point 

= 980/5

= 196 seconds

= 3 minutes 16 seconds

Let the three consecutive multiples of 8 be x, x+8 and x+16.
According to question,
x+x+8+x+16=888 [Subtracting 24 from both sides]
=> 3x=864

=> 3x/3=864/3 [Dividing both sides by3]
=> x = 288
Hence, first multiple of 8 = 288, second multiple of 8 = 288 + 8 = 296 and third multiple of 8 = 288 +16 = 304.

Let the three consecutive integers bex, x+1and x+2.
According to the question, x+x+1+x+2 = 51
=> 3x+3=51

=> 3x+3-3=51-3 [Subtracting 3 from both sides]
=> 3x=48

=> 3x/3 = 48/3 [Dividing both sides by 3]
X=16
Hence, first integer = 16, second integer = 16+1=17 and third integer= 16 + 2 = 18.

Let three consecutive integers be x, x + 1, and x + 2. Sum of these numbers = x+ x + 1 + x + 2 = 51 

3x + 3 = 51

On transposing 3 to R.H.S, we obtain

3x = 51 − 3

3x = 48

On dividing both sides by 3, we obtain

3x/3 = 48/3

x = 16

x + 1 = 17

x + 2 = 18

Hence, the consecutive integers are 16, 17, and 18.

Let three consecutive integers be x, x + 1, x + 2. According to the question,

2x + 3(x + 1) + 4(x + 2) = 74

2x + 3x + 3 + 4x + 8 = 74

9x + 11 = 74

On transposing 11 to R.H.S, we obtain

9x = 74 − 11

9x = 63

On dividing both sides by 9, we obtain

9x/9 = 63/9

x = 7

x + 1 = 7 + 1 = 8

x + 2 = 7 + 2 = 9

Hence, the numbers are 7, 8, and 9.

Let the three consecutive integers be x, x+1and x+2.
According to the question, 2x+3(x+1)+4(x+2)=74
=> 2x+3x+3+4x+8=74

=> 9x+11=74

=>9x+11-11=74-11 [Subtracting 11fromboth sides]
=> 9x=63

=> 9x/9=63/9 [Dividing both sides by9]
=> x=7
Hence first integer = 7, second integer=7 + 1 =8and third integer = 7+ 2= 9.

Let common ratio between Rahul’s age and Haroon’s age be x.

Therefore, age of Rahul and Haroon will be 5x years and 7x years respectively. After 4 years, the age of Rahul and Haroon will be (5x + 4) years and (7x + 4) years respectively.

According to the given question, after 4 years, the sum of the ages of Rahul and Haroon is 56 years.

∴ (5x + 4 + 7x + 4) = 56

12x + 8 = 56

On transposing 8 to R.H.S, we obtain 

12x = 56 − 8

12x = 48

On dividing both sides by 12, we obtain

12x/12 = 48/12

x = 4

Rahul’s age = 5x years = (5 × 4) years = 20 years

Haroon’s age = 7x years = (7 × 4) years = 28 years

The main cause of the earthquake which originated in south – Eastern Asia was that the Indian tectonic plate moved northwards.

Let Rahul's age = 5x
Let Haroon's age = 7x
A/Q (5x+4)+(7x+4) = 56
5x+7x+8 = 56
12x = 48
x = 4
Rahul's age = 5x = 5x4 = 20 years
Haroon's age = 7x = 7x4 = 28 years

Economic position of the country, population density, availability of means of transport and communication, positive thinking of individuals, feeling of cooperation and geographical conditions are some of the controlling factors of disaster management.

The earthquakes associated with normal faults which are generally less than magnitude 5 are called normal earthquakes.

The intensity of earthquake can be measured on the Richter scale from 1 to 12.

Earthquakes are the sudden vibrations caused within the earth’s surface as a result of the movement of the lithospheric plates. Such vibrations, when they are of a high intensity, cause damage to the things on the earth’s surface. Various human-made (e.g., buildings) and natural (e.g., trees) constructions can break down and collapse under the effect of the vibrations because they are situated on the Earth’s surface.

The moral character of a society or a country can be known by the contribution, cooperation and help extended by the people at the time of a disaster.

Stacks are formed as a result of the erosional activity of the sea waves. When sea waves continuously strike rocks, cracks develop in them. As these cracks become larger and wider, hollow caves get formed on the rocks. These are called sea caves. As the waves keep striking the rocks, the cavities become bigger and bigger, with only the roof remaining at the end. Such structures are known as sea arches. Further erosion breaks the roof, and only walls remain. These wall-like features are known as stacks. Thus, sea caves are ultimately converted into stacks.

In deserts, one can see rocks in the shape of a mushroom—with a narrower base and a wider top. These are known as mushroom rocks. Such rocks are formed when the winds erode the lower section of a rock more than the upper part.

Intensity of earthquake is measured on Richter scale. This is done by a device called seismograph. The Richter scale varies from 1 to 10. Earthquakes upto 4 Richter scale are weak and seldom noticed. Earthquakes up to 5.5 Richter are considered as strong and those beyond to Richter are considered as devastating. Earthquakes beyond 7 Richter are highly devastating in nature and cause large scale destruction.

The innermost portion of the earth is called core. This is hottest due to being at the centre. The temperature of the core is about 7000 degree. The heat trapped during the formation of earth is the cause of high temperature of core. Proofs have been found which show that the core is cooling down gradually. The core is divided into two parts, viz. outer core and inner core. The outer core is in liquid form and is mainly composed of iron and nickel. The inner core is in solid form is mainly composed of iron. The inner core also contains gold and platinum.

