Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

The Second Backward Classes Commission came into existence in 1979, under the chairmanship of B. P. Mandal. The Mandal commission in its report has listed 3743 castes and communities in the central list: The commission has recommended 27% reservation for other backward castes.

One of the primary objectives of the Mandal commission was to find out the criteria to be used to determine the socially, economically and educationally backward people. The commission found out 11 criteria for determining the social, economic and educational backwardness of the communities. 

These criteria fall into three categories as mentioned below.

A. Social Criteria:

• Social backwardness as considered by others. 
• Dependence mainly on manual labour for livelihood.
• Marriage of 25% girls and 10% boys in rural areas, and of 10% girls and 5% boys in urban area at an age below 17 years. 
• Female work participation 25% above the state average.

B. Educational Criteria:

• Children between 5 and 15 years never attending school is 25% above the state average. 
• Student drop-out rate is 25% above the state average. 
• Matriculation rate is 25% below the state average.

C. Economic Criteria:

• Average value of family assets 25% below the state average. 
• Families living in kachcha houses 25% above the state average. 
• Sources of drinking water at a distance beyond 500 meters for more than 50% of the families. Compulsion to take loan by households 25% above the state average.

These criteria were differently weighted; three points each for social indicators, two points each for educational indicators, and one point each for economic indicators adding up to 22 points. Any caste getting more than 11 points was counted as backward. The criteria of backwardness recommended by the Mandal Commission are widely applied today to determine the relative backwardness of a community.

Territory comprises of the land area, water bodies, aerial space and coastal area falling within boundary.

In India’s perspective Kashmir is an integral part of the republic of India and to Pakistan, it is a disputed territory. The argument of Pakistan on Kashmir is that, since the partition of the country was done on religious basis and majority of, population are Muslims, Kashmir should be part of Pakistan. 

This argument failed to recognize the following facts:-

1. Partition was done of the British Indian Provinces & and not of the Indian princely states.

2. National Conference was the only major political party in Kashmir, which was affiliated to Congress. It was opposed to Pakistan and had faith in secular politics. 

3. The Indian princely states had the freedom to join either India or Pakistan. 

4. India was a secular state consisting of a multi-religious population.

So, Kashmir formally decided to join India after the invasion of its territory by Pakistani tribals supporterd by the Pakistan Army.

Republic Day a memorable ocassion for the nation; was celebrated in our college this year also. Under the guidance of the teachers, students had decorated the college ground one day before and erected the podium as well as a stage for cultural programmes.

Sri Shankaranarayana – an eminent freedom fighter and politician was invited as Chief guest. As per schedule time at 9 a.m. the Chief guest arrived at our College premises. Our Principal welcomed the guest with honour, respect. After invocation and prayer, the function took off on a smooth note. The Chief guest hoisted the tricoloured national flag. President of our College Union read out the welcome speech. Principal of our College presided over the function.

The Chief Guest in his guest speech highlighted the significance of Republic day celebrations and what were the problems faced by Vallabhabhai Patel in uniting the 502 provinces and division of states according to basis of language and culture. He also explained patel’s bold steps taken to unite Hyderabad, Junagadh and Jammu and Kashmir while migrating people faced many problems. The speech was very interesting and very useful to Political Science students.

After the function was over, there were some cultural programmes like singing, dancing, mime, mono acting and skit about people migrating to India or Pakistan. Their problems were highlighed in the skit. The programme was much appreciated. The function came to an end with a vote of thanks and distribution of sweets.

The Deputy Commissioner (DC) is the head of the District. He also acts as the District Magistrate, Superintendent of Police (SP), District Treasury Officer. Deputy Director of Pre University Education, Social Welfare Officer, Deputy Director of Public Instruction, District Medical Officer, Deputy Registrar and other functions under the jurisdiction of the Deputy Commissioner.

The Deputy Commissioner performs the following functions.

1. Law and order and Magisterial powers: Deputy Commissioner enjoys magisterial powers. Being the District Magistrate, he maintains law and order and performs other judicial functions in the district.

2. Revenue functions: It includes maintenance of Land Records and its assessment, collection of Land Revenue and other public dues and settlement of land disputes. Assistant Commissioners and Tahsildars work under the overall supervision and control of the Deputy Commissioner.

