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Her husband’s act of committing suicide has pushed her to a state which is worse than death. The woman uses the word ‘death blow’ to show that the death blow of poison which put an end to the farmer’s life is easier than the death blow that the wife has to experience in terms of money, dignity and complexity of bringing up the children without any support.

(b) her husband’s death that added to her woes.

According to the farmer’s wife, she is used to begging and selling her dignity without a head beset and a hand outstretched.

(a)  the woman’s plight.

‘You’ refers to the farmer, the speaker’s husband.

(c) the humiliation suffered by the farmer because of the mindset of the society.

The farmer is the virtuous one and his wife is the sinner.

by drinking poison.

She wants to teach them to clench a fist not merely for a handful of rice but also in battle. In other words, she wants to teach them to be fighters and not escapists in life.

Her  children.

Cotton  crop.

The woman was ill-treated and abused both physically and verbally by her husband when he was alive. But all this was accepted by the woman because society had made her believe that a man had the right to rule over his wife and even abuse her when displeased as he was the master who went out into the world while she was to deal with family problems. But this idea of the man takes a beating when the farmer is unable to withstand the pressure and commits suicide by consuming poison. He thereby poisoned his wife’s existence as, now, the woman has to shoulder the responsibility of both work and home.

She has to struggle hard to repay the loan suffering humiliation and also earn enough to keep her children and herself alive. Naturally, the woman has all negative memories of the man who did no justice to her when alive and did a greater injustice to her by embracing death. The poet wants to point out that while all of us sympathise with the man who was driven to commit suicide, the plight of the woman who has to fend for herself is worse than that of the man who is dead and thereby free of all problems.

By committing suicide.

It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rules of the road, that we pass judgement upon ourselves and declare if we are civilised or uncivilised.

Similar to the Russian old lady many people are liberty-drunk. Many think that a traffic policeman is a symbol of tyranny. Being in a hurry, the people who are crazy driving their cars . at break-neck speed think that the traffic policeman interferes with their right to free use of highway.

When an individual does not follow rules of the road, he interferes with others. Everyone will get into everyone else’s way and thus individual liberty will become social anarchy.

R. I. of medium = 1.5

We are often conscious of the imperfections of others than of our own when it comes to accommodation of interests.

If the traffic police does not interfere with the driving in any way, the result would be chaos. Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom which no one would be able to cross.

The lady thought that they got liberty. She could walk anywhere she liked even if it is the middle of the road.

(i) To oversee the efforts of the workforce

(ii) To interact with the actual workforce and pass on the instructions of the middle management to the workers.

(iii) To ensure that the quality of output is maintained and wastage of material is minimized.

(iv) To ensure safety standards are maintained.

He is working at the non-managerial level of organisation. He can’t be the part of any managerial level as he is not a manager. The manager is a person who has subordinates and there is no subordinate of him. Hence, he is known as non-managerial member. Platform Area is the name of the place where he is working.

Ritu is working at the middle level of management in the organisation. She is performing the following functions:

i. Interpreting Policies: At this level, policies framed by top level managers are interpreted. Like the marketing manager introduces his salesman to the sales policy of the company that at no cost credit sales will be made.

ii. Preparing Organisational Set-up: Every middle level manager prepares outline of his respective department in accordance with the objectives of the organisation.

The traffic police man is a symbol of liberty and not tyranny.

He was working at the top level management. He was performing the following functions:

i. Determining Objectives: Top level management sets objectives for the organisation. For example, an objective can be set that in the following year the sales of the company has to cross ₹ 1,000 crore.

ii. Determining Policies: Only at this level policies related to the realisation of objectives are formed. For example, it can be a sales policy of a company to just make cash sales.

All the three brothers of mine are working on three different levels of management, such as, top level, lower level and middle level. They are performing the same functions of management, such as, planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling. It means all the functions of management are performed at all the three levels of management. But there is only a difference of degree. For example, planning is considered the most important function at the top while at the lower level directing is all important.

We can sweeten our life’s journey with the-little habits of common place interactions accommodating the interests of fellow human beings.

Co-ordination is missing in Company X. All the departments are not co-ordinating with each other and that is why they end up blaming each other for the poor performance. 

To bring coordination, management should take the following steps.

1. After the goals are established, it should be communicated to all departments well in advance to understand its importance and their role in helping to achieve it. 

2. Managers must ensure that all the departments, co-ordinate with each other. 

3. Wherever there is difference of interest, the managers should try and strike a balance so that they all work in the same direction. 

4. Meetings between the departmental heads of production, marketing, finance etc should be organised on a regular basis and solve the problems as and when they emerge. 

