Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

• Symptoms of amoebiasis are following 

(i) Abdominal pain 

(ii) Constipation 

(iii) Cramps 

(iv) Stool with excess mucous and blood clots.

• The causative organism for amoebiasis is Entamoeba histolytica.

Following are the symptoms of Amoebic dysentery:– 

(a) Dysentery 

(b) Abdominal pain 

(c) Stool with mucous & clotted blood. 

Active immunity is a slow process and it takes time and body have to face the antigens (live & dead pathogens) while for body immunity when man made antibodies are given, it is called passive immunity. 

Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances of microbial origin. e.g.- Penicillin and Streptomycin. 

The testis produces gametes i.e. sperms by the process of spermatogenesis. In testis the immature male germ cells (spermatogonia) produce sperms by spermatogenesis that begins at puberty age. The spermatogonia present on the inside wall of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers. Each spermatogonia is diploid and contain 46 chromosomes. Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis. A primary spermatocyte complete, the first meiotic division leading to formation of two equal haploid cells called secondary spermatocytes which have only 23 chromosomes each. The spermatocytes undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal haploid spermatids. These spermatids are transformed into sperms/spermatozoa by the process called spermatogenesis.

Spermatogenesis starts at the age of puberty at which significant increase in the secretion of ganadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) occurred. The increased level of GnRH acts at the anterior pitutary gland and stimulates secretion of two gonadotropins–Lutenising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). LH acts at the leydig cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion of Androgenes. Androgenes, in turn, stimlate the process of sepermatogenesis. FSH acts on the sertoli cells and stimulates secretion of some factors which help in the process of spermatogenesis.

(a) Radioactive wastes: Radioactive wastes are generated during the process of generating nuclear energy from radioactive materials. Nuclear waste is rich in radioactive materials that generate large quantities of ionizing radiations such as gamma rays. These rays cause mutation in organisms, which often results in skin cancer. At high dosage, these rays can be lethal.
Safe disposal of radioactive wastes is a big challenge. It is recommended that nuclear wastes should be stored after pre-treatment in suitable shielded containers, which should then be buried in rocks.
(b) Defunct ships and e-wastes: Defunct ships are dead ships that are no longer in use. Such ships are broken down for scrap metal in countries such as India and Pakistan. These ships are a source of various toxicants such as asbestos, lead, mercury etc. Thus, they contribute to solid wastes that are hazardous to health.
E-wastes or electronic wastes generally include electronic goods such as computers etc. Such wastes are rich in metals such as copper, iron, silicon, gold etc. These metals are highly toxic and pose serious health hazards. People of developing countries are involved in the recycling process of these metals and therefore, get exposed to toxic substances present in these wastes.
(c) Municipal solid wastes: Municipal solid wastes are generated from schools, offices, homes, and stores. It is generally rich in glass, metal, paper waste, food, rubber, leather, and textiles. The open dumps of municipal wastes serve as a breeding ground for flies, mosquitoes, and other disease-causing microbes. Hence, it is necessary to dispose municipal solid waste properly to prevent the spreading of diseases. Sanitary landfills and incineration are the methods for the safe disposal of solid wastes.

The human population is increasing day by day, leading to population explosion. It is because of the following two major reasons:– 

(a) Decreased death rate 

(b) Increased birth rates and longevity 

The death rate has decreased in the past 50 years. The factors leading to decreased death rate and increased birth rate are awareness and spread of education, improvement in medical facilities, ensure of food facility in emergency situation, etc. All these have also resulted in an increase in the longevity of an individual.

On the basis of infected tissue following types of cancer are reported:– 

(a) Sarcoma – Cancer in connective tissue is called sarcoma. 

(b) Lymphoma – Cancer in lymphatic tissue is called lymphoma. 

(c) Carcinoma – Cancer in epethelial tissue is called carcinoma. 

(d) Leukaemia – Cancer in haemopoitic tissue is called Leukaemia. 

