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Correct option is (2) 20.55

Glucose ⇒ C₆H₁₂O₆ [GMM = 180]

Mass of carbon (in 250 gram solution) = \(\left[\frac{250 \times 10.8}{100}\right]\)

∴ 72 gram of carbon in total mass of glucose (180)

\(\frac{250 \times 10.8}{100}\) Gram carbon present in =  \(\frac{180}{72}\times\frac{250 \times 10.8}{100}\) = 67.5 gram

Mass of solvent = (250 - 67.5) = 182.5 gram

Molality = \(\left(\frac{67.5\times1000}{180 \times182.5}\right) = 20.55\) 

Correct option is (a) 0.6 m

Weight of solution = 250 g

Mass% = 10.8%

Mass of glucose/Mass of solution x 100 = 10.8

Mass of glucose = 10.8/100 x 250 = 27 g

Molality = Mass of glucose/Molar mass of glucose x 1000/wt. of solution

= 27/180 x 1000/250 = 0.6 m

Correct option is (c) 3M_A = 2M_B

(ΔT_b)_A = (ΔT_b)_B

K_b m_A = K_b m_B

2/M_A x 98 = 3/M_B x 97 

2M_B = 3M_A

The correct answer is a - b - c.

• Satvahanas
  • It was established in the Late 2nd century BCE.
  • Founder- Simuka.
  • Simuka laid the foundation of his empire after destroying the Kanva power
  • The Matsya Purana lists thirty Satavahana kings who ruled in Deccan, though their geographical extent kept changing.
  • Last ruler- Vijaya.
• Vakatakas
  • By the 3rd century, the Satavahanas had collapsed.
  • Thereafter, Vindhyashakti, a Brahmin chieftain founded the Vakataka empire.
  • They were the contemporaries of the Guptas in northern India.
  • Culturally, the Vakataka kingdom became a channel for transmitting Brahmanical ideas and social institutions to the south.
  • Prithvisena II is the last known ruler of the Nandivardhana branch of the Vakataka dynasty.
• Chalukya
  • This dynasty was established by Pulakeshin I in 543.
  • He fortified the hill fort of Vatapi (modern Badami) and seized control of the territory between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers and the Western Ghats.
  • They ruled parts of Southern and Central India between the 6th century and the 12th century.
  • Pulakeshin II of the Chalukya Dynasty was defeated by Narasimhavarman I of the Pallava Dynasty.
  • Kirtivarman II is considered the last ruler of Chalukya. He was overthrown by the Rashtrakuta King Dantidurga.

Correct option is D) 1440 mmol L^–1

Data insufficient.

The minimum concentration of an electrolyte in mmol/L to cause coagulation of a sol in 2 HOURS is coagulating value

Here 42.12% (w/v) 

⇒ 42.12 gram salt in 100ml water
⇒ 421.2 gram salt (NaCl) in 1000ml or 1 lit water
⇒ \(\frac{421.2}{58.5}\)= 7.2 moles of salt
7.2 moles → 10 hours 
x moles → 2 hours

⇒  x=\(\frac{7.2\times \:2}{10}\)=1.44 mol/L 
⇒  x= 1440mmol/L

(A) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Ionisation energy = N > O. In oxygen atom, 2 of the 4 2p electrons must occupy the same 2p orbital resulting in an increased electron electron-repulsion.

1. Religion: Seals, terracotta figurines and statues narrate the religious life of the Indus people. They primarily worshipped nature in its various forms. Mother Goddess (Sakti). Pashupathi and Shiva were their main Gods and Goddesses. They worshipped sacred trees like Pipai, Neem, and Acacia. The worship of Linga was associated with Shiva was very common.

Worship of nature, animals, trees, and spirits also existed. The Indus people worshipped animals like the humped bull, elephant, crocodile, unicorn, tiger, naga, etc. Probably the different birds and animals were accepted as vehicles of the various Gods and Goddesses.

2. Art and crafts: Art specimens of the Indus people are found in their pottery, carpentry, ivory carvings, stone-cuttings, seals and other objects. Statues were made in stone, clay, copper, and bronze. The most remarkable contribution of the Indus people to the ancient craftsmanship was in the form of toys. The bronze idol of a dancing girl is a noteworthy object. It indicates their artistic skill.

3. Seals and Scripts : More than 3000 seals made of terracotta and ivory and stone have been found. Most of them are square or rectangular in shape and small (1 /2 to 3cm) in size. These give us a lot of information about their script, religious beliefs, commercial contacts, etc., The seals contain figures of animals, human beings and pictographic writings.

The direction of the writings was from right to left and pictographic in nature. Many of the symbols used during that age, were similar to the ancient Egyptian script. Due to lack of sufficient written proof, it has been very difficult to study them in-depth.

The concept of liberal nationalism is very broad and comprehensive. It is the philosophy became famous in the first half of the 19th century. The word ‘liberalism’ is determined from the Latin word liber, indicating free. The ideology in the commercial sphere stood for the liberation of sales and the emancipation of state-imposed limitations on the mobility of goods and capital.