Flood plains are formed as a result of the depositional activity of rivers. Rivers carry along with them eroded material like fine soil and sediments. When a river overflows its banks, it deposits the eroded material and creates flood plains. The deposited material makes the land fertile.

The earth is at a distance of about 15 crore km from the sun. The distance between sun and earth is called one Astronomical Unit (1 AU).

For the measurement of the waves of an earthquake, Richter magnitude scale is used, which was invented by Charles Richter. That is why, it was named Richter magnitude scale.

Volcano is the most unique phenomenon among internal moulding forces. It causes turbulence inside the earth which shakes the earth and smoke, ash, vapour and gases come out by piercing the surface of the earth. Sometimes, very hot rocks melt and come out in the form of lava. This causes large scale destruction all around and does immense damage to life and materials.

The second layer of earth is called mantle. This is the thickest layer and most of it is composed of hot and molten rocks. These are silicate rocks and have iron and magnesium in greater quantity than in the crust. Bubbles keep on appearing in this layer the way bubbles form in boiling water. Mantle keeps on vibrating in the middle portion of the earth.

The outermost layer of the earth is a solid layer and is called crust. The thickness of the crust is not uniform at every place. Due to this, we get to see mountains and oceans at different places. The crust can be divided into two types, viz. lithosphere and hydrosphere. The atmosphere is usually considered as a part of the lithosphere. Most of the lithosphere is composed of soil. The portion of lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere where living beings are found is called biosphere.

 A seismograph is a machine which measures an earthquake.

An earthquake of 7.0 magnitude is classified as a major earthquake.

When moon and sun align along a line, this alignment causes gravitional pull on ocean water and results in tide.

Periodic rise and fall in ocean level is called tide.

Forces which transport substances from one part to another part on earth are called agents of erosion e.g., air, water and ice.

Forces which break down rocks are called agents of weathering which are heat from sun, rain, frost and wind.

The erosional and depositional activities of sea waves give rise to different coastal landforms. A beach is one such coastal landform. It is formed when sea waves deposit sediments along the sea shore.

In deserts, when wind blows, it lifts and transports sand from one place to another. When it stops blowing, the sand particles fall and get deposited in low hill-like structures called sand dunes.

Earthquake is a natural calamity which we cannot stop. But we can minimise its impact if we are prepared before-hand. During an earthquake, we should shift to some safe spot. We should hide under a kitchen counter, table or desk against an inside comer or wall. We should stay away from fire places, areas around chimneys, windows that shelter including mirrors and picture frames. Moreover, we should spread awareness amongst our friends and family members.

(i) In deserts, winds usually erode the lower section of the rock more than the upper part. Therefore, such rocks have narrower base and wider top, which take the shape of a mushroom.
(ii) Flood plains are formed by the deposition of fine soil and other material called sediments on the river banks. As the soil and sediments are brought by flood water, they are very fertile.
(iii) Sea waves strike at the rocks. As a result cracks develop which become bigger over time and hollow like caves are formed on the rocks. They are called sea caves. These cavities become bigger and bigger and a time comes when only the roof of the caves remain to form sea arches. Further erosion breaks the roof and only walls are left. These wall like features are called stacks. In this way, sea caves are turned into stacks.
(iv) Most of the buildings are not safe enough to resist the vibrations of the earthquakes. They are not made earthquake-proof. They collapse tearing apart due to shallow foundation and lack of adequate steel in the interior design.

The material carried by the glacier such as rocks big and small, sand and silt gets deposited. These deposits form glacial moraines.

The collection of sediments from all the mouths forms a delta. It is triangular shaped landmass.

Victoria Falls is located on the borders of Zambia and Zimbabwe in Africa.

The running water in the river erodes the landscape. When the river tumbles at steep angle over very hard rocks or down a deep valley side it forms a waterfall. While entering the plain the river twists and turns and forms large bends which are known as meanders. Due to continuous erosion and deposition along the sides of the meander, the ends of the meander loop come closer and closer. In -due course of time the meander loop cuts off from the river and forms a cut-off lake, which is also called ox-bow lake. Sometimes, the river overflows its banks causing flood in the neighboring areas. As it floods, it deposits layers of fine soil and other material called sediments along its banks. As a result—fertile floodplain is formed. The raised banks are called levees. As the river approaches the sea, the speed of the flowing water decreases and the river begins to break up into several streams known as distributaries. Then a time comes when the river becomes very slow and it begins to deposit its load. Each distributary forms its own mouth. The collection of sediments from all the mouths forms a delta, which is a triangular landmass.

Wind is an active agent of erosion and deposition in the deserts. In deserts we often notice rocks in the shape of a mushroom, known as mushroom rocks. Winds erode the lower section of the rock more than the upper part. Therefore, such rocks have narrower base and wider top. When the wind blows, it lifts and transports sand from one place to another. When the wind stops blowing the sand falls and gets deposited in low hill-like structures. These are called sand dunes. When thegrains are very fine and light, the wind can carry it over long distances. When such sand is deposited in large area, it is called loess.

The lithospheric plates move around because of the movement of the molten magma inside the earth. The molten magma inside the earth moves in a circular manner.

The earth's movements are divided based on the forces which cause them. The forces that work on the earth's surface are called exogenic forces while those that work in the earth's interior are called endogenic forces. The erosional and depositional activities of wind and water are examples of exogenic forces. Earthquakes and volcanoes are examples of endogenic forces.

The forces which act in the interior of the earth are called as Endogenic forces and the forces that work on the surface of the earth are called as Exogenic forces.