(e) Liposa – Cancer in fatty tissue is called liposa. 

The proteins formed against the antigen in the immune system of the body. These are globular proteins and generally γ-globulins, therefore antibodies are called immunoglobulins (Ig).

Following five types of immunoglobulins are found:– 

(a) IgG – Present in serum. 

(b) IgM – Present in blood.

(c) IgA – Present in saliva, sweat and lachrymal gland secretion.

(d) IgD – Found in the surface of Lymphocyte. 

(e) IgE – Present in serum. 

(a) Bioreactor – Bioreactors are large vessels normally 100-1000 litres which are used for biological conversion of raw materials into specific products. Each bioreactor has a cylindrical stirred tank to facilitate the mixing of contents. The stirrer provides, facility of mixing the contents as well as the availability of oxygen. A bioreactor is more advantageous than shake flasks. It has an agitator system to mix the contents properly, an oxygen delivery system to make availability of oxygen, a foam control system, a temperature control system, a pH control system and a sampling port to withdraw the small volumes of the culture periodically. ` 

(b) Downstream Processing – Once the foreign gene product is synthesised, it is collected from the bioreactor and then processed further for its separation and purification. The purified and finally finished product is now ready for marketing. After biosynthetic stage, the collection of product, its separation and purification is known as downstream processing. Before marketing, the product has to be formulated with siuitable preservatives. In case of drugs obtained from recombinant proteins, clinical trials and strict quality control testing must be carried. These quality control testings and clinical trials vary form product to product. 

(d) Fourth Five Year Plan

Linkage is the persistent association of genes which, without being separated during meiosis, are passed on from generation to generation in the same position on their chromosome, such genes are linked together and are present on the same chromosome. The principle of linkage was first discovered by Bateson and Punnett in 1906 in sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus). Linkage is of two types – complete and incomplete. 

(a) Complete linkage – The genes closely located in the chromosome show complete linkage as they have no chance of separating by crossing over and are always transmitted together to the same gamete and same offspring. 

(b) Incomplete linkage – The genes distantly located in the chromosome show incomplete linkage because they have a chance of separation by crossing over and of going into different gametes and offsprings. 

Significance of linkage are as follows:– 

1. It greatly reduces the chances of the formation of new combinations of genes in the gametes. It, thus, helps in keeping the parental, racial and specific traits together. 

2. It helps in maintaining the valuable traits of a newly developed variety. 

3. It disallows the plant and animal breeders to combine all the desirable traits in single variety. 

4. It helps in ascertain exact position of genes and distances between them in chromosome. 

Components of an ecosystem :– 

An ecosystem is formed of two major components:– 

(a) Biotic components 

(b) Abiotic components 

(a) Biotic components – All the living organisms present in the ecosytem from the biotic components. It is categorized into three groups– 

(i) Producers 

(ii) Consumers 

(iii) Decomposers 

(i) Producers – These components include those living organisms which manufacture their own food from inorganic substances. These include green plants, photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, etc. they are autotrophic. 

(ii) Consumers – As they consume the producers directly or indirectly they are called consumers. They are heterotrophic. These are of three types – Primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers. 

(iii) Decomposers – These are decomposers or saprotrophs or reducers which decompose the complex organic compounds of dead bodies of both plants and animals. They include bacteria and fungi. 

(b) Abiotic components – Abiotic components of an ecosystem consists of nonliving substances and factors. They are broadly classified into edaphic and climatic factors. The edaphic factors include those connected with soil like topography, mineral, elements, background. pH (Hydrogen ion concentration) etc. Climatic factors include those formed by interaction of solar radiation with various constituents of hydrosphere, lithosphere, altitude and latitude. Abiotic factors limit the distributions behaviour and relationship with other organisms.

The phenomenon of deposition of inorganic phosphate and nitrate in water bodies is called eutrophication, due to that the growth of algae population is increased suddenly and mainly blue green algae, eg. Microcystis, spread on the surface of the water bodies. Phytotoxin is generated by these algae which is harmful for organisms of waterbodies and for animals and human by food chain. 

