Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

The factors that resist the process of social change. Lack of New Inventions: Social changes depends on the invention of new objects, techniques, thoughts, devices and plans to a great extent. Changes will take place without much opposition if the people have the strong craving for new things. Lack of inventions as such, do not provide a favorable atmosphere for change.

Rejection or Non-Acceptance of New Inventions: No change is possible if people go on rejecting the new inventions. Ex (1) Dr. William Harvey’s Blood Circulation. Theory, and Galileo’s theory concerning the planetary system and the movements of earth, were opposed in the beginning (2) opposition came in the British Parliament for the use of steam energy in British Naval Ships.

Imperfections of New Inventions: In the beginning, inventions are generally subject to imperfections, such as inadequate performance, easy breakage, and difficulty of repair. Social inventions also have imperfections in the beginning. People may oppose them for their inadequacies.

Fear Towards the New: Man has not only love for the past but also fear for the new. People express their fear for the new while making use of the new objects, listening to the new thoughts and following a new practice.

Tradition and Reverence for the past: People are traditional in their attitudes, the old and the traditional practices and things and ideas are upheld by the people. People are emotionally and sentimentally bound by them. 

According to P. V. Young defines observation as “A systematic and a deliberated study through the eye of occurrences at the time they occur”

According to Durkheim “Education as the socialization of the younger generation and it is a continuous efforts to impose on the child ways of seeing feeling and acting which he could not have arrived at spontaneously. 

Marriage is a permanent bond between permissible mates.

Competition plays an important role in social life. Competition pe functions in society.

The major types are: 

(a) Social Competition: People always compete to get into higher status and position, competition of this kind is mostly observed in open societies. Wherever individual ability, merit, talents and capacities are recognized. Seticiogy (I FUC) :

(b) Economic competition: the most important and at the same time the most vigorous forms of competition is the economic competition. It is witnessed in the processes of production, distortion and consumption of goods 

(c) Political competition: In the modern world competition for political power is always present. Political parties are always engage in Competition to secure power. Such a competition becomes apparent especially during elections.

(d) Cultural competition: Some sociologists have also spoken of cultural competition. It may take place between two or more cultural groups. Human history provides various example of such a competition. 

(e) Racial competition: Competition may also take place between racial groups such as the Blacks and the Whites, Aryans and Dravidians etc.

Air pollution is an extensive problem badly affecting main’s health, plants and animals.

1. The minute particles of Sulphur Dioxide, coal, silica, Barium and other chemicals cause lungs cancer, heart diseases like hypertension. 

2. Due to rapid technological radiation anemia, leukemia, cancer physical weakness are caused.

3. Due to air pollution world famous marble Taj mahal is getting destroyed stage by stage. The rare intricate are getting spoiled day by day. 

4. Due to use of different fuels the temperature of the earth is increasing. This is called as Green house effect. 

5. The Photo synthesis activities of plants and tree are showing down due to dirt and dust

Social science investigates laws related to man or man’s social behavior. The Physical sciences search for physical laws in natural phenomena.

Chippko Movement (in 1973-74).

According to P. H. Collin “pollution refers centralization of polluting things, created by man”.

Social change refers to modification which occur in the life patterns or people.

Social science is general and not a specialized.

The family is the most permanent and pervasive of all social institutions, all swales both large and small, primitive and Civilized, ancient and modern have institution lased the process or procreations of species and rearing of the young. 

The Family canoes out the responsibility of socializing each child. Children are thought largely their families to conform to socially approved patterns of behavior. The Large world and acquaint them with the large culture. This Process takes place in family. 

Learning of social cultures is called socialization.

Educational Function.

The basic unit of the social structure in every society is the family. It associated with such emotive issues as love, marriage, home and child bearing.

According to Macular and Page “Marriage is a durable association between husband and ‘ wife for procreation and upbringing of children and requires social approval”.

The characteristics of family are: 

1. Family is an Universal: As stated earlier, the family is the most permanent and pervasive of all social institutions. All societies both large and small, primitive and civilized, ancient and modem, have institutionalized the process of procreation of the species and the rearing of the young. It is a permanent and universal institution and one of the constants of human life.

2. Biological Basis of the Family: The institution of the family is to be explained in terms of biological factor-the existence of two sexes and the sexual character of reproduction in the human species. It appears as s natural answer to the human sexual drive, a phenomenon solidly based in the biology of the human organism. 

3. Limited size: Family is defined as a primary group. It may include parents and their unmarried children or parents and their children. The bonds that the together these limited number of members with limited common interests are the outcome of emotional factors such as love, mutual affection and solicitude. This emotional basis of the family makes it an ideally suitable primary social group in every society.

4. Common Residence and Nomenclature, satisfy basic needs: The family is one of the most durable of all social institutions. Each family has s residence, an address and a name, a family can mean two quite different things depending upon the vantage from which we view it. Each family has common habitation for its living. Without a dwelling place, place the task of child bearing and rearing cannot be adequately met. however, family has a wider meaning than mere household since a family can be spread out geographically sometimes but yet emotionally, socially and legally be known as a family.

