Hemadpanti temples are excellent examples of temple architecture. 

Points: • star shaped outer walls; with zigzag design 

• light and shadow effect 

• excellent masonry - tenon and mortise joints 

• Example - Gondeshwar temple, Sinnar, Ambareshwar at Ambernath near Mumbai.

(a) keeps you light and brisk 

(b) Click for a flick 

(c) Long and strong 

(d) Warmth for hours 

(e) Tuck yourself into safety

To improve the life of the tyre treads and to reduce the un-even tyre wear, periodically (approximately every after 5000 kilometres) the tyre rotation is necessary.

Aspect Ratio: This term describes the relationship between a tyres cross- sectional width and its sectional height. This usually expressed in percentage.

1. Do conditioning. 

2. Towel dry 

3.Use serum on hair. 

4. Detangle the hair by taking small sections of hair.

1. Do back combing. 

2. Apply hair mousse. 

3. Use artificial aids. 

4. Do crimping.

1. Tools should be kept in proper place. 

2. Tools should be sanitized. 

3. Tools must be maintained properly. 

4. Check all the tools whether they are working properly or not.

9/11, Kinely Street, 

R City 

2nd February, 2019.

Dear Rajalakshmi, 

I am fine. How are you? I am very delighted to know that you have got victory in Para Olympic Games. Please accept my heartiest congratulations for this great achievement. Actually, your selfless dedication and devotion to the cause pf Sports and Games have earned you this deserving recognition. This is just the beginning and many such victories and medals should follow.

Your loving friend, 

sudha

Address on the envelope : 

To Miss Rajalakshmi, 

27, Woodland Street, 

Ooty.

Quadratic Equation

Before studying about this topic let’s know the word “quadratic” came from “quadratus” means square.

An algebraic equation or polynomial equation with degree 2 is said to be a quadratic equation.

It is represented in terms of variable “x” as ax² + bx + c = 0. This form of representation is called standard form of quadratic equation.  where a, b, c are real numbers and the important thing is a must be not equal to zero.
As Example:, 8x² + 5x – 10 = 0 is a quadratic equation.

Root of quadratic equation:

Root of a quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0, is defined as real number α, if aα² + bα + c = 0. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial and the roots of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 are the same.

Solution of a Quadratic Equation by different methods:

1. By Factorisation:

First thing to keep in mind that If we can factorise ax² + bx + c, a ≠ 0, into a product of two linear factors,
then we can find the roots of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 by equating each linear factor to zero.

2. By Completing Square:

The term completing the square in algebra is to form the given term in squared units by the use of algebraic identities.

x² + 2mx + m² = (x + m)²

By this algorithm, we can find the roots easily. One of the fact to remember that when square root is opened in number it uses simultaneously both + as well as – sign. Thus two roots is defined.

3. By use of quadratic formula:

In the standard quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0,

if the determinant b² – 4ac ≥ 0

then root of quadratic equation is given by quadratic formula as

x =\(\frac{-b±\sqrt{b^{2}-4ac}}{2a}\)

Examples related to quadratic equation

• Solution by factorization examples:

1. Find the roots of the quadratic equation 6x² – x – 2 = 0.

Solution:

6x² – x – 2
= 6x² + 3x – 4x – 2
= 3x (2x + 1) – 2 (2x + 1)
= (3x – 2)(2x + 1)
The roots of 6x² – x – 2 = 0 are the values of x so that (3x – 2)(2x + 1) = 0
so, 3x – 2 = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0,
i.e. x = \(\frac{2}{3}\) or x = \(\frac{-1}{2}\)

So, roots of equation are \(\frac{2}{3}\) , \(\frac{-1}{2}\).

• Solution by completing square examples:

2. Find the roots of the equation 5x 2 – 6x – 2 = 0 by the method of completing the square.

Solution:

To solve it we first multiply the equation throughout by 5
25x² – 30x – 10 = 0
This can be also written as
(5x)² – 2.(5x).3 + 3² – 3² – 10 = 0
(5x – 3)² – 9 – 10 = 0
(5x – 3)² = 19
5x – 3 = ±\(\sqrt{19}\)
5x = 3 ± \(\sqrt{19}\)
x = \(\frac{3 ± \sqrt{19}}{5}\)

So, the roots of equation are \(\frac{3 + \sqrt{19}}{5}\) and x = \(\frac{3 - \sqrt{19}}{5}\)

• Solution by Quadratic formula examples:

3. Find the roots of the quadratic equation, 3x² – 5x + 2 = 0 if it exists, using the quadratic formula.

Solution:

In this equation 3x² – 5x + 2 = 0, a = 3, b = -5, c = 2
let’s first check its determinant which is b² – 4ac, which is 25 – 24 = 1 > 0, thus the solution exists.
by applying quadratic formula x =\(\frac{-b±\sqrt{b^{2}-4ac}}{2a}\)
we have, x = \(\frac{5 ± \sqrt{1}}{6}\) = \(\frac{5 ± 1}{6}\)
i.e, x = 1 or x = \(\frac{2}{3}\)
so, the roots are \(\frac{2}{3}\), 1 etc.