The phenomenon by which pollutants from man’s activities like effluents from the industries and homes are radically accelerated the aging process is called accelerated eutrophication. Lakes in many parts of the earth have been severely eutrophied by sewage and agricultural and industrial wastes. The prime contaminants are nitrates and phosphates, which act as plant nutrients. They overstimulate the growth of algae, causing unsightly scum and unpleasant odors, and robbing the water of dissolved oxygen vital to other aquatic life. At the same time, other pollutants flowing into a lake may poison whole populations of fish, whose decomposing remains furhter deplete the water’s dissolved oxygen content. In such fashion, a lake can literally choke to death.

Two consequences of phenomenon are as follows– 

1. Eutrophication leads to lowering of dissolved oxygen in water body leading to death of aquatic life. 

2. Nitrates from fertilizers and detergents contaminate drinking water leading to decrese in oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin in human beings.  

(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale

(b) the Ganges

The Indian Civil Service Act was passed during the Viceroyalty of Canning.

According to the writer, advertising as an activity is unproductive and wasteful. It corrupts everything that is sweet and beautiful. However, it is primarily the misuse of language as a means of propaganda in the advertising business that the writer disapproves of.

Correct option is D) obscure

Correct option is D) purpose

Belief, opinion, knowledge, emotions feelings intention are the components of Attitude.

(c) Both (a) and (b) above

A. False It is about 5500 mmHg (25 mmHg is the colloid osmotic pressure). 

B. True Both have an osmolality around 290 mosmol/litre. 

C. False It is similar to 5 per cent glucose which contains about the same number of particles. 

D. False The colloid osmotic pressure does this; the crystalloids pass capillary walls freely and exert no effective pressure gradient across the capillary wall. 

E. True Intracellular and extracellular fluid have the same osmolality

A. True Due, perhaps, to the additional metabolic work in processing protein in the body. 

B. True Protein is the main dietary source of the acidic residues excreted by the kidney. 

C. False Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in the body. 

D. True These metabolites, normally detoxified in the liver, may cause hepatic encephalopathy in hepatic failure. 

E. False One gram per kilogram is adequate.

Correct option is A) lent

Correct option is C) made over

(c) Birsa Munda

(b) To overthrow the Sikhs in the Punjab and the British in Bengal and to restore Muslim power in India

Narmada - Pune is NOT correct.

• Narmada - Pune is INCORRECTLY matched with respect to the river and the corresponding town on its bank.
  • Cities: Jabalpur, Vadodara
  • The Narmada, the largest west flowing river of the Peninsula, rises near the Amarkantak range of mountains in Madhya Pradesh.
  • The Narmada River also called the Reva and previously also known as Narbada.
  • This river is located in Madhya Pradesh and the Gujarat state of India.
  • It is also known as the "Life Line of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat" for its huge contribution to the state of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat in many ways.
  • It is the fifth-largest river in the country and the largest one in Gujarat. 

• Gomti River:
  • The Gomti, Gumti, or Gomati River is a tributary of the Ganges.
  • According to Hindu beliefs, the river is the daughter of Rishi Vashist and bathing in the Gomti on Ekadashi.
  • Source: Gomat Taal, Nihalpur, Gola Gokaran Nath, Uttar Pradesh
  • Length: 475 km
  • Cities: Lucknow, Jaunpur, Sultanpur
• Brahmaputra:
  • It originates under the name of Siang or Dihang, from the Chemayungdung glacier of the Kailash range near the Mansarovar lake.
  • It enters India west of Sadiya town in Arunachal Pradesh.
  • Tributaries: Dibang, Lohit, Siang, Burhi Dihing, Tista, and Dhansari.
  • Cities: Guwahati, Dibrugarh  
• Chambal:
  • The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River in central India, and thus forms part of the greater Gangetic drainage system. 
  • Length: 1,024 km
  • Source: Janapav
  • Basin size: 143,219 km²
  • Mouth: Yamuna River
  • Bridges: Chambal Hanging Bridge
  • Cities: Kota

(c) Northbrook

   The correct answer is 1878.