5. A company wants to modify its existing product in the market due to decreasing sales.

A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.

(d) Policy making is not the objective of management.

(b) Co-ordination brings unity of action and integrates different activities. Thus, it is considered as the essence of management.

(a) Only top level managers focus on the determination of objectives and formulation of policies.

If the pedestrian takes to the road, the cars have to take the pavement to drive on. The lady’s action would result in a universal chaos.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME’s ) are the focused domains for SIDBI.

Option : (B)

Complete the parallelogram ADCP 

So, the diagonals DP & AC bisect each other at O 

Thus, 

O is the midpoint of AC as well as DP ...(i) 

Since ADCP is a parallelogram, 

AP = DC 

And, 

AP parallel DC 

But, 

D is mid-point of BC (Given) 

AP = BD 

And, 

AP parallel BD 

Hence, 

BDPA is also a parallelogram. 

So, 

Diagonals AD & BP bisect each other at E 

(E being given mid-point of AD) 

So, 

BEP is a single straight line intersecting AC at F 

In triangle ADP, 

E is the mid-point of AD and 

O is the midpoint of PD. 

Thus, 

These two medians of triangle ADP intersect at F, 

which is centroid of triangle ADP.

By property of centroid of triangles, 

It lies at \(\frac{2}{3}\) of the median from vertex 

So, 

AF = \(\frac{2}{3}\)AO ...(ii) 

So, 

From (i) and (ii), 

AF = \(\frac{2}{3}\) x \(\frac{1}{2}\) x AC 

= \(\frac{1}{3}\)AC 

=  \(\frac{10.5}{3}\)

= 3.5 cm

The answer is (a) 12″x 18″

A herbarium (plural: herbaria) is a systematically arranged collection of’preserve (dried) plant specimens and associated data used for scientific study.

Role and Functions of Botanical Gardens :

1. Useful for accurate morphological and anatomical scientific research of plants
2. Useful for comparative and taxonomical studies of plants.
3. Useful for classification and nomenclature of plants.
4. It provide plant material for various laboratories studies such as cytology, plant physiology, tissue culture, plant breeding.
5. Various Botanical gardens useful for acclimatization of plants in various ecological conditions.
6. Useful in Horticulture to improvise plants qualities for human use such as fruit giving plant, medicinal plants
7. Botanical gardens are useful for Asthetic sense such as tree shade, fragrance from flowers etc.
8. Useful to grow’ glasshouse plants (Green house) of different climates for research purpose.
9. Botanical gardens are also known as Outdoor laboratories for studies of botany and plants because they are used for research and investigation work.
10. A botanical garden is a collection of living plants which are used for Pure and applied study of plants.
11. Plants in botanical garden not only used for beautification but used for Horticulture, Plant breeding etc.
12. Botanical gardens are useful in studies of Introduction and Acclimatization of plants, Control and eradication of weeds, use of plants for Pollution control etc

The answer is (d)  Hutchinson

• In England and India Bentham and Hooker’s system of classification is used for this purpose.
• The mounted specimens are sprayed with fungicides like 2% solution of mercuric chloride for preservation.
• Alnurah and segments in which herbarium arc kept also protected from insects by spraying DDT, Naphthalene balls etc. once in year all herbarium sheets are fumigated by CS₂ (Carbon disulphide) in closed room or box.

Digger: it is an instrument to dig earth to take out root or tuber part of plant from soil.

Preparation of herbarium sheet

• The dried specimens are mounted on herbarium sheets of standard size 11.50″x 16.50″ (28.75 x 41.25 cm).
• Herbarium sheets are very thick and strong handmade card sheet which can be kept safe for long time.
• Name of herbarium is printed on the top of herbarium sheet and on right bottom comer of sheet contains all necessary information.
• Mounting is the process to paste dried specimens on the sheet.
• For mounting take a tray of 12″ x 18″ size and mix glue or fevicol with Mercuric chloride.
• Now dried specimen is dipped in it from one side so glue stick with it on one side.
• Now this dried specimen is paste on sheet properly.
• The bulky plant parts like dry fruits seeds, cones etc. are dried without pressing and are put in small envelops called fragment packets. Succulent plants are not mounted on herbarium sheets but are collected in 4% formalin or FAA (Formalin Acetic Alcohol).

Almirah and segments in which herbarium are kept also protected from insects by spraying DDT, Naphthalene balls etc. once in year all herbarium sheets are fumigated by CS₂ (Carbon disulphide) in closed room or box

These days electric heater is used in rainy season or hilly areas to dry plant specimens.