Due to Napoleon's agencies measures, observed many territories with their peculiar economic policies, various currencies of weights and measures. All this assisted as commercial barriers and a significant impediment to free trade which was removed by the policies of Liberalization.

The due process right, established by the Fourteenth Amendment, guarantees that the government cannot take a person's basic rights to “life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” The due process right is designed to protect citizens from actions taken by state government, counties, towns, and cities.

The Shwetambaras (who wear white clothes) and the Digambaras (who do not wear any clothes).

1. Political condition : During the early Vedic age, their organisation was tribal in character. Some of the important tribes were the Bharatas, the Purus, Yadus, Anu, etc. They were called ‘Janas’. The primary unit of the administration was the village (Grama) and Gramini was the head of the grama. Next administrative unit was the ‘Vis’ headed by ‘Vispathi’. The King (Rajan) was the head of the state.

2. Duty of the Kings : The tribes quarrelled with each other over cattle ownership and territories. The primary duty of the King was the protection of his tribe and he received gifts from the people. King (Rajan) was assisted by the purohita, sangrahatri, Senapati, vispathis and graminis in the administration.

Sabha (group of elders) and Samithi (group of experts) acted as a check on the possible misuse of power by the King. Sabha and Samithi were two powerful bodies, who acted on democratic lines and decisions were taken by a majority of votes. The laws were based on customs and traditions.

During the later Vedic period, the Kingdoms were divided into provinces and further subdivided into gopas, vishyas, and gramas. Kingship became hereditary. Kuru, Panchala, Kashi,Videha, Vidharbha, etc., were the important Kingdoms. Imperialism came into existence.

Kings began to perform (Yagas) sacrifices like Rajasuya, Ashwamedha, and Vajapeya for establishing their political supremacy. The Kings were assisted by a council of ministers and officers. The sabha and Samithi also continued to monitor.

The military consisted of infantry, elephant riders, and the cavalry. Simple weapons of the early Vedic age were replaced in the later Vedic age by improved war weapons like bows and arrows, sword.s, spears, maces, axes, etc. Helmets and armours used for protection made their appearance.

According to Kavirajamarga, in the ancient times, Karnataka extended from Cauvery in the south to Godavari (AP) in the north.

(A) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV 

Siderite - FeCO₃ 

Malachite - CuCO₃.Cu(OH)₂

Calamine - ZnCO₃

Sphalerite - ZnS

1. Village (local self) Administration : An important feature of the Chola administration was the village autonomy. People of a village looked after administration through their own elected bodies. The Chola inscriptions mention the existence of two types of villages Ur and Brahmadeya Villages. Ur had its own local assembly, consisting of all the male members of the village excluding untouchables.

It looked after all aspects of the village administration. The Brahmadeya villages (Agraharas) were granted by the King to learned brahmins. They had their own assemblies called Mahasabhas, which had complete freedom in governance.

Uttarameruru inscription of Paratanka – I, gives us detailed information about the village administration. (Uttarameruru is in the Chengulpet district of Tamilnadu). The villages enjoyed complete independence in the management of local affairs. Two kinds of assemblies existed which were.

• Ur or Urar (kuri) and 
• The Mahasabha.

According to the Uttarameruru inscription, Uttarameruru village was divided into 30 parts (Kudumbu). One member from each unit was elected for a period of one year. The representatives of the people were elected through a lucky draw (Kuduvalai) system.

Villagers assembled in the temple and conducted an election through a lucky draw. The names of the candidates were written on palm leaves and put in a pot. Then a small boy was asked to pick out the leaves one after the other in the presence of the people and thus the representatives were elected.

Elected representatives had to work in the Annual, Garden (Tottavariyam) and Tank Bund (Erivariyam) committees called ‘VariyamsU The representatives were called ‘Variya PerumakkaP. The village assemblies were autonomous and democratic institutions.

2. Duties of the committees : The village committees performed duties like the protection of the village properties, collection of taxes and the protection of temples, lakes, groves, and forests, etc. The resolutions of the committees were written down. The central administration did not interfere in the village administration.

3. Minimum qualifications of members : The Uttarameruru inscription deals with rules and regulations regarding the election, the qualifications and disqualifications of members. These committees worked for 360 days when fresh elections were held.

Qualifications needed for a member to be elected:

• The candidate should possess a minimum of 1/2 acre of taxable land. 
• He should reside in his own house built on his own site. 
• Candidate should be more than 35 years old and less than 70 years of age. 
• Candidate should have knowledge of Vedas, Brahmanakas, and Commerce. 
• Candidate should possess a good character.

Disqualifications of members :

• A member was disqualified for reelection, if he had been a member of any committee continuously for the previous 3 years. 
• Those who were in the committee and who had not submitted accounts and their close relatives. 
• Persons who were wicked, cheats, alcoholics, thieves, accused of murdering brahmins and committing adultery.

