Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

R = K[A]^1/2 [B]^3/2

order of reaction = 1/2 + 3/2 = 4/2 = 2

When a beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution the colloidal particles can be seen. This effect arises due to scattering of light from the surface of colloidal particles. This effect is known as Tyndall effect.

Following are the names of two copper ores:

(i) Copper pyrite (CuFeS₂)

(ii) Copper glyonce (Cu₂S)

Difference between physical adsorption and chemical adsorption:–

(i) Reaction of HNO₃ with copper:

(A) With not and concentrated HNO₃, copper react of give nitrogen peroxide, copper nitrate and water

Cu + 4HNO₃ → Cu(NO)₃ + 2NO₂ + H₂O

(B) With 50% concentrated nitric acid copper reacts to give copper nitrate, nitric oxide and water

3Cu + 8HNO₃ → Cu(NO₃)₂.2NO + 4H₂O

(C) With 20 - 25% dilute. HNO₃ copper reacts to give copper nitrate, nitrous oxides and water.

4Cu + 10NHO₃ → 4Cu(NO₃)₂ + N₂O

(D) On passing vapour of nitric acid on heated copper nitrogen gas and water vapour are obtained

5Cu + 2HNO₃ → 4CuO + N₂ + H₂O

(ii) Reaction of HNO₃ with Iron:

(A) With cold and dilute HNO₃ iron reacts to give ferrous nitrate and ammonium nitrate

4Fe + 10HNO₃ → NH₄NO₃ + 4Fe(NO₃)₂ + 3H₂O

(B) Hot & dill nitric acid reacts with iron and gives ferric Nitrate & No gas

2Fe + 8HNO₃ → 2Fe(NO₃)₂ + 2NO↑ + H₂O

Fe + 6HNO₃ → Fe(NO₃)₂ + 3NO₂ + 3H₂O

(C) With hot and conc. HNO₃ Iron reacts to give ferric nitrate and nitrogen dioxide gas.

Fe + 6HNO₃ → Fe(NO₃)₂ + 3NO₂ + 3H₂O

In this process SO₂ is obtained by brning sulpher or Iron pyrites in air

S + O → SO₂

4FeS₂ + 11O₂ → 2Fe₂O₃ + 8SO₂

The obtained SO₂ is oxidised SO₂ + NO₂ → SO₃ + NO into SO₃ by NO₃ The obtained SO₃  is treated is less then chamber crystals are formed.

2SO₂ + NO + NO₂ + H₂O + O₂ → 2(OHSO₂.O.NO)

When champer crystals are appeared the flow of water vapours increases.

As a result of this H₂SO₄ is obtained

2(OHSO₂.O.NO) + H₂O → 2H₂SO₄ + NO + NO₂

Differentiate between Methyl alcohol and Ethyl alcohol

The half life of a first order reaction A → B,  is given as  t_1/2 =  0.693/K

AI metals form a protective layer of oxide to prevent corrosion .

• The Ganga basin 
• The Brahmaputra basin 
• The Central India and Peninsular River Basin.

Protection and preservation of forest for the utilisation of future generations is called as ‘Conservation of Forest’.

It is derived from the weathered basalt rocks. This soil holds water for a long period and is high moisture retentive. This is most suitable for the cultivation of cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, pulses etc.

It is considered to be a liaison subject. It recognizes the fact that the world is a system of interdependency. Geography as an integrating discipline stands midway between Natural Science and Social Science. 

The Bhima, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Tungabhadra and Musi are the main-tributaries of the river Krishnav.

• Pakistan and Afghanistan are in the Northwest. 
• China, Nepal and Bhutan are in the North. 
• Myanmar is in the East and Bangladesh is in the Northeast. 
• Srilanka and Maldives are in the South Oceanic Zone. 

Natural Hazard is a threat of a naturally occurring event that will have a negative effect on . people or the environment.

Natural Disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth.eg. Earthquakes, floods.

Floods refer to excess flow of water in the rivers. Floods are natural hazards related to the Monsoons, which are uncertain and uneven in the country.

