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This Act was passed by the Parliament in 2008. The UAPA (Unlawful Activities Prevention Act) replaced POTA. It contains the following main provisions. Terrorist Act is defined in section 15 of the Act as “Any act which threatens the unity, integrity, sovereignty of India or with intent to strike terror in the people or any section of people in India or in any foreign country”.

1. Those persons who have the intention of aiding, abetting or committing a terrorist act shall be punishable with imprisonment for 10 years and fine. 

2. Punishment for raising funds for terrorist acts is 5 years which may extend to life imprisonment and liable for fine. 

3. It prescribes punishment for recruitment of persons for terrorist acts and their training. The punishment is 5 years which may extend to imprisonment for life and liable for fine. 

4. Every offence punishable under this Act shall be deemed to be a cognizable offence. If the investigation cannot be completed within 90 days, the court may extend the detention period up to 180 days.

5. If there are sufficient grounds for detention of an accused person under the Act, no bail is granted. Further, no bail shall be granted to a foreigner who has entered the country illegally except in very exceptional circumstances and for reasons to be recorded in writing.

6. The Central Government has the power to freeze, seize or attach funds or other financial assets or economic resources of the terrorist groups.

Globalisation is the process of integrating the j economy of a country with world economy. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment. An important attribute of globalisation is the increasing degree of openness, which has three dimensions.

The chain of reforms that took place with regard to business, manufacturing and financial industries targeted at strengthening the economy of the country to more proficient levels. It allows people in search of jobs and education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy. Several in the market companies introduce the best quality of goods at the lowest price.

This leads to healthy competition in the economic field. It removes and restrictions. Now people can get jobs education at higher levels as per they desire. Today more companies many global institutions help them to get the concept of global village and reduce the gap among the countries. All countries come together under one roof, people can communicate with each other exchanging their culture, habits, lifestyle etc.,

1. Non-Alignment: The basic principles of foreign policy are Non-Alignment. After the II World War, the world war divided into two military blocs, one led by the USA and another by USSR. Many countries blocs. But India was not aligned to any of the military blocs. India was the first country to speak of non-alignment and major contributor to the emergence of the Non-Align Movement.

Jawaharlal Nehru Prime Minister of India, Gen. Sukarno President of Indonesia, Josif Broz Tito President of Yugoslavia Kwame Nkrumah Prime Minister of Ghana and Gamal Abdel Nasser Leader of Egypt were the founders of this movement. The first summit of NAM which was held at Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961 with 25 member countries.

At present, it has 128 members. Recent NAM Summit concluded in August 2012 at Tehran Iran. Venezuela will host the next 17^th NAM Summit in 2015.

2. Opposition of Imperialism and colonialism: As a colony of the British over 200 years, India firmly stood in opposition to any form of imperialism and colonialism. India. played a major role in liberating the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa from colonial shackles.

3. Faith in the UN: As a founding members of 6N, India has played a major role in achieving world peace. India as a major democratic country in the world is collaborating with UN agencies viz: UNESCO, UNICEF, UNDP, UNIDO. Indian foreign policy supports and reguards the UN as an agency for world peace.

It has always advocated for peaceful settlement of international disputes within the purview of the UN. India has contributed its troops to the UN peacekeeping force operations in the tense and conflicated areas and different regions, especially in diffcult missions of the world.

4. Fairness of means: With the inspiration of Gandhian ideas, India has always emphasized fair means in resolving international disputes. India has supported peaceful and non-violent methods and opposed the war, aggression and power politics anywhere in the world. In the Asian relations conference, New Delhi on 2^nd April of 1947. Indian foreign policy expresses full faith in peaceful means for the settlement of dispues. India repudiates the use of force, it belives in peace achieved through peaceful means a good end through right and just means.

5. Anti – aparthied and racial discrimination: India has stood by the principles of racial equality and opposes discrimination on the basis of race, regligion caste, colour and sex. India opposed and rejected the doctrine of white supremacy, it has been the most outspoken critic of racism.

Equal and honourable treatment of all in the world in India’s goal. India is always against of the policy of apartheid followed in the South Africa and it’s broke off diplomatic relations with it as a protest to social discrimination.