The answer is (c) Electric heater

• A botanical garden or botanic garden is a garden dedicated to the collection, cultivation and display of a wide range of plants labeled with their botanical names.
• A botanical garden is a controlled and staffed institution for the maintenance of a living collection of plants under scientific management for purposes of education and research, together with such libraries, herbaria, laboratories, and museums as are essential to its particular undertakings.
• Each botanical garden naturally develops its own special fields of interests depending on its personnel, location, extent, available funds, and the terms of its charter.
• It may include greenhouses, test grounds, a herbarium, an arboretum, and other departments.
• It maintains a scientific as well as a plant-growing staff, and publication is one of its major modes of expression.
• A botanical garden is a collection of living plants which are used for Pure and applied study of plants.
• Plants in botanical garden not only used for beautification but used for Horticulture, Plant breeding etc.
• Botanical gardens are useful in studies of Introduction and Acclimatization of plants, Control and eradication of weeds, use of plants for Pollution control etc.
• Botanical gardens are also known as Outdoor laboratories for studies of botany and plants because they are used for research and investigation work.
• Although the Botanical Gardens were slow to develop, however from the early period of the history man started cultivation of plants in garden for easy availability of plants for his needs such as food, medicine etc.
• Many ornamental and floral plants were cultivated for easy availability near to temples in India, Egypt and China.
• First Botanical Garden of world was established approximately 2350 years ago (350 BC) by Great Greece scientist Aristotle though in India, Botanical Gardens were established 550 years before Aristotle by famous doctor Jivak Komar Britiya as per the historical evidences.
• Modem concept of Botanical garden came in existence 150 years back and credit to make this Botanical garden useful goes to Henery Shaw who established Missouri Botanical Garden in Saint Louis, USA (1859).

1. Royal Indian Botanical Garden, Shibpur, Kolkata, BG :

• This is not only famous Botanical Garden of India but also one of the famous in Asia.
• The gardens were founded in 1787 by Colonel Robert Kyd, an army officer of the British East India Company
• It was renamed in 2009 as Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden to honor Indian plant physiologist and physicist Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose. It is operated by the Botanical Survey of India.
• The garden exhibit a wide variety of rare plants and a total collection of over 12,000 indigenous and exotic specimens of trees, shrubs, Palms, Grasses, Orchids spread over 109 hectares.
• The main attraction of this garden is a 200 years old Big Banyan tree which has a height of 100 feet and its branches covers an area of 15000 m².
• It has amazing collection of Palms, Cactus and Succulent plant.

2. National Botanic, Garden, Lucknow, NBG :

• This garden was founded by Nawabs of Oudh in between 1789 to 1814 as a Princely Garden to get Sentonim medicine from a plant Artemisia maritima.
• It has good collection of Palms, Ferns, Orchids, Cactii, Citrus plants and many verities of Rose plant.
• Now it is famous as National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow.

3. Lloyd Botanical Garden, Darjeeling :

• Lloyd’s Botanical Garden, or Darjeeling Botanical Garden, is a botanical garden in Darjeeling in the Indian state of West Bengal.
• William Lloyd donated 40 acres (160,000 m²) land for garden to Government of India in 1878.
• The Darjeeling Botanical Garden preserves several species of Evergreen and Deciduous plant species such as Tree Ferns (Cythaea), Callitris with blue leaves, Living fossil plant Ginko biloba and Metasequoia etc.
• The Cacti and Succulent collection of 150 species is displayed in the Conservatory.
• The collection of native Orchids from the Singalila Ridge in present-day Singalila National Park is rare and notable.

4. Botanical Garden, Saharanpur :

• This garden covers 40 acre area of land.
• It was founded in 1799 by Zabita Khan.
• This garden is famous for great plant taxonomist J.F. Duthie and his famous book “The Flora of Upper Gangetic Plains and adjacent Shivalik Hills” This book authentic text for description, identification of North Indian floral plants.
• It has a good collection of useful plants for humans such as Potato. Tobacco, Guava, Apple. Papaya, Chilli etc.

5. LalBagh Garden, Bangalore :

• LalBagh Garden name was given by King Hayder Ah.
• It covers approximately 240 acre land.
• Here useful plants for humans were established from Australia. Africa and North and South America.
• It is also famous as “Bonsai garden LalBagh” because it has approximately 1000 bonsai plants.
• It is the place of regular research and one of the famous botanical garden in the world.

The dried specimens are mounted on herbarium sheets of standard size 11.50″ x 16.50″ (28.75 x 41.25 cm).

The process to keep properly dried, pressed and identified plant specimens in sequential, scientific and approved classifications method is called Filing

Well of Champaner

• Bhamario well of Mehemdabad
• Navghan well of Junagadh should be properly cared for during monsoon.