• Famine Commission was set up in 1878 under the Chairmanship of Sir Richard Strachey.
• The first Famine commission recommended state interference in food trade in the event of famine.
  • India witnessed another major famine in 1896-97.
  • The Famine Inquiry Commission, also known as the Woodhead Commission, was appointed by the Government of British India in 1944 to investigate the 1943 Bengal famine.
  • Controversially, it declined to blame the British government and emphasized the natural, rather than man-made, causes of the famine.

• Second Famine Commission:
  • It was constituted in 1897 under the Chairmanship of Sir James Lyall.
  • This commission recommended the development of irrigation facilities.
• Third Famine Commission:
  • It was set up in 1900 under the Chairmanship of Sir Anthony (Later Lord) McDonnel to re-evaluate and recommend changes in the report of the previous commission, based on the findings of the recent famine.
  • This Commission recommended that the official machinery dealing with a famine must work around the year so that the scarcity of food grains could be controlled well in time.
• Three Famine Commissions were constituted, but the British Government was never serious in dealing with the welfare plans for the masses.
• Famines continued to occur and the Famine of Bengal (1943) was the most horrifying.
• This was one of the worst gifts of the British Rule to India.
• Famine Policy:
  • A famine is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including war, inflation, crop failure, population imbalance, or government policies.
  • This phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased mortality.

• Richard Strachey:
  • Sir Richard Strachey was a British soldier and Indian administrator.
  • He was the third son of Edward Strachey and grandson of Sir Henry Strachey.
  • Richard Strachey Commission of 1880 was created to develop a general strategy and principles to deal with the famines.
  • It was the first Famine commission and was constituted during the period of Lord Lytton.​ 

Correct option is D) Applications

Correct option is B) bet

Correct option is B) give up

Correct option is B) fell over

Correct option is E) encouraged

Correct option is E) idea

Correct option is D) was being examined

1. a. Hindi is considered to be the official language of India.

2. b. dialects

3. a. status

4  a. official

5. c. ethnic

6. a. The people of India speak many languages and dialects, which are mostly varieties of about 15 principal languages.

7. b. The Indian languages belong to four language families : Indo-European, Dravidian, Mon-Khmer, and Sino-Tibetan. Indo-European and Dravidian languages are used by a large majority of India's population.

8. a. India's school teach 58 different languages.

9. b. The nation has newspapers in 87 languages, radio programs broadcast in 71 languages, and films are produced in 15 different languages.

10. a. position

Correct option is B) should arrive

Correct option is D) after / through / for

1. a. Success comes to those who are sincere, hard working, loyal and committed to their goals.

2. b. The basic qualities needed to achieve success include a proper approach, planning, vision and stamina.

3. c. reality

4. a. popular

5. c. committed

6. a. Great men ha’e sincerity, passion, high spirits, punctuality, commitment and hard labour in plenty to rise to the peak of success.

7. b. Mere desire cannot bring you success. The desire should be weighed against factors like capability and resources.

8. b. Failures are the pillars of success. Failures are our stepping-stones. Be must get up after each failure and start again. Be must always stay motivated and learn from our failures and mistakes.

9. a. perseverance

10. b. ninety-five percent perspiration and five percent

A. False Pressure is little affected but content is decreased. 

B. False Pressure is normal but content decreased. 

C. True Arterial P_O2 is reduced but content falls by only 3 per cent or so because of the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve. 

D. True This causes a fall of about 20 per cent in inspired oxygen pressure. 

E. True This causes a huge rise in P_O2 but a relatively small increase in arterial oxygen content since the hemoglobin is almost fully saturated when breathing oxygen at 100 mmHg pressure.

Correct option is E) of