Some of the important characteristics of association are as follows:

(1) A group of People:

An association is basically a group of people who have some common objectives. Without a group of people no association can be formed. Hence a group of people is important.

(2) Organization:

Association does not refer to any ordinary group of people rather it refers to an organized group of people. In other words when a group of people organize themselves for the pursuit of some common interest an association is formed. Hence association is called as an organized group. There is certain rules which guide the people.

(3) Common Aims and Objectives:

It is the most important characteristic of association. Because association does not refers to a mere collection of human beings rather it refers to those group of individuals who have some common aims and objectives. All the members tries to achieve the common objectives. Hence association is a means to achieve common objectives. For example people having similar political objectives may join in a particular political party.

(4) Some rules and regulations:

We know association is an organised group. Every organised group or organization based on some rules and regulations. This body of rules and regulations governs and guides the relations of its members. These rules and regulations are either written or unwritten. Members or officials of an association obey these rules and works according to these rules and regulation.

(5) Co-operative Spirit :

Association is the result of co­operative spirit of some organised individuals. Hence the other name of association is co-operation. Here people work together with a co­operative spirit to fulfil some common purposes. This co-operative spirit helps them to realize their objectives. When this spirit is lacking there is no co-operation and no association.

(6) Voluntary Membership :

The membership of an association is voluntary in nature. People voluntarily join in an association to fulfill their desired aims and objectives. They can also withdraw their membership when they feel so. Similarly no one can compel them to be a member of any association. But he have to obey the rules and regulations of the association.

(7) Degree of Permanency:

The degree of permanency varies from association to association. Some association may be temporary where as some are permanent. There exists some long lived association like family or state. Similarly there exists some temporary associations like flood relief association.

(8) Legal Status :

Association is an organised social group which has responsible members. This shows that association has legal status. It can sue and be sued. Legal action can also be taken against the members as well as officials if disobey it’s rules and regulations.

(9) Office Bearers :

An association have office bearers who manage it’s affairs and guides it’s functioning. These office bearers are elected for a definite period of time by it’s members.

(10) Artificial Nature:

Association is an artificial creation. It is man made in nature. Some individuals deliberately form association to fulfill their common objectives. It does not grow naturally or spontaneously. There exists no natural bond between the members of association. Rather there exists a bond of self interest.

The word evolution comes from the Latin word ‘evolvere’ which means to develop or to unfold.

Helps to social progress and develop rational attitude. 

Kingsley Devis says “Institution is a set of interwoven of folkways, mores and laws built around one or more functions”.

As a concept, social progress can be analyzed comparing with social change and social evolution is called progress.

Rural and urban community.

The Gap between material and non material culture. 

Marriage is associated with some civil religious ceremony as a sacrament it receives the blessings of religion, marriage among the Hindus is regarded as a sacrament. It is connected with the sacred rituals such as Vagdana, Homa, Kanyadana, Mangalya Dharma, Saptapadi, etc.

To bring order, stability and conformity.

Co operation means is a form of social interaction wherein two or moew persons work together to gain a common end.

The term folkways was introduced to the sociological literature by W.G Summer in his book with the little “Folkways” published in 1906. The word literately means “The ways of the folk or people”. Folkways are the accepted ways of behavior.

(a) Social in Nature: Folkways are the product of man’s group life. They are created by the groups for their sustenance and maintenance. Individuals get social recognition by conforming to the folkways. Every new generation absorbs folkways partly by deliberate teaching but mainly by observing and taking part in life about them

(b) Unplanned Origin: The origin of folkways are very obscure. Sumner believed that they arise automatically and unconsciously, they are not the result of any advance planning. 

(c) Informal Enforcement: Folkways are not as compulsive and obligatory as those of laws or morals. Conformity to the folkways is neither required by law nor enforced by any special agency of the society.

(d) Folkways are Innumerable: It is not possible for anyone to enlist all the folkways. No encyclopedia could contain all the folkways observed by all of the people of history. They are very diverse and numerous. 

(e) Folkways are subject to change: Folkways are not static, but dynamic, folkways are change with changing social conditions. Some folkways undergo relatively rapid change, some are resist change very often. 

Co-operation is one of the basic pervasive and continuous Social Process.

1. Social competition 

2. Economic competiton

According to Elliott and Merrill define family as “a biological social unit composed of husband, wife and children.

In group and out group.

Primary Groups and Secondary Groups.

The characteristics of marriage are:

Marriage is more or less a universal institutional: It is found among the pre¬literate as well as literate people. It is enforced as a social rule in some of the societies. For example. In Japan celibacy is publicly condemned. In Korea, unmarried individual are called‘Half’persons. Among the Hindus, marriage is a sacrament which is regarded as more or less obligatory.

The Todas of Nilagiri refuse to perform funeral rites for a girl if she dies before her marriage. But they do perform it after completing some sort of marriage ceremony for the corpse. According to the Chinese philosopher Confucius, an individual who remains unmarried throughout his life commits a crime.