This way, certain minimum qualifications, and disqualifications were enforced in the village administration. Scholars have termed the Chola village administration as “Small Democratic States”.

1. Kabir (1398-1518 C.E.): Kabir was brought up by a Muslim weaver couple Niru and Neema at Varanasi. Since his childhood, Kabir was inclined towards spiritual life, and he became a disciple of Ramananda.He preached equality and a religion of love aimed at promoting unity among all castes and creeds.

He tried to develop a sense of unity and brotherhood between the Hindus and the Muslims. He quoted that there was no difference between Rama and Rahim, Krishna and Karim or the Puranas and the Quran. They are one and the same. God could be neither found in a Temple nor in a Mosque, but only in the heart of his devotees. He preached brotherhood, oneness of God, religion and true devotion to God.

Kabir condemned casteism, idol worship, supremacy of the Brahmins and Ulemas, baseless ceremonies, rituals, pilgrimage to holy places and practice of participating in formal prayers like Namaz. He preached that ‘Hindus and Muslims are pots made out of the same clay’. He said that Kabir was the child of Allah and Rama. True devotion and true love towards God alone can help people to proceed on the path which leads to Salvation. God could be attained only through Bhakti.

He was a spontaneous poet and his poems are.in the form of ‘Dohas’. His dohas or couplets in Hindi became popular. His followers came to be known as Kabirpanthis. He was one of the enlightened socio-religious reformers in India.

2. Gurunanak (1469-1539 C.E.): Guru- Nanak was a great socio-religious reformer. He is the founder of the Sikh religion (Sikhism). He was influenced by the teachings of Kabir. He preached the brotherhood of Mankind. He was born in 1469 at Talwandi (Banks of Ravi). His parents were Mehta Kaulchand and Tripta. Since his childhood, Nanak was inclined towards spiritual life and believed in a life of purity. He condemned caste system, idol worship, polytheism, sati, superstitions, useless rituals, and costly ceremonies.

He advised people to speak the truth. He tried to achieve Hindu – Muslim unity, religious tolerance and unity of God and paid respect to all religions. He believed in the theory of Karma. He gave importance to Meditartion, Bhakti and repetition of God’s name (Sat Nam) as the means towards the salvation of the Soul from the chains of the flesh. God loved those who did hard work. He advised his followers to give up selfishness and falsehood.

His disciples were called ‘Sikhs’. ‘Guru Granth Sahib or ‘Adi Granth’ is the holy book of Sikhs. Gurudhwara (at Amritsar) is the holy place of Sikhs. Gurunanak wanted to reorganize the Indian society on the principles of equality and aimed at the establishment of a casteless society.

The correct answer is Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

• Atal Bihari Vajpayee was a freedom fighter, politician, and a good orator known for his wittiness. 
• He was one of the founding members of Bhartiya Janta Party.
• He served as Prime minister of India for three terms as first for a term of 13 days in 1996, then for a period of 13 months from 1998 to 1999, followed by a full term from 1999 to 2004.

• Good Governance Day was established in 2014 to honor Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee by fostering awareness among the Indian people of accountability in government.  

• B. R. Ambedkar was a freedom fighter, politician, popularly known as Babasaheb Ambedkar.
  • He is called as "Father of Indian Constitution''.
  • He was the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the constituent assembly of India.
  • He was the founder of Bahiskrit Hitkarni Sabha (A depressed class welfare institute) in Bombay in 1924.
• Jai Prakash Narayan popularly known as J.P. or Loknayak was an Indian freedom fighter, activist, and political leader.
  • Although known for his Gandhian ideology, he was the founder of Azaad Dsata (freedom brigade) in Nepal.
  • He is well known for his mid-1970 peaceful "Total revolution" against the government of India for the cause of high inflation, unemployment, and lack of supplies and essential commodities. This movement finally culminated in the proclamation of Emergency.
• Jyoti Basu was an Indian politician and co-founder of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
  • He served as the chief minister of West Bengal from 1977 to 2000.

1. Literature: The Mughal period witnessed a growth in literature. Many literary works were written in Persian, Hindi, Turkish and Arabic languages. Babar had written his memoirs or ‘Tuzuk – i – Baburi in Turkish. It was translated into Persian by Abdul Rahim. Humayun’s sister Gulbadan Begum wrote ‘Humayun Nama’. Abdul Fazal wrote ‘Ain- i-Akbari’ and ‘AkbarNama’. His style was grand and he was the most renowned Persion writer.

The Tabakat-i-Akbari was written by Nizamuddin. Ramayana (Haji Ibrahim), Mahabharatha (Nagib Khan), Atharva Veda and Leelavathi (Faizi), Rajatarangini, Panchatantra and the story of Nala. Damayanthi etc were translated from Sanskrit to Persian. Prince Dara (son of Shahjahan), translated the Upanishads into Persian.

Jahangir wrote a book ‘Tuzuk- i-Jahangiri’. Shahjahan patronized the scholars like Abdul Hamid Lahori who wrote Padshah Nama and Inayat Khan who was the author of Shahjahan Nama.