6. Panchasheel: Panchasheel continues to be another fundamental principle of Indian foreign policy. An agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou-enLai on April, 29^th 1954, sought to govern the relationship between India and China on the basis of five principles.

1. Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty. 

2. Mutual non-agression. 

3. Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs. 

4. Equality and mutual benefits. 

5. Peaceful co-existence.

It is a principle of peaceful co-existence with other nations, it guided the basis of relationship between 1954-57 marked by numerous visits and exchanges. This period is described as the Sino-Indian honeymoon.

7. Tie with the commonwealth: Although India gets its independence from British imperalism she decided to remain within the common-wealth of Nations. The British Queen is the Head of the Commonwealth, it is made up of Britain and other countries which had once been her colonies, Traditionally India had many economic ties with the UK and other member countries of the Commonwealth Association.

In many commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGM) strident declarations were passed regarding the problem of social discrimination, apartheid, violation of human rights and other issues of democracy in the member countries and the world. The 23^rd CHOGM was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka in November 2013. Next Summit will be designated at Tanzania in 2015.

8. Disarmament: Major concern of India’s foreign policy in the post-cold war period is disarmament and arms race in the world. As a leader of NAM, India established beyond doubt that arms race is at the expense of human development. Expenditure on arms and ammunitions depletes distorts economic progress, programs for removal of poverty, eradication of diseases spread of education and easy availability of basic needs.

9. Sympathy towards divided Countries: Partition of India and Pakistan due to divide and rule policy of British in 1947, resulted in terrible communal riots, emormous sufferings of people who moved out of their homes and had to begin their life again as refugees.

Because of the bitter experience of this incident. India is sympathetic towards the bifurcation of Palestine in Arab, South and North Korea, East and West Germany (Now unified) and Vietnam.

10. Concern towards small countries: India’s foreign policy emphasizes its conem towards small countries of the world. India supported Malasia (1948), Ghana (1957) and Bangladesh (1971) to encourage and emerge as independent nations. Most of the decolonized territories are mini and micro states, small both in area and popultion, got the membership in NAM because of India’s support.

Since its independence, India is extending economic assistence to small countries in the world and always in the forefront of reconstruction and rehabilitation of the war-torn or small nations affected by natural disasters.

11. Affinity towards Afro-Asian Countries: Though India has the relations with all countries of the world, she has special affinity towards the countries in Asia and Africa which are very near and following the principles followed by her.

India supported at the freedom struggle of African countries e.g. Namibia became independent in March 1990, Nelson Mandela the first black leader became the President of South Africa in May 1994. In the first Afro-Asian countries summit at Bandung in 1955.

12. Against Cold War: Cold war began with the formation of two power blocs at the end of II world war viz. US and USSR. Rivalry between them resulted in the emergence of many military alliances eg: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) ANZUS (Austrialia New Zealand United States alliance) SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organisation). Bagdad Pact, CENTO (Central Treaty Organization). As a leader of NAM, it stayed away from the two blocs.

India’s policy was neither negative nor passive, as Pandit Nehru declared to the world that NAM was not policy of ‘fleeing away!’ India tried to reduce the rivalry between two blocs and chose to involve other members of the non-aligned group, in this mission. With the disintegration of USSR the cold war ended.

The process of Nation-building started with the attainment of independence. The leaders of modern India initiated the process in the right direction as they worked out the details in an orderly and systematic way. However, during implementation, they had to face numerous problems associated with national reconstruction resulting in a slow process.

The process of nation-building is an offshoot of the concept of nation-states. The idea of nation-states emerged after the signing of the treaty of West Phalia (1648) by Western Countries. The people of the common religious and traditional backgrounds living in a definite territory with like-mindedness and ‘we’ feeling form the nation. Common language, culture, and history aspirations help the common people to form nationality.

1. Components to community support: To realise the process of nation-building, collective support and endeavour of the people are essential. The quality of the people reflects the quality of a nation. Disciplined work culture and patriotic feeling also contribute for nation-building. In a democracy, people are the kingmakers. Hence, they are expected to elect competent and honest representatives. They formulate a sound public opinion on important national issues. As J.S. Mill said ‘Eternal vigilance is the price of democracy’.