Relationship between Man and Woman: Marriage is a union of man and woman. It indicates a relationship between one or more men to one or more women. Who should marry whom? One should marry how many? Are the questions which represent social rules regarding marriage differ significantly.

Marriage requires social approval: A union of man and woman becomes a marital bond only when the society gives its approval. When marriage is given the hallmark of social approval, it becomes a legal contract.

Marriage is associated with some civil or religious ceremony: Marriage gets its social recognition through some ceremony. This ceremony may have its own rites, rituals, customs, formalities, etc, it means marriage has to be concluded in public and in a solemn manner. Sometimes as s sacrament it receives the blessing of religion. Marriage among the Hindus, for examples, is regarded as a sacrament. It is connected with the sacred rituals such as- Vagdana. Homa, Kanyadana, Magalia Dharana, Saptapadi, Ashmarohana, etc

Marriage creates mutual obligations: Marriage imposes certain rights and duties on both the husband and wife. Both are required to support each other and their children.

Reproduction and Socialization

Primary data are collected by researcher through observation, questionnaire and Interview. 

Sororal polygyny and Non – Sororal polygyny. 

According to Samuel Koenig “Social change refers to the modifications which occur in the life patterns of people.”

In groups and Out groups. 

The progress means to a forward movement or an intended growth or a desirable movement. 

The major source of primary data are Observation, Interview, Social Survey and Questionnaire.

Science is a method of approach to the entire empirical world, i.e. to the world which is susceptible of experience by man.

Social research is a systematic Invertigation to gain new knowledge of social phenomenan. According to William P Scott Social research is any research that focuses on the study of human groups or the processes of social interaction.

Locality and Community Sentiment.

In interview there is a high rate of response were as in questionaire the rate is less.

Mobile Phone, Computer. 

The two functions of religion are : 

1. Supernatural and sacred 

2. Provides moral prescriptions 

3. Beliefs and practice 

4. Methods of salutation.

M.N. Srinivas and A.R.Desai 

The correct answer is Forests do not influence the climate and water cycle.

Explanation:

• Forests play many important ecological roles. From helping to mitigate climate change to providing homes for many species of plants and animals, providing food, medicine, and livelihoods for people around the globe, however, these essential ecological powerhouses are currently at risk.
• Rainforests are the world's oldest living ecosystems. An ecosystem is not just the plants, but also the birds, mammals, reptiles, fish, amphibians, bacteria, and even the non-living elements like soil, water, and air.
• Rainforests produce, store, and filter water, protecting against soil erosion, floods, and drought.
• Rainforests influence the carbon cycle (green plants take up carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, a process during which oxygen is released into the air) and also have a profound effect on rainfall.

• Roots of the plants keep hold of the soil which protects the soil from erosion.

• Plants and forests are dependent on each other, as plants need animal dung to grow on the other hand animals survive on the food prepared by plants (photosynthesis).
• Forests play a crucial role in climate change and the water cycle as it provides fresh air to people.
• Fertile soil is very important for the forest to grow and regenerate.

So, 'Forests do not influence the climate and water cycle' is an incorrect statement.

Environment is the sum of all social, economical, biological, physical or chemical factors which constitute the surroundings of man.

Socious means society logos means study. Sociology means study of society.

Alex Inkle’s in his book “what is Sociology?”-has provided a general outline of the fields of Sociology on which there is considerable agreement among sociologists. It could be presented in the following manner:

1. Providing a sociological analysis of human culture and society: The major concern of Sociology is human society and its culture. A sociologist seeks to provide an analysis of human society and culture with sociological perspective. He evinces interest in the evolution of society and tries to reconstruct the major stages in the evolutionary process. An attempt is also made to analyse the factors and forces underlying historical transformations of society. Due importance is given to the scientific method that is adopted in the sociological studies.

2. Analysing the primary units of social units of social life: s has given sufficient attention to the study of primary units of social life. In this area it is concerned with social acts and social relationships, individual personality, groups of all varieties, communities(urban, rural and tribal), association organisations and population. – 

3. Studying the nature and functions of basic social institutions: Socia institutions constitute the basic fabric the society. Any social system is built on the foundation of social institutions. Institutions such as – the family and kinship religions and morality, economic and political, legal and educational, scientific and aesthetic, recreational and expressive, medical and welfare, etc., serve the most important needs of man. Sociology develops deep into the study of the origin and development, structure and function, changes and challenges of a wide variety of social institutions.

4. Sociology throws light on the fundamental social processes: Human society is neither static nor uniform. It is dynamic and diverse. This dynamic element in society is reflected by what are known as social processes. They reveal the way in which human interaction assume different patterns and courses in social life. The social processes such as co-operation and competition, accommodation, and assimilation, social conflict and communication, social differentiation and stratification, socialisation social control and deviance, social integration and social change, etc., assume prominence in sociological studies.