2. Hindi Literature: The well known Hindi poets. of Akbar’s time were Abdul Rahim, Bhagwandas, Mansingh, Birbal, Tulasidas and others. Birbal was the favourite of Akbar and was conferred the title ‘Kavi Raja’. Tulasidas wrote ‘Ramcharitmanas’. Surdas wrote the famous work ‘ Sur Sagar’, Ras Khan who was a muslim devotee of Lord Krishna, wrote ‘Prem Vatika’, Malik Mohammad Jaisy wrote the famous epic called ‘Padmavati’.

Sundar of Gwalior composed the work ‘Sundar Srinagar’. The great Sanskrit scholar Jagannath Pandit wrote ‘GangaLahari’. In Bengali, Marathi, Urdu, and Gujarathi also, literature progressed during the Mughal rule. Akbar, Jahangir, and Shahjahan were great patrons of literature in their courts.

3. Art and Architecture: The mughals were great builders and lovers of art and architecture. Their style of architecture was partly foreign and partly indigenous. The important features of the mughal architecture were domes, tall pillars, gateways with domes, arches, minars, etc.,

The mughals built a large variety of secular and religious buildings. Babar built the mosques at Kabulibagh in Panipat and

Jami Masjid at Sambal in Rohilkhand. Humayun built mosques at Agra and Fathepur. He built a palace at Delhi called Din-i-Panah. Sher Shah built his tomb at Sasaram and the Purana Qila at Delhi.

Akbar extended liberal patronage to the growth of architecture in India. The first work of Akbar was the Humayun Tomb at Delhi which is in the persian style. Most of the buildings of Akbar’s time were built with red sand stone. The Jodha Bai palace and Panchamahal are the impressive structures by Akbar at Fathepur Sikhri.

The massive 176 ft Gateway or the ‘ Buland Darwaza’ is the tallest Gateway in India. Agra Red Fort. Jamma-Masjid, white marble tomb of Sheikh. Salim Chisti, Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-iKhas, house of Birbal, and Sonhal Makan are some of the most beautiful architectural pieces at Fathepur Sikhri built by Akbar.

The architecture of mughals reached its highest watermark during the reign of Shahjahan. He got built many buildings at Agra, Delhi, Lahore, Kabul, Kashmir, Kandhar, Ajmer and other places. The important buildings of Shahjahan were the Diwan-i-Am, Diwan-iKhas. Red Fort and Jamma Masjid in Delhi. Moti Masjid and Taj Mahal in Agra.

4. Taj Mahal (1632-1653): Taj Mahal at Agra is symbolic of the royal love. Shahjahan built it on the banks of river Yamuna in the memory of his beloved wife Arjumand Banu Begum, who was given the title ‘Mumtaz Mahal’. Taj was construced under the guidance of Ustad – Isa – Khan.

It took nearly 22 years for the construction to be completed and nearly Rs 3 crores was spent for the purpose. The height of the mahal is 187 ft. It was built of white marble. The Taj is certainly the “finest monument of conjugal love and fidelity”. It is considered as ‘one of the wonders of the modern world”.

5. Paintings of the Mughal Age: Babur, Akbar, and Jahangir were the most important mughal rulers who patronized painting. Babur was a lover of beauty and art. The mughal painting is a mixture of Indian and Persian styles. Indian artists under Akbar, caused the growth of this mughal style. Akbar created a separate department of paintings, under the control of Khwaja Abdul Samad.

He gained the title Shirim Khaim or Sweet Pen. They painted court scenes, historical events, and natural scenes. Portraits and miniature paintings were a Mughal speciality. Govardhan, Jagannath, Tarachand, Abdul Sammad, Mir Sayyid Ali, Basawan, Manohar, Bishen Das, Aqa Riza, Abul Hasan, and Ustad Mansur were some of the great artists of this time. Jahangir was an expert judge and critic of paintings.

6. Music: Mughal Emperors patronized music and musicians. Tansen, Ramdas, Briju Bavara and Surdas were the great musicians in the court of Akbar. Babar, Jahangir, and Shahjahan were themselves good singers and composed many lyrics.

1. Introduction: Gupta period was a unique phase in the Indian history, due to the all round development during this age. It has been described as the ‘Golden age’ and the “Classical period of Indian history”. Dr. R.N. Saletore has compared it with the ages of Augustus Caesar of Rome and Queen Elizabeth of England. Dr. L.D. Barnet compared it with the age of Pericles of Greece. The achievements in the fields of religion, education, literature, art, architecture, science and technology were extraordinary.

2. Religion: Revival of Hinduism (Hindu renaissance) was one of the outstanding features of the Gupta age. Guptas followed vedic religion, but they were tolerant towards the other religions. The worship of Vishnu, Shiva and Durga became very popular. Pashupata sect of Shaivism became very popular. Worship of the Saptamatrikas became widespread.