Drought or famine is temporary reduction I water or rainfall availability below the normal for the specific period.

• Physical Environment 
• Cultural Environment

Folding, Faulting, volcanic activity, landslides are the major causes for earthquakes. 

Earth quakes are also caused by human activities such as mining, nuclear explosion. 

A distinct group of life forms and the environment in which they are found is called ‘Biomes’. In other words, Biome is a plant and animal community that covers a large geographical area. On the basis of the dominant life form, six major biomes are identified.

a. Forest biomes: Trees are the dominant life form of forest biome. High temperature, humid climate and soil moisture help for thick tree cover. Equatorial region is dominant with forest biome. 

b. Savanna biome: It is the transitional biome between the forest biome and grassland biome. Savanna biome comprises of trees with grasses and herbs. It occupies areas of low and seasonal rainfall. 

c. Grassland biome: in this biome grasses constitute the dominant vegetation. It is dominant in the moderate soil water deficit regions, semi-arid areas of dry tropical, sub-tropical and midlatitude regions.

d. Desert biome: It includes organisms capable of surviving in moderate to severe water deficit for most of the year. In this region temperature may range from hot to cool. Most common plants found in this belt are xerophytes. 

e. Tundra biome: It includes small plants that can grow quickly during a short warm to cool summer season, in the low temperature and high latitudinal areas. 

f. Aquatic biome: Aquatic regions house numerous species of plants and animals, both large and small. This is where life began billions of years ago. Without water, most life forms would be unable to sustain themselves and the Earth would be a barren, desert-like place. Ponds, lakes, rivers, wetlands and oceans are sources of aquatic biomes.

The scientific study of the earth surface and its various climates, natural resources and human activities. Geography is a discipline of synthesis. It is considered to be a liaison subject. It recognizes the fact that the world is system of inter dependency. Geography as an integrating discipline stands midway between Natural Science and Social Science, Modern Geography focuses attention on man’s physical, biological and cultural environments and thereby point out the inter-relationship between human activities and the environment.

Physical geography has interface with Natural sciences. The traditional physical Geography is linked with Geology, Meteorology, Hydrology and pedology which have vey close link with Natural Sciences. Bio Geography is closely related to Botany and Zoology, Astronomical Geography is related to heavenly bodies such as Galaxy, solar system, stars, planets, satellites and mathematical Geography helps to represent latitudes, Longitudes shape of the Earth, size, Cartographic and Quantitative Techniques.

Geography also has interface with Social Sciences like History, Sociology, Economics, Political Science, commerce etc. These subjects have close links with other disciples as each one of them ahs spatial attributes.

These forests are found in the.regions of heavy rainfall (above 250 cm) and high temperature (above 27° C) Tall umbrella shaped trees with dense assemblage is a prominent feature of this forest. The evergreen forests always look green because, various species of trees are found here and they shed leaves in different seasons.

The regular and periodic fall and rise of the ocean water is called tides. The rising of water level is known as high tide or flood tide. The falling of water level is known as low tide or ebb tide. The difference between the high tide and low tide is called tidal range or range of tide.

Types of Tides: 

There are different types of tides. The important types of tides are as follows:

1. Spring tides: Spring tides occur when the earth, sun and moon are more or less in a straight line. This happens on a full moon day. When the earth is between the sun and the moon or on a new moon day, when the moon is between the sun and the earth. The combined pull of the sun and moon on the earth is very great, and it produces very high tides and very low tides. Such tides are called spring tides. 

2. Neap Tides: When the earth, sun and moon are not in a straight line, the sun and the moon are not exerting combined force. 

3. So, the gravitational pull is much less. At half moon, the force exerted is the minimum. On the ocean water. Consequently the high tides are not very high and the low tides are not very low. They are called “Neap tides”.