2. Good Governance: Good governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility, and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology has given rise to e-Governance. India is one of the leading countries in the world in the adoption of the system-of egovernance.

3. Committed Leadership: History depicts many examples of committed leadership. Eg. US President F. D. Roosevelt solved the crisis of Economic depression by adopting the New Deal Policy and US became a superpower at global level after the II World War. In India Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of nation-building.

He formulated goals for nation-building and introduced planning system, adopted industrialization policy and socialistic pattern of society. He had vision and farsightedness for the transformation of India. Hence Nehru is called the Architect of Modern India.

4. Political Culture: Political Culture constitutes a set of values, attitudes, and behaviour towards a political system. It requires an ideal political behaviour to national reconstruction. Leaders have to embody the principles of national interest, public service, probity, and statesmanship.

5. Power Sharing: To realize the goal, political power needs to be shared among all sections of society. The concentration of political power in the hands of a few people and some families leads to the emergence of authoritarianism and dictatorship.

As H.J. Laski rightly puts it “A decision which affects all must be decided by all” To attain this reservation is provided to the SCs and STs and women at different levels of Government. It ensures social justice which is the foundation of socio-economic democracy.

6. Universal Education: For the development of a nation universal education is of paramount importance. It enables the person to understand his potentiality and strengthens dignity. As Gandhi said, “Education is the light of life”. It encourages people to develop the spirit of enquiry the ability to analyze the national problems and to work for national progress.

Education also equips the people to shun fanaticism, parochialism, communalism, casteism and religious fundamentalism. The Right To Education Act 2009 implemented in 2010 is a step in this direction.

7. National Character: Nationalism and patriotism are the foundations to build a national character. Each country has its distinct national character which denotes one’s nativity-as the conservatism of UK, ‘Land of Liberty’ of US, Ethnicity of Africa, Aboriginal of Australia, cultural diversity of India. Love and respect for one’s country and national symbols such as national flag, national anthem, and national monuments are the prerequisites.

One has to acquire knowledge about the history of his motherland and its contributions to human civilizations. Realizing the significance of national character, the makers of the Indian constitution have asserted the supremacy of popular sovereignty in the preamble reading with the expression.” We the people of India”.

8. Mass Media: Mass Media is regarded as the Fourth Estate in democracy as it plays a vital role in nation-building. It highlights the omissions and commissions of the government and acts as a bridge between the government and the public. It . is an effective instrument of political socialization, modernization, and development. In India,the ‘Freedom of Expression’ is a fundamental right under Art. 19 of the Constitution.

9. Responsible Intelligentsia: The contribution of intellectuals is recognized all over the world. Research and innovations in important areas of human life have contributed to the national development. In India the development in the field of social sciences, M.N. Srinivas, Amartya Sen, S. Shettar, Gail Omvedt, Kancha, Ilaya, Vandana. Shiva, S.N. Balagangadhara, AshishNandy, Rajiv Malhotra and others.

In Science and Technology Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah, Sir C.V. Raman, Dr. Raja Ramanna, Dr. M.G.K. Menon, Dr. CNR Rao. Dr. U.R. Rao, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, and others have greatly contributed for India’s present position at global level.

10. National Integration: It is the process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically, Sardar Vallabha Bai Patel, Vinoba Bhave, Lai Bahadhur Shastri, J.B. Kriplani, Acharya Narendra Dev played a key role in the national integration. November 19th is being observed as National integration day, the birthday of Smt. Indira Gandhi.

At the organizational level (i.e., school), the school location, socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnic composition, and the openness of the school staff to promoting physical activity may have an influence.

Elections in India is huge and complex. The electoral process also elaborate. In the course of the last 50 years the election process has shown a number of shortcomings which have arisen out of the politico-social, economic and cultural conditions prevailing in our country.

Caste and religious factors have become predominant. Vote banks, rigging, booth-capturing, proxy voting, etc., have become common. In view of these, several electoral reforms have been taken up in recent years.

