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Ionization Enthalpy is defined as the amount of energy an isolated gaseous atom would take to lose an electron in its ground state. Whenever an electron is expelled from an atom, it takes a specific amount of energy to expel it, hence the enthalpies of chemical elements for ionisation are always optimistic.

The examples of crystalline solids are, quartz, calcite, sugar, mica, diamonds, snowflakes, rock, calcium fluoride, silicon dioxide, alum.

The compound must be attached to four different groups.

Answer is (a) all of its nearest neighbour anions.

Answer is (d) 290 pm

Square planar means ratio ratio is between 0.414 – 0.732 

If radius of cation is 120 pm then anion should be in the range ρ = r_{cation/ranion} 

0.414 = 120/ x so x = 289.8 = 290 pm 

0.732 = 120/ x so x = 163.9 = 164 pm

Answer is (c) A is true but R is false.

Assertion: Molarity of a solution changes with temperature. (correct) 

Reason: Molarity is a colligative property. (incorrect) Molarity is a means to express concentration. It is not a physical property.

Answer is (c) 6

The radius of Ag+ ion is 126pm and of I- ion is 216pm. The coordination number of Ag+ ion is:

ρ = r_{cation/ranion} = 126/ 216 = 0.58

Radius ratio lies in the range 0.414 – 0.732, so has coordination number 6 or 4 according to the table. 

Since none of the options is 4, so the answer is 6

Answer is (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Assertion: SO₂ is reducing while TeO₂ is an oxidising agent. (correct)

Reason: Reducing property of dioxide decreases from SO₂ to TeO₂ (correct and reason for Assertion)

Answer is (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Assertion: Alkyl halides are insoluble in water. (correct) Reason: Alkyl halides have halogen attached to sp³ hybrid carbon. (correct) Alkyl halides are insoluble in water because they are unable to form hydrogen bonds with water or break pre-existing hydrogen bonds.

Answer is (c) A is true but R is false.

Assertion: Electron gain enthalpy of oxygen is less than that of Flourine but greater than Nitrogen. (correct)

Reason: Ionisation enthalpies of the elements follow the order Nitrogen > Oxygen > Fluorine (incorrect)

Ionisation enthalpies of the elements follow the order Fluorine >Nitrogen > Oxygen

Answer is (a) A: Isomers B: Enantiomer

Isomers have Same molecular formula but different structure Enantiomers are Non superimposable mirror images

a). Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Answer is (c) A is true but R is false.

Assertion: Cryoscopic constant depends on nature of solvent. (correct) 

Reason: Cryoscopic constant is a universal constant (incorrect) Cryoscopic constant various with type of solvent

Answer is (d) Helium: meteorological observations:: Argon: metallurgical processes

Nitrogen: 1s² 2s² 2p³ :: Argon:1s² 2s² 2p⁶ is configuration of Neon not Argon Carbon: maximum compounds :: Xenon: no compounds , Xenon forms compounds XeF₂: Linear :: ClF₃: Trigonal planar , ClF₃ is T shaped not trigonal planar

Answer is (b) i-D, ii-C, iii- A, iv-B

Amino acids form proteins and exist as zwitter ion , Thymine is a nitrogenous base in DNA, Insulin is a protein , phosphodiester linkage is found in nucleic acids so also in DNA and Uracil is nitrogenous base found in RNA which is a nucleic acid.

a). Cu (Z = 29)

Option : (B) (i)-(c),(ii)-(a),(iii)-(d),(v)-(b)

Schottky and frenkel defects are types of a S toichiometric defect. crystalline solids have Long range order in arrangement of constituent particles. Face-Centred Cubic (FCC) has ABC ABC ..... like pattern of Layers. F-centres formed in which metal excess defect,due to anionic vacanies.

Magnetic moment of 2.84 B.M. is given by Ni²⁺ 

Option : (B) moist SO₂ : Reducing agent :: Cl₂ : bleaching agent.

The moist SO₂ has reducing character due to evolution of nascent hydrogen.

SO₂ + 2H₂O → H₂SO₄+ 2[H]

Cl₂ acts as bleaching agent,

Cl₂ + H₂O → HCl+ HClO

Hypochlorous acid is unstable,

It easily dissociates to form nascent oxygen.

HClO → HCl + [O]

due to nascent oxygen it act as bleaching agent.

XeF₂ → Linear, but XeF₆ → distorted octahedral N₂ → Very less reacitive gas, and F₂ highly reactive gas.

NH₃ → Strongbase,

HI → Strong acid.

c). have both of the above characteristics

Option : (D) A : Denatured protein, B : Secondary structure.

Milk curding is due to the denaturing of its proteins. α-helix is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins.

c). N‐methylaniline

1. (d) Closing statement of Affairs

2. (b) Trial Balance

3. (a) Rs. 70,000

4. (b) Rs. 2,20,000

Deferred Revenue Expenditure is that expenditure that is revenue in nature but the benefit of which extends beyond the accounting year in which it is incurred.

Example of Deferred Revenue Expenditure: Renovation of cinema mall.

(b). Non-cash expenditure

(c). Trading Account

Under CIF contracts, the seller is responsible for arranging the Ship & delivering the goods at port of destination.

The Insurance that provides protection against loss of freight is called Freight Insurance.

[Hint : Due to more polarization power of P³⁺ ion than Bi³⁺ ion.]

1. Scarcity as a condition of competition: Wherever there are community desired goods and services, there is Competition.In Tact, economics starts with its fundamental proposition that while human wants are Unlimited the resources that can satisfy these wants are strictly limited. Hence people complete for the possession of these limited resources. As Hamilton pointed out Competition is necessitated by “a population of insatiable wants and a world of stubborn and inadequate resources”.