The earth while rotating on it axis also revolves around the sun. This movement of the earth round the sun called earth’s Revolution. The path of the movement is called orbit. July 4th the earth is far from the sun and is said to be in Aphelion position. Aph means away and hellion means Sun. At this point the distance between the sun and the earth is 152 million km. Jan 3rd the earth is nearest to the sun and is said to be in Perihelion position. Peri means near, hellion means sun. At this point the distance between the.sun and the earth is 147 million km. Effects of Revolution: 

The major effects of revolution are 

• In equality of day and night. 
• Occurrence of seasons. 
• Distribution of important lines of latitude. 
• Different climatic zones

In equality of day and night: The duration of day and night are not uniform, along all . degrees of latitudes through out the year. The variation in the length of day and night is caused by the inclination of the earth’s axis and revolution of the earth.

The angle of inclination of the earth is 23 1/2 away from the perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic and its direction is constant through out orbit. So the vertical rays of the sun moves form 23 1/2 N to 23 1/2S latitudes. From September 23 to march 21 the North Pole of the earth is tilted away from the sun and experiences darkness. At the same period the South Pole experiences day. At the equator the duration of day and night are almost equal though out the year.

Occurrence of Seasons: It is the most important effect caused by the revolution of the earth. The variations of temperature when the earth is at different location on its orbit are called the seasons. The difference of temperature in a duration of one year is caused as a result of Inclination of the earth’s axis and its parallelism.

There are four seasons in a year. They are: 

1. Summer 

2. Autumn 

3. Winter 

4. Spring.

As per the international Calendar, the four seasons have a period of three months. From the point of view of the earth’s indication, there are four positions of solstices and equinoxes. So, there are four seasons according to the positions of the earth in one complete revolution around the sun. Those four seasons are: 

Summer Solstice: On June 21st the northern hemisphere is tiled towards the sun while the southern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. The rays of the sun fall vertically on the Tropic Cancer and he areas within the Artistic circle remain in sun light for all 24 hours. The northern hemisphere has longer days and shorter night. At this time the northern hemisphere has longer days and shorter night. At this time the northern hemisphere enjoys summer season and this potion is called “ summer solstice”. Solstice means sun stops.

Autumnal Equinox: On the 23rd September the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere are equally inclined or tilted towards the sun. The sun rays are vertical at the equator. As a result, the days and night are equal all over the world. At this time, in the northern hemisphere the season is neither hot nor cold. It is a situation between summer and winter seasons. It is called autumn season. At this time in the southern hemisphere, there is spring season. This position of the earth on 23rd September is known as autumnal equinox.

Winter Solstice: On 22nd December the southern hemisphere is inclined or tilted towards the sun, and northern hemisphere is inclined or tilted away from the sun. The sun is vertical at the Tropic of Capricorn, i.e. at 23 os. At this time there is winter season in the northern hemisphere, and summer season in the southern hemisphere. This position is known as winter solstice.

Spring or Vernal Equinox: On 21st March the northern and southern hemisphere are equally inclined towards the sun. The conditions are similar to those of autumnal equinox. From 21st March to 21st June, the earth is moving on its northern limits. During this period, there is spring season in the northern hemisphere and autumn season in the southern hemisphere.

Distribution of important lines of latitude. Based on the revolution important latitudes such as equator, Tropic of cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, arctic and Antarctic circles are recognized. 

Different climatic zones: The different climatic zone is the result of the revolution of the earth. Climatic zones depend on the important lines of latitude.

Between the equator and the tropic of cancer, we have the North Torrid Zone. Between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, we have the South Torrid Zone Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, we have the North Temperate Zone. Between the topic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle, we have the south temperature Zone, between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole we have the North rigid zone, and between the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole, we have the South Frigid Zone.

The Ganga Basin: The badly affected states of the Ganga basin area Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. The Brahmaputra basin: the Brahmaputra along with its tributaries floods the areas of Assam • and North West Bengal regions.

The protection and preservation of ocean resources for the future generations is known as conservation of ocean.

Mineral is a natural inorganic substance which has certain chemical and physical properties. The scientific study of minerals is called Mineralogy. Minerals are used by man for various human activities. Understanding them minerals their types and uses is very important as natural resources of the earth.