They may be outlined as follows:-

a. Const 

b. To provide representation to the country, the voting age was reduced from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.

c. To overcome various problems arising in the election process, Electronic Voting Machines have been introduced. 

d. To discourage candidates who are not serious in contesting in the elections and to avoid multiplicity of such candidates, the deposit amount has been increased. 

e. To deal with proxy voting, identity cards with photographs is being issued to all voters by the Election Commission. 

f. In recognition of the voters right to information, the Election Commission has decided on mandatory disclosure of their antecedents by the candidates.

g. To curb the role of money in elections and to enable the service minded persons to contest in the elections, Indrajit Gupta Committee recommended for state funding of elections.

h. In order to ensure free and fair elections, the candidates should furnish the details about their educational qualifications, movable and immovable property, and criminal background.

i. In order to promote the elections more trustworthy, Election Commission of India has introduced VVPAT and VSDU devices along with EVMs during pooling.

It is important to note that BRICS is the acronym for an Association of five major emerging national economies like Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The group was originally known as ‘BRIC’ before the inclusion of South Africa in 2010. The BRICS members are either developing or are newly industrialized and are distinguished by their large fast growing economics and significant influence on regional and global affairs. All five are G 20 members. Presently, South Africa holds the chair of the BRICS group.

Summit level meetings: The leaders of RIC Countries. Russian President Valdmir Putin, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Chinese President Hu-Jinatao-held the first summit in St.Petersburg on July 17, 2006, as part of the G-8 Summit conference program. Later, Brazil jointed the summit meeting.

The Foreign Ministers of the. initial four BRIC national met in New York in September 2006. They singled out agriculture the prevention of natural calamities and elimination of their aftermath and promotion of healthcare as primary areas. A fullfledged diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg.

The summit focussed on the means of improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institution. In the aftermath of the Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be “diversified, stable and predictable”.

ASEAN was established in 1967 by five countries of this region — Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand — by signing the Bangkok Declaration. Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar (Burma) and Cambodia joined ASEAN taking its strength to ten.  

1. ASEAN has strengthened its trading capacity , its economic relevance as a trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economies such as India and China, makes this an attractive proposition.   

2. ASEAN has focused on creating a Free Trade Area (FTA) for investment, labour, and services.   

3. The global powers like USA and China are already negotiating FTAs with ASEAN.

Major concern of India’s foreign policy in the post cold war period is disarmament and arms race in the world. As a leader of NAM, India established beyond doubt that arms race is at the expense of human development. Expenditure on arms and ammunitions depletes and distorts economic progress, programs for removal of poverty, eradiction of diseases, spread of education and easy availability of basic needs.

India is not a signatory to the NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) CTBT(Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) and also to other nuclear or war treaties. India conducted nuclear tests at Pokran in 1974 (Smiling Buddha) and 1998 (Sakti-I and Sakti-II). Though India is one among the major nuclear powers in the world, it is only for civil use and development, not for armed or nuclear race.

The ultimate goal is comprehensive and complete disarmament of all forms of nuclear, chemical and conventional weapons. India established Indira Gandhi Prize . for Peace, Disarmament and Development, to recognize the persons, who work for the promotion of disarmament and peace in the world.

In 2013, German Chancellor Angela Merkel won this award for her commitment to universal peace and disarmament. Millions of people all over the world are aware that a nuclear war will turn our earth into a graveyard of human race and wipe out its achievements.

As a result, 2013 Noble Prize for Peace was awarded to the Organisation for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the international group in which India is one of the founder members, for its continuous efforts towards disarmament.

The success of parliamentary democracy depends upon the political stability which lies in the pure and honest electoral system. Democracy is the will of the people and their opinion is sacred. Hence it is said that the “Voice of the people is voice of the God”. It ensures impartial, free and fair elections through ballot papers but not bullets. In this regard, many committees were appointed by the successive Governments. 

The most important among them are:

1. V.K Tarkunde Committee (1974 -75) 

2. Dinesh Goswami Committee (1990) 

3. Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer Committee (1994) 

4. Wanchoo Committee 

5. Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998) 

6. Justice Kuldeep Singh Committee (2002) 

7. Law Committee Reports.

On the basis of recommendations of these committees, the respective Governments have implemented the following reforms.

