Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Vocabulary in the target language should be kept under control, i.e., graded. This can be done by students learning and practicing in the context of real situations using authentic materials.

• The teacher neither needs to teach all the words nor provide a short list of words that are commonly used, as this will lead to meaningless memorization of words.
• The teacher should focus only on those Vocabulary Items that are:
  • Frequent 
  • Important
  • Needed for Classroom Tasks & Activities
  • Regular (common patterns or features)
  • Easy to learn
• students learning and practicing in the context of real situations support the Vocabulary in the target language.
•  Whereas if students write/speak using a graded list of new words then it becomes a mechanical drill and the purpose of the activity remains for the sake of grades. Furthermore, if students read a prescribed book and take a vocabulary quiz, this limits the student's active participation and exploration. So these are not the appropriate activities for vocabulary building and grading.

“Collaboration of students in learning situations supply 'comprehensible input' in low anxiety situations” is the basis of language acquisition.

• This implies that the collaboration of students in learning situations provides low anxiety situations.
• These methods do not force early production in the second language but allow students to produce when they are 'ready', recognizing that improvement comes from supplying communicative and comprehensible input, and not from forcing and correcting production.
• Whereas in teacher-directed learning in the classroom and students receive feedback for correction regularly provide highly anxious situations which do not involve many students of a classroom as this doesn't provide constructive feedback.
• Furthermore, homework designed to use parents’ support doesn't provide opportunities for students to actively involve in acquiring a second language and practicing the language.
• According to Krashen 'comprehensible input' is the crucial and necessary ingredient for the acquisition of language.  

Hence, we can conclude that Collaboration of students in learning situations provide low anxiety situation and supply comprehensible input as well, which are the basis of language acquisition.

To achieve communicative competence, learners need to be competent in four aspects: linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competencies. Here, ‘linguistic competence’ concerns students’ use of syntax, lexis, and structures as Communicative competence is a term coined by Dell Hymes in 1966 in reaction to Noam Chomsky’s (1965) notion of “linguistic competence”.

• Communicative competence is the intuitive functional knowledge and the principles of language usage.
• This approach reflects that a language user needs to use the language not only correctly, but also appropriately.
• Here, ‘linguistic competence’ concerns students' Use of syntax, lexis, and structures’ as Linguistic competence is the knowledge of the language code, i.e., its grammar and vocabulary, and also of the conventions of its written representation.
• The rules govern the combination of words and phrases to structure sentences (i.e., syntax), and the way that meaning is conveyed through language (i.e., semantics).
• Sociolinguistic competence is the knowledge of sociocultural rules of use, i.e., knowing how to use and respond to language appropriately reflecting the expression of the meaning of what they communicate.
• Discourse competence deals with organizing words, phrases, and sentences in order to create conversations, speeches, poetry, email messages, newspaper articles, etc
• it is the ability to organize the content during communication and use of vocabulary. For instance, the speaker may not know a certain word, thus will plan to either paraphrase or ask what that word is in the target language.
• Strategic competence is the ability to use formats and stylistic devices. Thus, the speaker knows how to keep the communication channel open.
• Hence, we can conclude that linguistic competence concern with students' use of syntax, lexis, and structures.

Some parents of students with learning difficulties may have unrealistic expectations from their children. The teacher can support such students by explaining to the parents about the child’s characteristics and abilities.

• Everyone possesses certain weaknesses and strengths. The school system and parents should adjust to cater to the needs of children and support every child's unique abilities and talents.
• Inclusion in Education is about accepting everyone irrespective of abilities, disabilities, and socio-economic status for facilitating the learning for all students with appropriate support services.
• Learning difficulties indicate an individual's need for alternative learning methods using accommodation and modification.
  • Accommodation is the process of changing how they are learning.
  • Modification is the process of changing what they are learning.
• Making a clear reference to the learning objectives often term as criterion-referenced assessment which reflects that each child's performance is compared directly to the pre-determined standard and objectives as students with a learning difficulty may not fulfill those standard expectations.
• Parents and teachers should understand that every child is unique, thus they do not follow the same milestones.
• Providing instructions for dealing with the students at home provides a general framework. It doesn't cater to the needs of the individual.
• Persuading them to liaise with other such students does not help much with respect to learning difficulties. The unrealistic expectations come from making comparisons with other children's performances which is often termed as norm-referenced assessment.