Types: Minerals are classified into different types on the basis of nature, texture, and sues. Important among them are, 

1. Metallic Minerals: These minerals are not in metallic form and they do not contain metal. A few non-metallic minerals are Mica, Asbestos, Sulphur, lead, Zinc, Phosphate etc. 

2. Non-Metallic Minerals: These minerals are not in metallic form and they do not contain metal. A few non-metallic minerals are Mica, Asbestos, Sulphur, Lead, Zinc, Phosphate etc.

Minerals are also classified into other types. 

Ferrous minerals which contain Iron e.g. Iron Ore. Non-ferrous minerals – these minerals do not contain ferrous e.g. Bauxite, Mica. – A few minerals are used for making decorative, commercial and precious ornaments are called Precious minerals. E.g. Platinum, Diamond, Gold and Silver. Some minerals are use for the generation of energy. They are Nuclear or atomic minerals e.g. Uranium, Thorium etc.

The regular rise and fall of water level in the sea and oceans is called tides.

An Earthquake is a sudden vibration or oscillation in the Crust of the Earth. It is a form of energy of wave motion transmitted through the surface layer of the Earth. The place of origin of an Earthquake in the Earth’s crust is called ‘Focus’. The point on the Earth surface which is perpendicular to the focus, receiving seismic waves is called ‘Epicentre’.

Causes of Earthquake: On the basis of occurrence earthquakes can be classified into three types. They occur due to several causes such as tectonic forces, folding, faulting, volcanic eruptions landslides, avalanches, man-made factor.

a. Tectonic Earthquakes: These are caused due to folding, faulting and displacement of blocks of rocks in the Earth’s crust. They are highly intensive and destructive seismic activities. 

b. Volcanic Earthquakes: These are associated with the volcanic activities and are usually caused at great depths. They are with low intensity and magnitude. The destruction and damage are slightly lesser than earthquakes caused by Tectonic forces. 

c. Earthquakes caused by man-made factors: Over interaction of man underground nuclear explosion etc. are causing great change in the crustal formation leading to seismic activity. E.g. 

Koynadam (India)-1967, Hoover dam(U.S.A)-1935, Mangla dam (Pakistan).

Effects of Earthquakes: Earthquakes cause violent disturbances and widespread damage and destruction, especially on the epicentre region.

• Earthquakes cause changes in the earth’s surface. Cracks and fissures develop in the earth’s crust. 
• Vibrations, caused by earthquakes, lead to landslides in mountainous regions, damming the rivers. 
• Vertical or horizontal cracks are formed, and the land is elevated or lowered, forming lakes. 
• Deep cracks may be developed in dams after the earthquake. For instance, deep cracks were developed in the Koyna dam after the earthquake. 
• The beds of rivers may be raised by the earthquakes. For example, the bed of the river Brahmaputra was raised during the Assam earthquakes. 
• There is the greatest danger of falling of houses, roads railway lines factories, bridges, dams, aerodromes, and other man-made structures, resulting in loss of life and property. 
• The underground water system is disturbed.

The rocks which are formed due to aggregation and compactness of sediments are known as “sedimentary rocks.” According to their origin and composition, sedimentary rocks can be divided into two main categories. They are:

1. Inorganic rocks: Inorganic rocks are rocks formed from mineral matter which has been obtained by disintegration or decomposition of rocks. Inorganic rocks can be divided into two types. They are

a. Mechanically-formed rocks: The rock which have been formed form the accumulation of rock materials, derived form other rocks and have been cemented together are known as “ Mechanically formed rocks.” The mechanically formed rocks consist of sediments which have been carried and deposited by rivers, glaciers, winds or waves and cemented together with clay or line. On the basis of rock materials, these rocks can be divided into three main categories. They are

1. 1.Rudaceous rocks 

2. Aremaceous rocks 

3. Argilious rocks

1. Rudaceous rocks: Rudaceous rocks are formed due to cementation and consolidation of pebbles and boulders. Rudaceous rocks consist of rock pieces and grave, cemented together, by clay or line. They are porous and can hold water. If the rock pieces are angular in shape and cemented together, they are called breccias. If the rock pieces are rounded and cemented tighter, they are called conglomerate.