1. Elector’s Photo Identity Card (EPIC): The Elector’s Photo Identity Card was introduced by the Chief Commissioner T. N.Sheshan (1990-1996) to conduct free and fair elections to remove the evil practices like corruption and impersonation (bogus voting) etc. It was introduced in India in the year 1993. Arrangements were made to issue EPIC to U prevent impersonation of electors.

Initially, it was difficult to issue identity cards to all the voters due to some technical problems. But, during the term of M.S Gill, the possession of EPIC by the voters was made compulsory. It is an official document issued by the Election Commission to all the eligible voters. It consists of information of voter’s age, name, photo, gender, address, constituency, date of issue etc.

2. Electronic Voting Machine (EVM): The Electronic Voting Machine is one of the important innovations of modern technology. It has replaced the system of ballot box and ballot papers with the most effective Electronic Voting Machine. The EVMs were introduced for the first time in 1998 in the Legislative Assembly Elections of some States and it was successful. Later during the 14th Lok Shaba elections, they were used all over India.

EVM consists of a Controlling Unit and a Balloting unit which are interconnected with a cable. The balloting unit is kept in the place where voters exercise votes. The Controlling Unit is with the Polling Officer. After the voters prove their identity, by pressing the blue button on the balloting unit against the candidate’s symbol, they cast their vote. With the beeping sound the voting procedure is completed.

Uses of Electronic Voting Machine

1. EVM can be easily operated and saves time. 

2. It is simple to the voter to cast vote. 

3. Quick and accurate results. 

4. Economic and eco-friendly. 

5. Avoids invalid votes.

6. Control of irregularities.

Business leaders from China visited India and signed many Memorandum of Understandings (MOUs) with Indian Companies. As a member of BRICS, China decided to stop Staple Jammu and Kashmir residents. This gesture resumed the defence, business and trade ties between the two nations in April 2011. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and the Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh set a goal to increase bilateral trade between the two countries.

China became India’s largest trade partner in 2012. Dr. Singh expressed his concern to strengthen the bilateral relations of both the countries with visiting Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and the President Jinping in May 2013. Dr. Singh visited China in October 2013. The historic visit of Heads of the States in the same year heralded a new era in Indo-China relations.

Multi-party system.

The correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (R).

• Hume theory of causation
  • Hume's is rightly the most celebrated thinking on causation in the history of all philosophy.
  • The question it asks is what the connection really is between an effect and what precedes it. 
  • The difficulty occurs in contemplating the operations of mind on the body; where we observe the motion of the latter to follow upon the volition of the former; but are not able to observe or conceive the tie, which binds together the motion and volition, or the energy by which the mind produces this effect.
  • The authority of the will over its own faculties and ideas is not a whit more comprehensible: So that, upon the whole, there appears not, throughout all nature, any one instance of connection, which is conceivable by us.
  • All events seem entirely loose and separate. One event follows another, but we never can observe any tie between them. They seem conjoined but never connected. Hence, the Assertion is correct.
  • A causal relationship exists when one variable in a data set has a direct influence on another variable.
  • Thus, one event triggers the occurrence of another event.
  • A causal relationship is also referred to as cause and effect.
  • Causal relationships are contingent and probable. Hence, the Reason is correct.

Taliban and A1-Qaeda.

1. Income generated through tax on property, water, business, profession, and advertisement. 

2. Income generated through rent on corporation property such as market building, vegetable markets, mutton stalls, etc, 

3. Money collected from the public with prior permission of the state government 4. Income earned through fees and penalties 

5. Grants by the state government.

Electronic Voting Machine.

1. World Bank, 

2. IMF & BklCS Bank

In India’s perspective Kashmir is an integral part of the republic of India and to Pakistan, it is a disputed territory. The argument of Pakistan on Kashmir is that, since the partition of the country was done on religious basis and majority of, population are Muslims, Kashmir should be part of Pakistan. 

This argument failed to recognize the following facts:

1. Parition was done of the British Indian Provinces & and not of the Indian princely states. 

2. National conference was the only major political party in Kashmir, which was affiliated to Congress. It was opposed to Pakistan and had faith in secular politics. 

3. The Indian princely states had the freedom to join either India or Pakistan. 

4. India was a secular state consisting of multireligious population.

So, Kashmir formally decided to join India after the invasion of its territory by Pakistani tribals supported by the Pakistan Army.