If it exceed Rs. 1, 80,000/-

Form 16 is used if the deduction of TDS is u/s 192.

Nascent hydrogen is a concept that was once invoked to explain dissolving-metal reactions, such as the Clemmensen reduction and the Bouveault–Blanc reduction. Since organic compounds do not react with H₂, a special state of hydrogen was postulated.

Nascent hydrogen is most powerful reducing agent than molecular hydrogen because nascent hydrogen is in atomic state and atoms are more active than molecules, nascent hydrogen is evolved in small bubbles containing the gas under great pressure, nascent hydrogen is activated by the energy liberated in the reaction in which it is formed, so the nascent hydrogen becomes more energized and active.

Income from all heads namely salary, house property, profits and gains from business of profession, capital gains and other sources combined together after giving effects to provisions of clubbing of income and set off of losses.

Section 80 E deduction is available to individual in respect of repayment of loan taken for higher education.

Deduction under 80GGC can be claimed on the contribution made by any person (except local authority and any artificial juridical person wholly or partly funded by the Government) in the previous year to any political party or an electoral trust.

The TDS is deductible under section 194A when the interest is paid to a resident, any interest other than the interest on securities amounting more than Rs. 5,000/- or Rs. 10,000/- as the case may be. 

(1) Rate of TDS: 

(a) 10 %. No surcharge, education cess or SHEC shall be added. 

(b) 20%,

The deduction u/s 80 G is the least of the following:

The maximum deduction allowed u/s 80 G is Rs. 24,000.

Working Note :

Adjusted total Income = Gross Total Income – Special Income – Deductions except u/s 80 G

= 2,85,000 – 40,000 (LTCG Income) – 10,000 (Deduction U/s 80 C – deposit in PPF)

= Rs. 2,35,000/-

The salient features of GST under model GST law is as follows:

(a) Supply based tax: GST is applicable on ‘supply’ of goods or services as against the previous concept of tax on the manufacture of goods or sale of goods or provision of services.

(b) Desination based consumption tax: GST is destination based tax. This implies that all SGST(or UTGST) collected will ordinarily accrue to the state (or Union Territory)where the consumer of the goods or services receives supply.

(c) Dual GST: Both Centre and States simultaneously have the power to impose GST across the entire supply chain. Centre would levy and collect Central Goods and Service Tax (CGST) and States would levy and collect State Goods and Service Tax (SGST) on all supplies within a State.

(d) Inter state supplies and IGST mechanism:

The centre would levy and collect the Integrated Goods and Service Tax (IGST) on

- All inter state supply of goods and services in India 

- Inter state stock transfers of goods 

- Import of goods/services 

- Export of goods/services

(e) Replacement of existing taxes: Various central taxes like Central Excise Duty, Additional Excise Duty, service tax etc. and State taxes like VAT/ sales tax, Entertainment tax, octroi and entry tax, luxury tax etc. have been subsumed under GST.

(f) Tax slabs of GST: GST rates have been categorized under five tax slabs i.e. 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%.

(g) Input tax credit: The basic concept of GST is based on providing the set-off for the tax paid on the inputsused and this is given effect through the concept of input tax credit.

(h) Threshold limit: The threshold limit for registration under GST is Rs. 20 lakhs (Rs. 10 lakhs for north eastern states).

The different prepaid taxes deducted while determining the net tax liability of an individual are:

(a) Advance Tax

(b) Self Assessment Tax

(c) TDS

(d) TCS

(a) Eligibility : Resident Individual and Resident HUF 

(b) Max. Limit: Rs. 50,000 (1,00,000 in case of severe disability)

IGST is applicable on the following supplies: 

(a) All inter-state supplies of goods or services in India 

(b) Inter-state stock transfer of goods

(c) Import of goods or services

(d) Export of goods or services

Return is a document containing statement of facts, which is filed by taxpayer according to laws with the tax administration authorities at regular intervals.