2. Arenaceous rocks: These are formed mainly due to deposition, commentating and consolidation of sane grains e.g. Sand stone. 

3. argillaceous rocks: These rocks are formed largely by fine clay particles e..g. Shale or mudstone these are impermeable. 

b. Chemically formed rocks: The chemical often settle down and hardened to form rocks known as chemically formed rocks. For example: Gypsum and rock salt, running water dissolves and carries chemicals and where evaporation takes place, these chemicals are deposited at the mouth of springs, caves or caverns or in lakes. Rock salt and gypsum are formed form deposit of salt in strata on the beds of lakes. 

2. Organic Rocks: Organic rocks are formed form the remains of organisms, i.e. of animals and plants. Examples: coal, limestone etc. On the basis of lime and carbon content, organically formed rocks can be divided into two kinds, namely 

• Calcareous rocks: Calcareous rocks are formed mostly from the remains of living organisms. These rocks contain calcium carbonate or lime. They include limestone and chalk. They are porous and soluble. 
• Carbonaceous rocks: These are formed due to the transformation of vegetative matter. Under the impact of heat and pressure the remains of plants are turned into hard layers. E.g. coal. 

• Primary (P) Waves 
• Secondary (S) Waves 
• Surface Waves

This is the region all along the Indian coastline, lying between the coast and the mountain ranges of the peninsular plateau. India has 6100 km from Gujarat in the west to West Bengal in the east. The average width is 10-25 kms. The coastal plain of India is divided into two parts.

The West Coastal plains: It is extends between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats. It is narrower than the east coastal plains, stretching to a length of about 1400km and width of 10 to 80km from the Rann of katchchh to Kanyakumari. The west coastal plains have Gujarat, Konkan, Karnataka and Malabar Coasts.

The Gujarat Coast comprises of Rann of Kachchh and Cambay coasts. It is formed by the alluvial deposits of Sabarmati, Mahi, Luni and other small streams. Gujarat has the longest coastline in India Kandla and okha are famous sea ports and along is the biggest ship breaking center. It produces highest salt in the country. 

Konkan Coast lies to the south of Gujarat coast and extends line which provides suitable site for natural seaports. Eg: Mumbai, Navasheva, Marmagoa, Karwar, New Mangalore etc., this coast records highest coastal erosion. It is very rich in Petroleum and natural gas. Karnataka coast: it is a part of Konkan coast.

It extends from karwar in the north to Mangalore in the south. It is the narrowest part of west coastal plains. Karwar and New Mangalore are important ports in this belt. Sea Bird, the naval base near Karwar is the largest naval base in India.

The Malabar Coast extends from Mangalore to Kanyakumari, Sand dunes, lagoons and backwaters are the important features of this coast. Cochin or Kochi is the biggest seaport in this coast. Backwaters of Kerala facilitate navigation and tourists enjoy traveling though small country boats. The first south west monsoon rainfall is received in this coast.

East coastal Plains: It lies between the Ea’stern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal stretching from the delta of Hooghly in the North to Kanyakumari in the south. Compared to the west coastal plains the east coastal plains are broader.

The Tatkal Coast: It is the coastal plain of Orissa state. It extend for about 400kmms, north from Subarnarekha river to south of the Rushikulya river. It has a chilka lake, which is the largest salt water lake in India, Para deep is the important horbour located here. 

Coromandel Coast: The southern part of east coast is known as the Coromandel Coast. It gets more rainfall from the north east monsoons and it is highly affected by cyclones. The oldest harbor Chennai located here.

This is the region all along the Indian coastline, lying between the coast and the mountain ranges of the peninsular plateau. India has 6100 km from Gujarat in the west to West Bengal in the east. The average width is 10-25 kms. The coastal plain of India is divided into two parts.