The Shiva temple at Deogadh, the temple of Bhumara and the Mahakal temple of Ujjain were built in the Gupta age. The Gupta Rulers performed vedic rites and sacrifices. Samudragupta and Chandragupta- II, were worshippers of Vishnu. They assumed the titles ‘Parama Bhagavatha’ (Devotee of Vishnu). Image worship, rites, and ceremonies became very common. The vedic rituals like Ashwameda, Vajapeya and Rajasuya yagas were performed with all splendour.

Buddhism also enjoyed great popularity during the Gupta age The Buddh ist caves at Ajantha. Ellora, Kanheri, and Karle belong to the Gupta period. Some of the Gupta rulers followed Buddhism and extended patronage to it. In fact, Buddha was adopted into Hinduism and he was regarded as one of the Avataras of Vishnu.

3. Education: Education flourished well under the Guptas. The rulers themselves were great scholors. They paid special attention to education. Taxila, Nalanda, Ajantha, and Saranatha were wellknown Universities of the Gupta era. Pataliputra and Vallabhi were great educational centres. The important subjects taught were Puranas, Literature. Philosophy.

4. Literature: The Gupta age is called ‘the Golden age of Sanskrit literature’. Samudragupta has been described ds a King among poets in the Allahabad inscription. He got a title of ‘Kaviraja’. Chandragupta-II (Vikramadhitya-II) partronized the ‘Nine gems’ (navaratnas) of Sanskrit scholors in his court.

Among them, Kalidasa was the most outstanding literary figure of that age. He wrote a number of excellent works like Malavikagnimithra, Vikramorvashjya, Shakunthala, Raghuvamsa, Kumara sambhava, Meghaduta, Rithusamhara etc., Kalidasa emerges as the King of all poets and hailed as the ‘Indian Shakespeare”.

5. Other important writers and their works: Sudraka wrote Mrichchakatika, Bharavi – Kiratarjuneya, Dandhi – Kavyadhara, Vishnusimha – Panchatantra, AmarasimhaAmarakosa, Vishakadatta – Mudrarakshasa, BhavabuthiUttararam acharithe, Charaka- Charakasamhithe, Shanku – Shilpashastra, Kshapanaka- Jyothishashastra, VethalabhattaManth rashasthra and others.

The literary standard of this period was high and Sanskrit became the common as well as the official language. Naturally, this led to a renaissance in Sanskrit literature.

6. Development of science: The Gupta age made a tremendous progress in the field of science, especially in the disciplines of Astronomy, Astrology, Mathematics, Medicine, and Metallurgy.

Aryabhatta was one of the greatest scientists of this period. He wrote two great works- Aryabhatia and Surya siddhantha. He gave very valuable contributions to Indian science.

Brahmagupta was the great astronomer and mathematician, who wrote the book ‘Brahmaputra siddhantha. He showed the importance of zero. Varahamihira was the astronomer, who wrote Brihatsamhithe. Vridha Vagbhata(physician) wrote Ashtanga Sangraha. Dhanvantari, (physician) wrote Ayurveda Nighantu.

He was regarded as the father of indian medicine. Charaka and Sushrutha were the physicians who wrote Samhithes. The Meharauli iron pillar discovered near Delhi is an outstanding example of the metallurgical skill of that period. It is still free from rust, even though it has been exposed to the elements like wind, rain, sun, etc., all these hundreds of years.

7. Art and Architecture: The basic structural features of the Indian temple architecture were developed during the Gupta period. The Gupta art is famous for its simple expression and spiritual purpose. The art of the Guptas was purely Indian in nature. Naturalism, beauty, spiritualism, and realism were the main features of their art. Mathura, Benaras, Pataliputra, Udayagiri, Devgarh, etc were the centres of their artistic activities.

The Gupta architecture is represented by many brick temples. The temples have pyramidal roofs and the walls are decorated with scenes from Hindu mythologies. The Dashavatara temple of Devgarh (MP), has a tower of about 40 feet. It’s doorway is excellently carved and decorated.

Many images of Shiva such as the Ekamukhi and Chaturmukhi Shivalings were also carved during this period. The Ardhanarishvvara i.e., oneness of Shiva and Shakti is also a remarkable piece of work. Some temples were flat-roofed and square in shape with a shallow porch in front. For example, the Shiva temple at Bhumara, the Vishnu temple at Tigawa, the Buddhist Shrine at Sanchi, etc., follow this design.

8. Painting: In the field of painting, the artists of the Gupta age excelled in bringing out the emotions in a realistic manner. Many jataka stories have been illustrated. The scene of “Mother and child before Buddha” in the Ajantha cave no. 16, the great Bodhisatva in cave no. 1 and the paintings on the ceilings of cave no. 2 are remarkable. Thus, it has been known as the ‘Cradle of Asian art’.

Kaviraja Marga.

Key controllable factors in global marketing are marketing activities and plans.

The correct answer is Jagjivan Ram.