In October 1947, Kashmir was invaded by tribal infiltrators of Pakistan. This forced the Maharaja to seek Indian military help. India reacted positively after ‘Instrument of Accession’ was signed on 26^th October 1947. To resolve the crisis, the Constituent Assembly of India made a special provision through Art. 370, to provide a separate constitution to the state along with other provisions.

In 1951, the Constituent Assembly met in the state to frame a Constitution. In February 1954, the accession of the state to India was ratified by the constitution, legalising it. In November 1956. it adopted a constitution legalising the status of J &K as a unit of the Indian Union.

Political neutrality refers to Civil Servants staying away from political activities. They perform their duties without being aligned to any one political regime.

The partners of any Alliance when they come together to form the Government set aside their ideological differences and agree upon some basic common points. This is called Common Minimum Programme.

The Indian Councils Act of 1909 allowed a separate electorate to Muslims.

Inequality means denying opportunities and privileges to some classes of people making discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, gender, birthplace etc.

Sri Siddaramaiah: Sri Siddaramaiah is acknowledged as the leader of the backward class and minorities in the Karnataka social strata. He was born on 12^th August 1948 and was the 22^nd Chief Minister of Karnataka from 2013 to 2018. He was the first Chief Minister to complete a full 5-year term in the top post in Karnataka in 40 years.

Siddaramaiah was a member of various Janata Parivar fuctions for several years. Earlier as a Janatha Dal (Secular) leader, he was Deputy Chief. Minister of Karnataka on two occasions. On 13^th May 2013, he was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Karnataka.

Siddaramaiah is also regarded as the leader of ‘Ahinda’. His programmes are most popular and familar with relates to the sections of below poverty line. During the time of his rule as a Chief Minister, his main popular programmes are Anna Bhagya, Ksheera Bhagya, Shaadi Bhagya, Mythri Bhagya, Indira Canteen, Arogya Bhagya, etc. still he remained as a unquestionable leader in Indian National Congress.

• Union government legislates on any matter while executing internal Treaties. 
• It can direct the states on any matter. 
• Executive powers of the State should not infringe upon the Union jurisdiction.

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution is related to Jammu and Kashmir.

Telugu Desham (TDP), Shiv-Sena, Akali Dal.

26^th January 1950.

The study of political science is very useful to the individuals and the society. As it said by Bernard Shaw that “political science by which alone civilization can be saved”. Political science exerts its influence on the life and destiny of human beings. Why political science has become so important in the life of man? It can be judged on the following grounds:

1. Essential for a cultured existence: The study of Political Science introduces an individual to the requirements of a civilized and cultured society.

2. To understand evolution of state and government: Political Science is a study of state and government in all its aspects, in order to understand the roots of state and government such as how and why the state and government came into existence and why it continues to be in existence and what are the essential factors that makes a state, the types and forms of government, the aims and objectives of the government, etc., the knowledge of political science is essential.

3. To provide knowledge of rights and duties: Every citizen, especially in a democracy desires to have knowledge of rights and duties. It is in political science that one learns all ‘t the aspects of these rights and duties.

4. To make Democracy effective: Democracy today is the most popular system of government. Many factors contribute to success and effectiveness of democracy. Political science enables one to understand all the principles, merits and defects of democracy.

5. Provides political education: The study of political science provides political education to a citizen so that he may understand national problems in a new perspective.

6. Provides knowledge of ideologies: The study of political science provides a vast knowledge of various prevailing ideologies like democracy, socialism, communism, nazism, fascism, etc.

7. Knowledge useful to political leaders and bureaucrats: Knowledge of political science is very useful to the political leaders to carry on the working of the government effectively. Knowledge of the constitution is necessary to everyone to contribute better to the functioning of the government. 

8. To understand political power: Political Science helps citizens to understand the concept of political power; how governments function; what are the interest and forces behind the policies; who are his elected representatives and what they stand for.

9. To promote human warfare: Political Science in the contemporary period lies the fact that it creates conditions for economic progress since it is motivated by an interest in human welfare.