The West Coastal plains: It is extends between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats. It is narrower than the east coastal plains, stretching to a length of about 1400 km and width of 10 to 80 km from the Rann of katchchh to Kanyakumari. The west coastal plains have Gujarat, Konkan, Karnataka and Malabar Coasts.

The Gujarat Coast comprises of Rann of Kachchh and Cambay coasts. It is formed by the alluvial deposits of Sabarmati, Mahi, Luni and other small streams. Gujarat has the longest coastline in India Kandla and okha are famous sea ports and along is the biggest ship breaking center. It produces highest salt in the country.

Konkan Coast lies to the south of Gujarat coast and extends line which provides suitable site for natural seaports. Eg: Mumbai, Navasheva, Marmagoa, Karwar, New Mangalore etc., this coast records highest coastal erosion. It is very rich in Petroleum and natural gas. Karnataka coast: it is a part of Konkan coast.

It extends from karwar in the north to Mangalore in the south. It is the narrowest part of west coastal plains. Karwar and New Mangalore are important ports in this belt. Sea Bird, the naval base near Karwar is the largest naval base in India.

The Malabar Coast extends from Mangalore to Kanyakumari, Sand dunes, lagoons and backwaters are the important features of this coast. Cochin or Kochi is the biggest seaport in this coast. Backwaters of Kerala facilitate navigation and tourists enjoy traveling though small country boats. The first south west monsoon rainfall is received in this coast.

East coastal Plains: It lies between the Ea’stern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal stretching from the delta of Hooghly in the North to Kanyakumari in the south. Compared to the west coastal plains the east coastal plains are broader.

The Tatkal Coast: It is the coastal plain of Orissa state. It extend for about 400kmms, north from Subarnarekha river to south of the Rushikulya river. It has a chilka lake, which is the largest salt water lake in India, Para deep is the important horbour located here. 

Coromandel Coast: The southern part of east coast is known as the Coromandel Coast. It gets more rainfall from the north east monsoons and it is highly affected by cyclones. The oldest harbor Chennai located here.

A land form is any natural formation of rock and dirt, found on the earth. A landform can be as large as a mountain range or as small as a hill. Landforms are natural features of the landscape, natural physical features of the earth’s surface eg. Valleys, plateaus, Mountains, plains, hills loess plains. The minor landforms include hills, ridges, valleys, basin etc. According to Geo-scientist the landforms are formed by the forces acting from the interior and on the surface of the Earth.

The processes carried out by Endogenic and Exogenic forces are called geomorphic processes. 

Endogenic forces: The internal forces are also known as endogenic forces. These are mainly the land building forces. Diastrophism includes all these processes tat move, elevate or build portions of the earth’s crust. The internal forces are also known as endogenic forces.

Exogenic Forces: The external forces are also known as Exogenic forces. These forces are found on the surface of the Earth, Which bring changes through degradation and aggradations process. River, glacier, w’ind, sea waves are the major sources of external forces. 

Zone V: This is the most severe seismic (intensity above 7 in Richter scale) seismic zone and is referred as Very High Damage risk zone. The areas are. Northeastern states, parts of Jammu Kashmir, Uttarkhand, and Bihar and Kutch region.

Zone IV: This zone is second in severity (intensity between 5 and 7 in R.S) to zone VG. This is referred to as High Damage Risk zone. Northern regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Parts of Bihar, UP, Gujarat, West Bengal lie in this region zone. Northern regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, parts of Bihar, UP, Gujarat, West Bengal.

Zone III: This is termed as Moderate Damage (very strong) Risk zone (intensity between 3 and 5 in R.S). The areas are Gujarat, Madya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West coastal region etc.

Zone II: This zone is referred to as low Damage (strong) Risk Zone (intensity 2 to 3 R.S). The areas are Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha etc.

Zone I: This zone is termed as Very Low Damage (Slight-tremor) Risk Zone. The left out parts of India and Deccan Plateau region.

Answer: 2d

 The time in the air for a horizontal projectile is dependent on the height and independent of the initial speed. Since the time in the air is the same at speed v and at speed 2v, the distance (d = vt) will be twice as much at a speed of 2v.