Hence, we can conclude that explaining to the parents about the child’s characteristics and abilities helps the parents of students with learning difficulties that they do not have unrealistic expectations from their children. Instead, they should cater to the individualistic needs of the learners.

Educators use YouTube to teach visual learners with videos, podcasts for auditory learners, and interactive games for tactile learners in a language class. Here, multimedia caters to individual learning styles. Such as :

Visual: 

• Use graphic organizers to show word and concepts relationships.
• Ask students to highlight texts and color-code their notes.
• Draw pictures of new concepts and ask students to do the same. 
• Provide maps and charts to teach new material. 
• Have students use different fonts, colors, and sizes when/if using the computer. 

Auditory:

• Discuss new topics and subjects as a group and ask students to do it with partners. 
• Ask students to record lectures and their own presentations and review them afterward. 
• Have students read aloud and voice concepts and ideas to them. 
• Ask students to create tunes and rhythms when learning new material. 

Kinesthetic:

• Use role-play to act out concepts and ideas taught in your course. 
• Encourage students to take notes while listening to lectures or reading. 
• Associate each new word with a gesture or movement.
• Have students spell new words in teams using their bodies.
• Interactive games for tactile learners.

Linguistic differences: this implies the linguistic differences or variation in terms of regional, social, or contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used. 

• For example 1) In British English, color is spelled as color, whereas in American English it is spelled as color. 2) Shoelaces or shoe-strings.

Learning disabilities: Learning disabilities are disorders that affect the ability to understand or use spoken or written language, do mathematical calculations, coordinate movements, or direct attention such as ADHD, Dyslexia, and Dysgraphia.

• Authentic second language:  it is an instructional approach that allows students to explore, discuss, and meaningfully construct concepts and relationships in contexts that involve real-world problems and projects that are relevant to the learner for learning a second language.

Hence, we can conclude that to cater to individual learning styles educators use YouTube to teach visual learners with videos, podcasts for auditory learners and interactive games for tactile learners in a language class.

Correct option is A) Kick

Citizenship is the membership of a nation. Citizens are those who are eligible to enjoy all the social and political rights of the nation. Citizens have some special rights and privileges in their own nation. Such special rights to the citizens are called citizenship rights.

Correct option is (A) Vallathol Narayana Menon 

Correct option is A) out

Correct option is A) give out

Traditional industrial regions can be recognized by: 

• High proportion of employment in manufacturing industry. High-density housing, often of inferior type, and poor services. Unattractive environment, for example, pollution, waste heaps, and so on. 

• Problems of unemployment, emigration and derelict land areas caused by closure of factories.

The child is eligible for Indian citizenship. According to the citizenship laws of Germany, the child can also claim German citizenship. But a person can be a citizen of only one country. 

These are the ways to get Indian citizenship: 

• Natural citizenship by birth 
• Citizenship through heredity 
• Citizenship through Registration 
• Citizenship through long or extended stay 
• Citizenship acquired when an area is merged with the country.

Correct option is C) It seemed to have been ringing for a long, long time

1) Manufacturing literally means ‘to make by hand’. However, now it includes goods ’made by machines’. 

2) It is essentially a process which involves transforming raw materials into finished goods of higher value. Example; Raw cotton is transformed to more valuable threads and then threads are further transformed into more valuable fabric.

3) The ‘entertainment industry’ and ‘Tourism industry’

Correct option is C) fell asleep

Tertiary activities involve the commercial output of services rather than the production of tangible goods. Common examples are the work of a plumber, electrician, technician, launderer, barber, shopkeeper, driver, cashier, teacher, doctor, lawyer and publisher etc.

A nation gives equal rights to its citizens. But they are not able to use them equally. It is because the knowledge of the citizenship rights is different among various people. Some people may have negative attitude to politics and political systems. Such people also can’t make use the rights assured by the nation.

