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B = B1 + BH

= μ0I + μ0H

B = μ0 (I + H)

B = μ0H (1 + I/H)

or B = μ0 (1 + χ)H + = μH

or μ = μ0 [1 + χ]

and μ = μ0μ r

so μr =[1+X]

In block coding, we divide our message into blocks, each of k bits, called datawords. The block coding process is one-to-one. The same dataword is always encoded as the same codeword.

"r" redundant bits are added to each block to make the length n = k + r. The resulting n-bit blocks are called codewords. 2n - 2k codewords that are not used. These codewords are invalid or illegal.

The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called "triple X".

A linear block code is a code in which the exclusive OR (addition modulo-2) of two valid codewords creates another valid codeword.

Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.

There are three segments of GPS:-

1. The space segments : The satellites of GPS are launched and positioned at an altitude of approximately 20200 km which is almost more than three times of the earth’s radius. The space segment consists of a constellation of 24 functioning GPs satellites located in 6 orbital plane with 4 satellites in each orbital plane. The time for the satellite to complete one revolution around the earth is 11 hrs and 58 minutes.

2. The control segment: The control segment consists of facilities necessary for satellites especially healthy monitoring, telemetry, tracking command and control clock error ‘ computation of satellites. 

There are 5 GPS stations spread over the earths surface they are –

• Hawaii 
• Colorado spring 
• Ascension Island 
• Diego Garcia 
• Kwajalein.

3. The user segment: It is a total user and supplier community, both civilian and military. The user segment consists of all earth – based GPS receivers. Receivers very greatly in size and complexity, through the basic design in rather simple. The space and control segments are largely transparent to the operations of navigation functions.

Cyclic codes are special linear block codes with one extra property. In a cyclic code, if a codeword is cyclically shifted (rotated), the result is another codeword.

The components of GIS are

1. Data : Geographical data can jbe divided into 3 

• Spatial data Any data which is associated with a specific geographical location, eg Locating of India, Bangalore city, KRS dam. 
• Attribute/Non-spatial data Any data which is not associated with a specific geographical location.
• Continous data The data which have no discrete boundaries like soil, atmospheric temperature and land elevation.

2. Software : There are the programmes designed to run the computer. However, GIS is designed to collect, store, process geographical data and construct maps. 

3. Hardware : Hardware comprises storing and processing devices like central process unit, monitor, key board, mouse, printer, scanner etc … 

4. People : This component consists of the skilled people who involve in data capturing, ‘, processing and analysing. 

5. Analysis : It involves the processing of GIS data with various analyses so as to get meaningful information.

A device or program that uses predefined algorithms to encode, or compress audio or video data for storage or transmission use. A circuit that is used to convert between digital video and analog video.

(i) Simplex 

(ii) Half-duplex 

(iii) Full-duplex.

a. Principles

Certain Principles are to be observed at the time of designing Office Forms.

Maps, information, software, hardware, procedures, people.

A device or program that translates encoded data into its original format (e.g. it decodes the data). The term is often used in reference to MPEG-2 video and sound data, which must be decoded before it is output.

Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronisation, clock etc.

Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication media.

Aerial photograph is derive as S=f/H.

Correct option: D. Iso data

A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.

Framing in the data link layer separates a message from one source to a destination, or from other messages to other destinations, by adding a sender address and a destination address. The destination address defines where the packet has to go and the sender address helps the recipient acknowledge the receipt.

Correct option: B. Supervised classification

(i) Broadcast and 

(ii) point-to-point

In fixed-size framing, there is no need for defining the boundaries of the frames. The size itself can be used as a delimiter.

A technique called piggybacking is used to improve the efficiency of the bidirectional protocols. When a frame is carrying data from A to B, it can also carry control information about arrived (or lost) frames from B; when a frame is carrying data from B to A, it can also carry control information about the arrived (or lost) frames from A.

In byte stuffing (or character stuffing), a special byte is added to the data section of the frame when there is a character with the same pattern as the flag. The data section is stuffed with an extra byte. This byte is usually called the escape character (ESC), which has a predefined bit pattern. Whenever the receiver encounters the ESC character, it removes it from the data section and treats the next character as data, not a delimiting flag.

b. Electronic

Filling up of Electronic form is a computer version of paper form.

The sliding window is an abstract concept that defines the range of sequence numbers that is the concern of the sender and receiver. In other words, he sender and receiver need to deal with only part of the possible sequence numbers.

Bit stuffing is the process of adding one extra 0 whenever five consecutive Is follow a 0 in the data, so that the receiver does not mistake the pattern 0111110 for a flag.

Correct option: C. High Oblique Aerial photograph

In networking and in other areas, a task is often begun before the previous task has ended. This is known as pipelining.

Flow control refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of data that the sender can send before waiting for acknowledgment.