Under GST law, a normal taxpayer is required to furnish three (3) returns monthly and one (1) annual return comprising of 37 returns in a year.

The Centre would levy and collect the Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) on:

• All inter-State supply of goods and services in 
• India. Inter-state stock transfers of goods. 
• Import of goods / services. 
• Export of goods / services.

 The IGST mechanism has been designed to ensure seamless flow of input tax credit from one State to another. The inter-State supplier would pay IGST on the supply of his goods and/ or services to the Central Government, which will be collected by the Central Government as IGST.

The importing consumer (dealer/manufacturer) will claim credit of IGST while discharging his output tax liability (both CGST and SGST) in his own State. Centre will transfer to the importing State the credit of IGST used in payment of GST.

a) Nearest ten rupees

Income tax is rounded off to Nearest ten rupees.

As regards a minor child, the income of a minor after giving exemption up to Rs. 1,500 per minor child will be clubbed with the income of that parent who’s Total Income, before clubbing such income, is greater. However, there are certain incomes which are not to be clubbed. Such income of the minor, which is not to be clubbed, will be assessable in the hands of the representative assessee on behalf of the minor.

The remuneration by way of salary, bonus, commission, etc., received by a partner, is taxable as business income in the hands of a partner.

After being repeatedly pushed out of his own huts, the man thinks of a plan to safeguard his rights. He knows that he cannot put up a fight against the powerful animals. Hence, he decides to make them taste their own medicine. He builds a hut which is big enough to accommodate all the animals. As he had expected, all animals, including Mr Lion, come to the hut and soon there ensues a fight among all. Making use of the opportunity, the man sets his hut on fire and along with the hut, all animals gathered in it are also dead. What the man couldn’t achieve by using muscle power, he achieves by using brainpower. Thus, the man gets justice by taking law into his own hands.

The courts which deals with the cases relating to the maintenance of land records its assessment and collection of land revenue are called revenue courts. 

The revenue courts are organized as below.

• The boards of revenue 
• The commissioner’s court 
• The collectors court 
• Tahsildar’s court

Aristotle says that man by nature is a social animal. He born in society, live in society and die in society only. To fulfill his needs, he created society. In society only he can enjoy all the facility’s love and affection. Away from society he maybe God or ghost. Man is a social being at the same time he is a political being also.

He is a selfish, egoist and quarrelsome by nature. The attitudes of selfish, egoist and jealousy of a man lead to anarchy in the society while leading the life. So the order of the society may be disrupted and man cannot lead his life happily and peacefully.

In order to control the bad behavior of such people and establish a peaceful society, there should be rules and regulations. The state has emerged to frame and implement these rules through its agency “The Government”. So the state controls the political activities of the human being and restore peace in the society. The subject which studies about the state, government, the political activities of a human being is regarded as political science.

• General committee. 
• The fiance, Auditing and planning committee. 
• Social justice committee. 
• Education and health committee. 
• Agricultural and Industry committee.

Aristotle says that man by nature is a social animal. He born in society, live in society and die in society only. To fulfill his needs, he created society. In society only he can enjoy all the facilities love and affection. Away from society he maybe God or ghost.

Man is a social being at the same time he is a political being also. He is a selfish, egoist and quarrelsome by nature. The attitudes of selfish, egoist and jealousy of a man leads to anarchy in the society while leading the life. So the order of the society may be disrupted and man cannot lead his life happily and peacefully. In order to control the bad behavior of such people and establish a peaceful society, there should be rules and regulations.

The state has emerged to frame and implement these rules through its agency “The Government”. So the state controles the political activities of the human being and restore peace in the society. The subject which studies about state, government, the political activities of human being is regarded as political science.

(a) More push was required to cope with the pressing challenges of development.

Reformation began in Germany and its leader Martin Luther was born at Eiselben in 1483 A.D in a poor German peasant family. Luther studied theology, law and humanism at the University of Erfurt in 1508 A.D. He was always haunted with the question, “how to please God?” Lie . seriously studied the Bible and the works of St. Paul and St. Augustine. He became a Professor of Theology in the University of Wittenberg. Luther strongly believed that man could get salvation only through God’s mercy but the Church preached that it possessed the means of salvation. He rejected the doctrine of good work.

He visited Rome in 1511 A.D and was shocked at the worldliness of the Pope and the corrupt and immoral life led by the clergy. He did not to tolerate the corrupt practices of the Church. In 1517, Pope Leo-X sent out several agents to dispense indulgences in order to collect funds to complete St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. They spread the belief that indulgences were passports to heaven. One of these agents, John Tetzel was selling indulgences as passports to Heaven.