2. Competition and affluence: Competition may be found even in circumstances of abundance or affluence. In a time of full employment, Competition may take place for The status of the top class. There is Competition not only for food, shelter and other basic N needs but also for luxuries, power, name, fame, social position, mates and so on,

3. Competition is Universal: Modem civilized society is marked by the Phenomenon of Competition. Competition is covering almost all the areas of customers, lawyers for clients, doctors for patients, students for ranks or distinctions, athletes and sportsmen for trophies, political parties for power, no society can be said to be exclusively Competition or co-operative.

4. Competition is continuous: Competition is continuous. It is found virtually in every area of social activity and social interaction. Particularly Competition for status, wealth and fame is always present in almost all societies.

5. Competition is dynamic: It stimulates the achievement and contributes to social change to higher level. A college student who completes with others to get selected to the college cricket team. After becoming successful may later struggle to get selected to the University cricket team, to the state team to the national team and so on.

6. Competition is always governed by norms: Competition is not limitless nor is it unregulated. There is no such things as ‘unrestricted competition’ such a phrase is contradiction in terms. Moral norms or legal rules always govern and control competition competitor sare expected to use ‘fair tactics’ and not ‘cut-throat devices’. 

7. Competition may be unconscious also: Competition may take place on an unconscious level. Many times individuals engaged in Competition are not always aware of the fact that they are in a Competitive race.

8. Competition may be constructive or destructive: Competition may be healthy or unhealthy. If one of the two or more competitor tries to win only at the expense of the others, it is destructive. Sometimes, big industrialists or businessmen to become virtually bankrupt. But constructive competition is mutually stimulating and helpful. It contributes to the welfare of all at large. 

9. Competition may be personal or impersonal: Competition is normally directed towards a goal and not against any individual. Sometimes, it takes place without a actual knowledge of other’s existence. Ex. It is impersonal as in the case of civil service examination in, which the contestants are not even aware of one another’s identity. Competition may also be personal as when two individuals contest for election to an office. As competition becomes more personal., it leads to rivalry and shades into conflict. Competition in the social world is largely impersonal. The individual may be vaguely aware of, but has no , personal contact with other competitors.

Importance or function of competition: Competition plays an important role in social life. Competition performs a number of useful functions in society. Some of them may be noted here.

The concept of ‘Primary Groups’ is a significant of C.H. Cooley to the social thought. Building black of human societies throughout the world history.

Characteristics of Primary Groups: 

(a) Dominance of primary or face-to face-refationships: Primary groups are characterized by close and intimate relationships. These exists a face-to-face relationship amongthe members. In primary Groups everyone knows everyone else; one’s name and fame, one’s status, wealth, occupation, level of education etc.,

(b) Small in size: Primary groups are generally small in size, because its consists of few members. Size of primary groups should be small if the relations among members are to be close personal and intimate.

(c) Physical Proximity or Nearness: Face-to-face relations can be found only when members reside in particular area more or less permanently. Seeing and talking with each other facilitates the exchange of ideas, opinions and sentiments.

(d) Durability of the groups: Primary groups are relatively permanent groups. Other things equal, the longer the groups remains together, the more numerous and deeper are the contacts between its members.

(e) Similarity of Background: The members of the primary groups may have more or less the same background. These must be some approximations in their levels of experience. Each must have something to contribute to give as well as to take.

(f) Shared Interest: The shared interests of the groups also hold them together, any interest becomes focused and enriched in the group process. Since all are working for a common cause each acquires stimulation and a heightening of the emotional significance of the interest.

Influence of the French revolutions (1789): The French Revolution was the most immediate factor in the rise of sociological thinking, the new political climate emphasized liberty, equality, justice, individual right & thinking. The writers and thinkers of the day were particularly disturbed by the chaos and disorder which the Revolution brought in.

Some of the radical thinkers sought the need to find out new bases of social order or system which had been disturbed by the political revolutions. This interest in the issue of social order evinced by the social thinkers ultimately supported the cause of the emergence of sociology. The impact of the Industrial Revolution: the Industrial Revolution that began in England in the 18th century swept through many western societies.

The Social effects of Industrial Revolution were many. The revolution led to a factory system of production which in turn gave, place to mechanisation and industrialization. The simple rural life and domestic industries were replaced by complex urban life and mass production of goods. Industrialization changed the direction of civilisation.

The next most important agency of socialization is the peer group. The peer group consists of his age mates, Play mates and status mates, those who form the inner circle of friends, class mates, and workmates etc., who share almost the status with the child. They serve an important function in defining appropriate behavior, acquiring appropriate roles, setting standards of conduct, arriving at a level of personal independence and inculcating goals.

The child acquires something from his friends and playmates which he cannot acquires cooperative morality and some of the informal aspects-of culture like fashions, fads, crazes, modes of gratification etc. the peer group also provides opportunities to explore tabooed topics. For instance, most of the sex knowledge in early stage, rightly or wrongly, comes from one’s peer group.

The family: Family is the first agency of socialization of the child. Physical nearness, close xelationship, passiveness of the child, authority of parents over the child etc., all have greater influence in molding the personality of the child.

In family, parental influence, particularly of the mother, is very great. From the parents the child learns language. It is taught number of civic virtues. The child gets his first lessons in cooperation, tolerance self-sacrifice, love and affection, etc., in the family.

The earliest and the closet ties of an individual are with his parents and siblings. There have authority over the child. Possessiveness of the child and its emotional attachment with parents and siblings make socialization an easy and smooth process. Cultural heritage is passed from one generation to the other in family.