Persons who are eligible to get all the political and rights of a nation are called its citizens. According to Aristotle, the Father of political science, citizens take active part in the ruling of the nation. All the rights given to a citizen as a member of a nation are ‘ citizenship rights. They are given equally to all the citizens.

Feudalism Which make the background for he rise of nation-states.

I​​​​​​n the year 1955  that the Parliament passed a Comprehensive Act on citizenship.

The relation a person has with his nation is Citizenship.

In 1955  Indian Citizenship Act come into existence.

According to the Indian Citizenship Act, there are 5 ways to acquire Indian Citizenship. 

They are: 

i) By birth: Anybody born in India on 21 January 1950 or later will be an Indian citizen. 

ii) Citizenship by heredity: Anybody born outside India on 21 January 1950 or later will be given Indian citizenship if his father was an Indian citizen at the time of his birth. 

iii) Citizenship by Registration: The following can get Indian citizenship through registration: 

• People of Indian origin who have stayed in India continuously for 6 months before submitting the application for registration. 
• People of Indian origin who are staying outside undivided India. 
• Wives of the Indian citizens. 
• Minor children of Indian citizens. 
• Adult citizens of Commonwealth Countries or the Republic of Ireland. 

iv) Citizenship through Long Stay: A foreigner can get Indian citizenship through long stay here subject to certain conditions. 

v) Citizenship through regions becoming part of India: If any region becomes part of India, the government has the authority to declare the people of that region as Indian citizens.

There are five ways  to acquire citizenship according to  the constitution.

Here are the circumstances leading to the termination of Indian Citizenship: 

• Refusing Indian citizenship 
• Through marriage 
• Absence for a long period 
• By committing treason

Citizenship can be lost. 

The following are the circumstances: 

• Refusing citizenship 
• Through marriage 
• Absence for a long period 
• By committing treason

Through the influence of globalization, open market system is strengthened and the distance between nations is lessened. Because of the growth of technology the world has become a global village. In the circumstances, importance of global (universal) citizenship is enhancing day by day.

Correct option is B) catch

Double citizenship: Millions of Indians work abroad and live there permanently and therefore their children face the problem of citizenship. Therefore the demand for double citizenship is increasing. Expatriate Voting Right: Recently the Indian government granted voting rights to the expatriates. This issue is still being discussed.

The growth in communication has blurred the importance of the boundaries between nations and increased a sense of mutual relation among the people of the world. A nation can’t solve all the problems it faces all by itself. Problems that spread across boundaries are to be solved by the cooperation different governments and people. Because of all this, the advocates of global citizenship say that it is inevitable and all should work for its realization.

Many people become refugees because of internal conflicts, external wars and natural disasters like droughts, floods, earthquakes, and tsunamis. In the circumstances, the concept of global citizenship is helpful to them.

Through the influence of globalization, open market system is strengthened and the distance between nations is lessened.

Because of the growth of technology, the world has become a global village. In the circumstances, importance of global citizenship is enhancing day by day.

National citizenship and global citizenship are important in their spheres. Social inequalities and other problems in the country create big threats to the principle of equality in citizenship. Such problems can be solved only by the government and the people of that country. Equal and full citizenship is important for the people of a country. National citizenship is relevant here. 

The Concept of global citizenship reminds us that national citizenship is incomplete. We are living in a world that is mutually interconnected. The relations among the various people among the different countries are to be strengthened. There is a need to work with governments and people of other countries. Global citizenship should be complementary to national citizenship. That way Global citizenship deserves serious consideration.

Correct option is A) to serve

Correct option is A) bottle

Correct option is C) got

Correct option is B) What

Correct answer is d) All the above

Correct option is B) to stop something

Correct option is A) turn

Correct option is A) line

Correct option is A) screw

Correct option is C) turn

The business activities concerned with the sale of goods directly to the consumers known as retail trading, while wholesale trading constitutes bulk business through numerous intermediary merchants.

OR

Departmental stores delegate the responsibility and authority to departmental heads for purchasing of commodities, while chain stores are able to purchase merchandise most economically, often going so far as to direct the goods to be manufactured to their specifications.

Correct option is C) polish

Correct option is A) hold

Correct option is C) retail

Correct option is A) Is