• Jagjivan Ram was popularly known as Babu Ji or Babu Jagjivan Ram.
• He was a freedom fighter, and active politician from Arrah, Bihar.
• He was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India and work for social justice in the formation of the Indian constitution.
• He was the Labour Minister and also the youngest minister in the first cabinet of Jawahar Lal Nehru Interim government.

• J. B. Kripalani was a freedom fighter, and active politician popularly known as Acharya Kripalani.
• He was the chairman of the Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee of the Constituent Assembly of India.
• Morarji Desai was a freedom activist and politician and served as the fourth Prime minister of India.
• K Kamraj was a freedom activist and politician.
  • He was a member of the Indian National Congress and served as President of the party twice.
  • He was also the founder of In Indian National Congress(organization) also know as Congress(O).
  • He was also known as Kingmaker within the congress.

Technology is application of knowledge which redene the boundaries of global business.

(i) Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and people could not afford to buy it.

(ii) The boycott of British institutions posed a problem as there were no alternative Indian institutions to replace the British ones.

(iii) These were slow to come up, so the students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in courts.

a. Administration: Vijayanagara Rulers provided internal peace to the Empire and protection from external threats. They introduced a strong central Government along with decentralization of power.

1. Central Administration: Monarchy was the existing system. The King was the supreme authority of the state. He enjoyed enormous powers but he always worked for the welfare of the people. The King was the highest court of appeal. Law was based on customs and traditions punishments were very severe like death sentences, trampling to death, etc.,

Kingship was hereditary. The King was assited by a ‘Council of Ministers’ headed by the Prime Minister called ‘Maha Pradhani’. The council of ministers played an important role in the administration. They supervised over many departments and advised the King in taking proper decisions.

Important officers were Upa Pradhani (Deputy P.M), Danda Nayaka, Mahasaman tadipati (Minister of Feudatories), Raya Bhandari (Treasurer), Sabhanaiyaka (Leader of the council),Mahasand ivigrahi (Foreign Affairs). Yuvaraja was associated with the administration.

2. Provincial Administration: There were two types of provinces in the Vijayanagara Empire. They were :

a. Provinces which were under the direct rule by the King’s representatives.

b. The provincial rule by the feudatories (Nayakas), which was called the Nayankara system. The Nayankara system gave more autonomy to the feudatories.’ The King had the power to transfer or remove the provincial officers. Nayakas were to pay annual tributes to the King and had to maintain military troops for wars. These Nayakas maintained Military and Civil representatives in the court of the King. Rajya was further divided into Vishaya and Nadu.

3. Village administration: The village was the last unit of the administration. Village had its own assemblies (Gramapanchyat). The social, administrative and judicial matters in the village were taken care of by the local assemblies. The head of the village administration was ‘Gouda’. Collection of revenue was his main duty and accounts were looked after by the Karanika. Talawara discharged the duties of a policeman.

4. Revenue System: Land Revenue was the main source of income for the state. It was nearly 1/6 of the gross produce. Property tax, commercial tax, tax on industries, war booty, judicial fines, and taxs of all professions including prostitution, customs and toll were the other sources of income. Taxes were collected either in cash or in kind.

5. Military Administration: Vijayanagara Empire had a strong military to safeguard the vast area from its enemies. The army administration was looked after by the ‘Dandanayaka’. The army consisted of infantry, cavalry, elephants, and artillery. Forts played an important role in the defensive warfare.

b. Social conditions :

1. Caste System: The Vijayanagara society was divided into four castes namely Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Sudras. Brahmans had a high position in the society. Blacksmiths, goldsmiths, weavers, farmers, and traders played very important role in the social activities. Social harmony existed in the Empire.

2. Position of Woman: Women enjoyed a respectable position in the society. They participated in activities like dancing and singing. Few women received education, but they were confined to household work. Social evils like dowry, sati, devadasi, prostitution, child marriage, and polygamy existed in that society.

3. Social Harmony: Musi is settled in the Empire and they were given security by the Kings. Mosques were built for prayers and Quran was placed in a respectable place. The members of the Royal family worshipped Hindu, Buddha, and Jain deities and followed the common tenets of these religions.

Hence it is clear that social harmony prevailed in the Vijayanagara Empire. Dasara, Holi, and Deepavali were the national festivals. People observed these festivals with great pomp and splendour.

c. Economic Condition:

1. Agriculture: Agriculture was the main occupation of the people. Land revenue was fixed on the basis of the quality of soil. Land was divided into wet, dry and horticultural land. Rice, wheat, cotton, pulses, spices, are canuts, ginger, fruits, turmeric, etc., were the main products of agriculture.

2. Irrigation: They gave much attention for irrigation. Large number of wells, tanks, lakes, canals, and dams were constructed. A huge tank was constructed by Krishnadevaraya near Nagalapura. A Dam and a Raya canal were also built by him at Korrangal.

3. Trade and commerce: Internal and external trade flourished under the Vijayanagara Rulers. Vijrakurur mines in Andhra Pradesh supplied the most valuable diamounds. Main exports of the time were cloth, rice, suger, spices, iron, etc., The important imports were elephants, horses, pearls, coral, mercury, silks, etc., Udayagiri, Tanjore, Madurai, Calicut, Mangalore, Barakur and Bhatkal were the main centers of trade.