10. To understand international relations and contribute to peace: International relations is one of the specialized branches of political science dealing with the relationship among sovereign states. It includes many concepts like balance power, collective security, alliances, treaties, international law, international organizations, etc.

According to David. H. Bayley “It is the misuse of authority for the consideration of personal gains.”

Sardar Vallabha Bhai Patel.

Civil servants are considered as permanent executive.

1. BJP 

2. Shivasena.

Due to modernisation youth are heading towards inter-caste and inter-religion marriages. Elders of tradition bound families to maintain family honour and values, go even to the extent of killing the parties involved and their supporters. This honour killing is called Maryada Hatye’.

A process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically is called National Integration.

None of The Above.

KPSC is situated at Bengaluru.

The economist Amartya Sen.

Due to modernisation youth are heading towards inter-caste and inter-religion marriages. Elders of tradition-bound families to maintain family honour and values, go even to the extent of killing the parties involved and their supporters. This honour killing is called Maryada Hatye’.

Multy Party System.

(a) Triple Talaq: Rights of women and dignity were upheld in the judgement and an end was put to the exploitation and insecurity of women. 

(b) Article 370: Special status of Jammu and Kashmir revoked, reaffirming that it is an integral part of India. 

(c) Farm Laws Repeal: There were a yearlong protest of farmers largely across Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh and surmounting pressure on the government by Dharna in Delhi. This led to the intervention of Judiciary and formation of an expert committee. Finally, led to repeal . 

(d) CAA-NRC Law: To fast rack citizenship for minorities in neighboring states, however accumulated fears within Indian communities which led to country wide protests. Judiciary had to intervene. Finally, implementation was put on hold by the government. 

(e) Ram Janmabhoomi: This was a centuries long dispute and was reignited in the 1990s.It shaped the discourse of Indian Politics( rise of BJP).The case went to Supreme Court after Allahabad Court's judgement in 2010. An expert committee was formed by the Supreme Court. Finally judgement came in 2019 and the matter was put to rest.

(f) Majoritarian government (single party) in 2014 and 2019, yet followed the pre poll alliance (NDA).

OR

The impact of the conflict between the Judiciary and the Executive was as follows: 

(a) The Indira Gandhi government brought in many changes in Constitution that declared that election of Prime Minister, President and Vice President could not be challenged in court. 

(b) The government made extensive use of Preventive Detention. 

(c) To give preference to Directive Principles of State Policy over Fundamental Rights. Due to this provision, any person could be deprived of even his fundamental rights. Along with this, this amendment completely dwarfed the judiciary. At the same time, immense powers were given to the legislature. 

(d) The government also superseded the practices of the Supreme Court in appointing its Chief Justice. 

(e) The term of the Parliament was also increased from five years to six years. 

(f) Under the provisions of emergency, the various fundamental rights of citizens stood suspended, including the right of citizens to move the court for restoring their fundamental rights. 

(g) Judiciary delivered various controversial judgements; did not perform its role properly. No constitutional rule of law prevailed; this was called as the dark period of democracy; no media freedom and opposition was in jail. Judiciary and Executive acted as one entity, with judiciary not keeping a check on the actions of the executive. By way of 42nd Amendment, detention was removed from judicial review.

A group of officials who are appointed by the central government, working and regulated by the central government is called central services.

Example: Indian Railway Services, Indian Foreign Services.

Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or an organization which is entrusted with a position of authority, in order to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's personal gain.

Punjab was divided into two states. They are Punjab and Haryana.

1^st may as celebrated as The Labours Day.

May 1^st is celebrated as Labour day.

Two – Punjab and Haryana.

Liberalization is the “Willingness to respect or accept behaviour or opinions different from one’s own, being open to new ideas”.

Corruption 

Points: • monetory convictions or malpractices in order to do work. 

• extent of corruption is very high in public sector 

• government’s working capacity is reduced due to corruption at political and administrative level. 

• people develop distrust and dissatisfaction about the entire Government system due to delay in Governmental work, poor public services and facilities and different financial blunders.

The code of conduct in election 

Points: • it explains the rules that are to be followed by the Government, political parties and voters before and during elections.  

• it is issued by the Election Commission 

• useful in controlling malpractices, and making election process more and more open and just (free and fair elections).