Luther’s opposition: Luther wrote his objection against the Church practices and Pope’s authority in Latin. He prepared his objections in the form of ‘95 Theses’ and posted them on the door of the Church in Wittenberg, Thereupon Luther started a rebellious Movement against the abuses of the Church. This popular revolt came to be known as Protestant Movement.

Luther questioned the authority of Pope and challenged the concept of infallibility. As a result of these activities, the Pope ordered Emperor Charles-V to take action against Luther. In 1521 Charles-V summoned the Diet of Worms and ordered Luther to appear before the Diet to justify the charges made against the Pope. In the Diet of Worms, Luther was excommunicated by the Pope. He was expelled from the Church and was branded a heretic.

The correct answer is National Company Law Tribunal.

• The National Company Law Tribunal was set up by the Central Government in 2016 under Section 408 of the Companies Act, 2013.
• The National Company Law Tribunal has been set up as a quasi-judicial body.
• The main objective of this tribunal is to govern the companies registered in India and is a successor to the Company Law Board. 
• The National Company Law Tribunal is a specialized court only for Corporates, i.e., companies registered in India.
• The National Company Law Tribunal will reduce the multiplicity of litigation before different forums and courts.

The correct answer is Return on Equity (ROE).

• The DuPont equation is an expression that breaks return on equity down into three parts:
  • profit margin
  • asset turnover
  • leverage
• By splitting ROE into three parts, companies can more easily understand changes in their returns on equity over time.
• As profit margin increases, every sale will bring more money to a company’s bottom line, resulting in a higher overall return on equity.
• As asset turnover increases, a company will generate more sales per asset owned, resulting in a higher overall return on equity.

Correct Answer is: (b) 1.87 x 10^-46 Kg m²

(4h/π) x 10¹¹ = (2² - 1²)h² / 8π²I.

In the original Constitution there were 27 States placed under three categories, in Parts A,B and C of the First Schedule

In a Presidential type of Government the ministers are answerable only to the  President

Correct Answer is: (c) 1.3 x 10^-10 m

“Marasmus can be defined as a form of nutrition deficiency disorder, usually occurring in children. It can be life-threatening if not diagnosed at an early stage.”

Causes of Marasmus:

As mentioned above, it is a nutrition deficiency disease and is mainly caused by:

• a severe deficiency of protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and lipids.

• Viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections are also a major cause for this disorder.

• Children, older adults, and people with a weak immune system are more prone to marasmus.

Other causes of marasmus include:

• Poverty

• Starvation

• Famine or unavailability of food

• Lack of education about nutritional requirements.

• Intake of medicines that interfere with the absorption of nutrients.

Symptoms of Marasmus:

The symptoms of marasmus are more common to the symptoms of kwashiorkor, which includes:

• Dizziness

• Weight loss.

• Dehydration.

• Lack of energy

• Stunted growth.

• Chronic Diarrhoea.

• Shrinkage of Stomach.

• Respiratory infections.

• Dry skin and brittle hair.

• Underweight or loss of muscle mass and subcutaneous fat.

Risk Factors of Marasmus:

The risk factors for marasmus include:

• The people living in developing countries are more at risk of contracting marasmus.

• The famine and poverty struck areas have a larger percentage of children suffering from marasmus.

• If the infants are not breastfed by nursing mothers due to malnutrition, the risk of marasmus increases in children.

• Insufficient medical care and high disease rates are other reasons that increase the risk of marasmus in the population.

Diagnosis of Marasmus:

This deficiency disease can be diagnosed by the physician through a physical examination such as:

• Skin test for the functioning of the immune system.

• A blood test to check for the presence of any microbial infections.

• Height, weight and physical activity of a child according to age.

• General counselling of a child to study the child’s mental state and behaviour.

• Urine and stool test for examining diarrhoea and other nutritional deficiency disorders.

Treatment for Marasmus:

The first and primary treatment prescribed for the patient suffering from marasmus includes:

• Multivitamin supplements to improve appetite and nutrition deficiency.

• Dehydration symptoms can be prevented by the intake of water and other fluids that contain electrolytes.

• Few antibiotics or other medications are given to treat children with pathogenic infections.

• A well-balanced diet is given once after the child’s condition is stable and starts to recover slowly.

• Diet rich in protein like skimmed milk, and other energy providing food supplements to increases the energy content.

The two sects of Islam are the Sunnis and Shias.

Industrial Revolution brought in changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation and technology.