There were about two hundred ports in the eastern and western coasts. The standard currency was the gold (Varaha) pon. Visa, Kasu and Pagods were the other coins.

d. Religion: Vijayanagara Rulers encouraged and ensured religious tolerance among the Hindus, Jains, and Muslims. The Sangama Rulers encouraged Shaivism and the later Rulers gave importance to Vaishnavism. Devaraya – II built a Jain basadi in the Empire during his reign. Shravanabelgola inscription of Bukka – I refers to the peace treaty between the Srivaishnavas and Jains.

The Vachana Movement was popular during this time. The Varkari Movement of Lord Vittala of Pandrapura and the Dasakuta tradition were encouraged. Hampi, Sringeri, Shravanabelagola, Shrishaila, Srikalahashti, Ahobilam, Madurai, Srirangam were the important religious centres. Temples and Mathas were the notable religious institutions. The temples were places of worship and Mathas stood for the spread of religious principles. They encouraged Education and Culture.

e. Education and Literature: Mathas, Agraharas, and Temples played an important role in imparting education. ‘Dhulakshara’ was a system of education, which is referred to in ‘Mohanatarangini’ of Kanakadasa. It was a system of learning to write on sand. Primary education was called ‘Balabodha’. Hampi, Kodimatha, Sringeri, Yediyur, Kunigal, etc., were notable centers of education of that time.

f. Literature: The Vijayariagara Rulers encouraged Sanskrit, Kannada and Telugu literature. Harihara, Bukkaraya, Devaraya – II and Krishnadevaraya extended liberal patronage to scholars and poets. Some important literary works of the period are :

g. Sanskrit Works: Vidyaranya was a prolific writer in Sanskrit, he wrote more than 60 works. Madhava – Sayana wrote Parasara Madhaviya, Gangadevi, Queen of Veerakampan wrote Maduravijayam (Veerakamparaya Charitam), Tirumalamba wrote Varadambikaprinayam. Guru Vidyaranya wrote Raja Kalanirnaya. Krishanadevaraya wrote Madalasacharite, Rasamanjari, Jambavati Kalyanam, Usha Parinayam, etc.,

h. Kannada Works: Tontada Siddaling- eshwara wrote Vachanas, Kumaravyasa – Karnataka Kathamanjari (Gadugina Bharata), Nanjunda Kavi – Kumara Ramanakathe, Siddalinga Yathi wrote Shunyasampadane, Ratnakarvarni – Bharatesha Vaibhava, Bhimakavi – Basavapurana, Chamarasa – Prabhulingaleele. Kanakadasa – Mohana Tarangini, Nala Charita, Haribhakti Sara, etc., Purandaradasa – Keertans, Virupakshapandita – Channabasapurana Narahari – Torave Ramayana, Nijaguna Shivayogi – Viveka Chintamani.

i. Telugu : Krishnadevaraya was a great scholar in Telugu. He wrote Amukta Malyada in Telugu. He patronized eight great Telugu poets in his court who were called ‘Ashtadiggajas’. Allasani Peddanna revered as the father of Telugu was conferred with the title of ‘Andhrakavi Pitamaha’. Srinatha wrote Kashikhanda Nachaha, Somanatha wrote Harivamsha, Allasani Peddanna wrote Manucharitamu, Vemana wrote poems. Krishnadevaraya is often described as ‘Andhra Bhoja’.

Select example of Indian Multinational Company Videocon.

Capitalistic, communistic and Mixed are the types of Economic System.

It is established by the historical facts that the Delhi Sultans associated ''Ulema'' and scholars with their courts because of their learning and knowledge. Most of the Sultan's had their daily routine included an exchange of ideas with the Ulama and other scholars on legal or juridical and religious matters.

He was the greatest ruler of the Khilji Dynasty and was the first Muslim ruler to extend his empire right up to the extreme South of India. He lavishly distributed money and gold among his people, noble and ministers so that they might forget the murder of Jalal-ud-din and support him.

Plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulin, that help maintain the colloidal osmotic pressure at about 25 mmHg. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, chloride, and calcium help maintain blood pH. Immunoglobulins help fight infection and various other small amounts of enzymes, hormones, and vitamins.

He conquered Gujarat, Malwa and Mewar. With the help of his general, Malik Kafur, he led a series of successful raids into the Deccan. He captured Devagiri in 1307 CE.

He then annexed Warangal, Dvarasamudra, Rameswaram, Mysore and Mudarai. He thus became the first sultan of Delhi to extend his kingdom south of the river Narmada.

The correct answer is New Delhi.

• Mughal emperor Humayun's library is located in New Delhi.
• In 1556, Humayun died after tumbling down from the stairs of his library.

• Important monuments by Mughal emperors.
• Akbar's monuments 

• Jahangir's monuments

• Shahjahan's monuments

• Aurangzeb's monuments

13% of sexual assaults occur in the presence of a pedestrian who may have done something to stop the assault.

A sexual assault is when through coercion or physical force a person touches another with sexual intentions without the consent of the person. Sexual aggression can be given from one person to another of the opposite sex, or to another person of the same sex, and can occur at any age. Sexual aggression includes sexual attack and groping.

The correct option is (a) small industry.

Because large industry is a huge sector and provides employment to all. And cottage industry is mainly practiced in rural areas so the que doesn't arise.

Turbidimeters are used to measure the relative clarity of a fluid by measuring the amount of light scattered by particles suspended in a fluid sample. Pictured below are a laboratory and portable turbidimeter.

Equilibrium of balance of payment is achieved when the net value of all the receipts and payments is zero or positive.

The Law of Demand says as “the quantity demanded increases with a fall in price and diminishes with a rise in price”. – Marshall “The Law of Demand states that people will buy more at lower price and buy less at ‘ higher prices, other things remaining the same”. – Samuelson.

Exceptions to law of demand means those conditions where the law of demand does not hold. Some exceptions are:
Giffen Goods:  It was observed that when price of bread used to increase ,the worker or labour groups used to consume more of bread and less of meat because with increase in price of bread and no increase in money income they could not afford meat as meat was comparatively more expensive . So they lived by consuming more bread . This is called Giffen Paradox.
Veblen Effect: Rich class people prefer to buy more of certain goods when price of such goods increases to show they belong to prestigious class or to confer high level of social status in  society .Examples of theses goods are diamonds , prestigious stones. This is called Veblen effect. In this case as price of the commodity rises ,people feel more prestigious to buy such goods and their demand increases.  This is exception to law of demand.
The law of demand also not applies to a commodity whose quality is judged by its price. At high price people buy more of such commodity considering its quality to be good. This is also an exception to law of demand.

• Bloody communal violence broke out soon after partition. 
• Millions of people migrated to India which put a great financial stress on the new country of India. 
• The 562 princely states had to be integrated into the Indian union. 
• Challenge of creating a new constitution 
• India had to build its defence forces to protect its newly acquired freedom.
•  There was a need to strengthen the social fabric to establish social security and mitigate gender, caste, religious and economic inequality in Indian society.

A. Turks, captured Constantinople and levied many taxes on goods passing through Constantinople.

Transnational -comapny produces, markets, invests and operates across the world.

The law of diminishing marginal utility states that as more and more of goods are consumed, the utility derived from them falls. However, there is an exception to this law. It is observed that a consumer sometimes gain more utility as more and more of a good is consumed.

• Hobbies:

Implies that the law of diminishing marginal utility is violated in case of hobbies of an individual, such as stamp collection and coin collection. This is because an individual derives more and more utility from additional unit gained from a hobby item. For instance, a level of satisfaction increases when a new variety of stamps or coins are received. However, the utility diminishes if the same variety of stamps or coins is gained every time.

• Misers:

Implies that the law of diminishing marginal utility cannot be applied to misers. This is because they derive more and more utility from more and more of any good.

Utility is a feeling of satisfaction, pleasure, or happiness. The demand of a good depends on the amount of utility derived by a consumer from that good. Therefore, it is necessary to measure utility to determine the demand of goods or services.

D. Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

Unilever is not an Indian Multinational Company.

The first phase of globalization started around 1870 and ended with The World War I.

Complementary products is not a force in the Porter Five Forces model.

• There was great demand for Indian spices. like Pepper, Cardamom, Ginger, and many other spices in Europe. 
• Arab merchants carried Asian Merchandise into Constantinople of Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) 
• Italian merchants would buy these goods and then sell in European countries.

The Law Of Diminishing Marginal Utility states that all else equal as consumption increases the marginal utility derived from each additional unit declines. Marginal utility is derived as the change in utility as an additional unit is consumed.

Characteristics of an effective control system

1. Perfect Plan:

Control should reflect the plan designed to be followed. Managers should have information with regard to the plans for which they are responsible for working.

2. Objective:

Control should be objective rather then subjective because an individual’s job is not a matter of subjective determination. 

3. Flexible:

An effective control system should be flexible. It should be capable of adjusting itself to unforeseen changes of plans. It must be adaptable to new developments.

4. Economical: 

The control system should be economical to operate. The expenditure on control must correspond with the benefits derived from them.

5. Point out Exceptions: 

Management by exception is a system of warning the management when the situation is likely to become out of control and the intervention of management is needed.  Its main object is to make the task of managing simpler and more effective. If control is based on exception principle, it will allow the managers to concentrate on important issues.

D. It has five representatives from aU the member countries

• Empires of Austro – Hungary and Ottoman empires lost their existence. 
• New and small countries emerged in Europe. 
• ‘League of Nations’ was established in 1919. 
• Spirit of Nationalism brewed in the defeated nations. 
• Germany was economically devastated 
• Hitler rose to power.
• Arms manufacturers profited.