3. Development Functions: It includes Public Health, Education, Rural Development, Social Welfare (Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe) and Welfare of Backward Classes and Minorities and Protection of Weaker sections of the Society.

4. Regulatory Functions: It includes control, regulation, and distribution of Food and Civil Supplies and essential commodities. He also controls the matters relating to excise, stamps, and registration.

5. Electoral Functions: Deputy Commissioner is the District Election Officer and he is in charge of elections to Parliament, State Legislature and Local bodies.

1. Vimochana and 

2. Stree Mukti Sangatana.

The right of the state to take decisions on all matters territory is Sovereignty

A group of people residing permanently within a particular territory with a sovereign government is called state.

The main objective of the non-cooperation movement was ‘not to cooperate with the British’ but the civil disobedience movement not only called for non-cooperation but breaking of various colonial laws.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement. The main differences between these two movements are
(i) The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in 1921 by Gandhiji, but the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930.
(ii) The Non-Cooperation Movement started with middle class participation whereas the Civil Disobedience Movement was first supported by the Industrialists like GD Birla, Purshottamdas Thakur.
(iii) Due to Khalifa issues Muslim community participated in Non-Cooperation on large scale. But the growing proximity of the Congress party and Hindu Mahasabha prevented the Muslims to participate in Civil Disobedience Movement.
(iv) The Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn by Gandhiji due to violent incident at Chauri Chaura.
But the Civil Disobedience Movement was withdrawn in 1931, when Gandhi signed ‘Gandhi-Irwin’ pact.
(v) In Non-Cooperation Movement, Women did not participate in large scale. But large scale participation of women is one of the most significant features of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The Political Science is the study of institutions like state and government is Aristotle

Globalisation is the process of inter grating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction. Integration and interdependence among people and organisation across borders. The strongest manifestion of Globalisation has been the increasing economics inter gration among the countries in trade and investment.

An important attribute of globalization is the increasing degree of openness, which has three dimensions, ie., international trade, international investment and international finance. It involves creation of networks and activities transcending economic, social and geographical boundaries.

The Economy of India had undergone significant policy shifts in the beginning of the 1990’s. This new model of economic reforms is commonly known as the liberalization, privatizaton and globalisation(LPG) model.

The chain of reforms that took place with regard to business, manufacturing and financial industries targeted at the strengthening the economy of the country to a more proficient level. These economic reforms had influenced the overall economic growth of the country in a significant manner.

In brief, the salient points of Globalisation are: 

1. Efficiency 

2. Transfer of technology 

3. Concept of a global village 

4. Mobility of labour force 

5. Global competition resulting in better performance 

6. Outsourcing and 

7. Optimum utilization of human resources.

The political implications of globalisation are as follows.

1. Power subjugation: The effects of globalisation brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the soverignty of a country in totality.

2. Affects the Soverignty: As a result of globalisation in the fields of economy, trade, transportation etc., the sovereign countries are bound by decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the soverignty of a country in totally.

3. Cultural Invasion: Culture is a complex whole and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalisation in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.

4. Enslavement of Lifestyle: Globalisation has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behaviour, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalisation.

5. Elimination of subsidies: The major impact of globalisation is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner. The worst-hit are the peasants who are the back bone of the country.

6. Political Instability: The impact of globalisation mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a standstill.

Thus globalisation as a process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy has gone a long way.

Answer is (c) Only I, II & III

Though the institution of Lokayukta was introduced for the first time in Odisha it was not able to implement. Maharashtra was the first state to implement in 1973 and Karnataka in 1984. It investigates the allegation against officials like corruption, favouritism, nepotism, injustice and other grievances.

It does not include Judges, Speaker, Chairman, Accountant General, Chairman and Members of State Public Service Commission, Judges of civil and criminal court. The Lokayukta receives the petition from the public and conducts enquires. It has power to raid on the houses and offices of the corrupt officials.

Lokayukta in Karnataka: The Government headed by Sri Ramakrishna Hegde adopted the institution of Lokayukta in 1984. It comprises of a retired judge of the Supreme Court or Chief Justice of the High. Court is Upa Lokayukta.

The committee consisting of Chief Minister, Chief Justice of High Court, Speaker of the Assembly, Chairman of the Council and leaders of the opposition are consulted by the governor regarding the appointment. They are appointed for 5 years. They can be removed from the office by the governor, on the charge of misbehavior or incapacity proved in the state Legislature.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DISINTEGRATION OF USSR

The most important factor for the fall of the Soviet Union was a lack of proper leadership. There was no clear cut line between the party and government as there was one political party which was wielding power.

Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of ‘Perestroika(restructuring) and glasnost (openness); and ‘Glasnost’ proved to be disastrous for the economic health of the USSR.

Anti-communists forces of the Soviet Union had the support of the USA and Western European countries. Gorbachev due to his liberal policies did not try to uproot these forces.

No effort was ever made to create a socialist human being and a socialist culture.

(d) Crisis in the Middle East

The objectives of UN are incorporated in Article 1 of the UN Charter. They are:

1. To maintain international peace and security. 

2. To develop friendly relations among the nations. 

3. To seek co-operation in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems. 

4. To co-operate in promoting respect for human rights.

5. To maintain freedom for all without discrimination on the basis of race, sex, languages or religion.

Importance of liberalization is as follows:

a. Liberalisation believes in ‘free market economy’. Therefore, it implies the gradual reduction of government control. This means the abolition of a licence-raj. It results in the removal of red-tape, procedural delay and bureaucratic regulation of economic activities.

b. Liberalisation lays the foundations for multiplication of business, trade, and commerce. In a free market economy, diversification of business, trade, and organisation takes place.

c. As there is expansion of business and as more and more capital is injected into the economy, the use of technology and automation becomes necessary. This helps in mechanization of work and computerization of administrative processes. Efficiency and economy are ensured.

d. Under the process of liberalization, the consumer is benefitted in many ways. There is a wider choice of goods and services. There is a great improvement in quality of goods and after-sales services.

e. Liberalisation introduces a competitive market system. In every matter there is free competition. To the extent such competition is regulated by government, the competition is healthy. This ensures not only better standards of goods and services, but also reasonable prices.

f. Finally, liberalization in the long-run brings about economic growth and progress of the nation. Of course, there must be adequate, planned and goal oriented governmental regulation.

Liberalisation is the process or means of the elimination of control of the state over economic activities. It provides a greater autonomy to the business enterprises in decision-making and eliminates government interference.

• To boost competition between domestic businesses
• To promote foreign trade and regulate imports and exports
• To improve the technology and foreign capital
• To develop a global market of a country
• To reduce the debt burden of a country
• To unlock the economic potential of the country by encouraging the private sector and multinational corporations to invest and expand
• To encourage the private sector to take an active part in the development process
• To reduce the role of the public sector in future industrial development
• To introduce more competition into the economy with the aim of increasing efficiency

The political implications of privatisation are as follows:

1. Concentration of Wealth: Privatisation encourages the concentration of wealth in the hands of big business groups. It results in great disparities of income and wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society. 

2. More profits: Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a meagre percentage with the shareholders. They enjoy the lion’s share out of the shareholders’ investment. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor gets widened.

3. Bane to local industries: Local people borrow money from indigenous banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidised rates of interest to start an industry. Multi-national companies with good financial back up survive even in case of loss.

4. Threat to national interest: Key areas of Nation like Defence, Space, Science and ‘ Technology are to be retained with the Government. Assigning these areas to private sector may harm National interests.

5. Lack of service motto: The private firms are concerned more about their profit rather than providing good service conditions to their staff and do not bother about extending welfare programmes to their employees and even to the society.

6. No job security: Private companies extract work from employees as long as they are fit. They ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health or fitness problems. In the long run, they become a burden to the Government. The employees of private sectors suffer from job insecurity and this results in psychological disorders.

1. The study of International relations enables us to understand the basic policies and principles which contribute the international sphere. 

2. It provides concrete solutions for international problems, by means of dialogues, bilateral, multilateral, mutual cooperations and the like. 

3. It substitutes internationalism to narrow nationalism which delimits the boundaries of States. 

4. It avoids war, military actions or alliances, and international conflicts.

5. It considers the acceptance of the principles of collective security and disarmament, world peace and progress. It creates a global feeling among the citizens of the world and promotes universal brotherhood.

The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885.

Sri Siddaramaiah: Sri Siddaramaiah is acknowledged as the leader of the backward class and minorities in the Karnataka social strata. He was born on 12^th August 1948 and was the 22^nd Chief Minister of Karnataka from 2013 to 2018. He was the first Chief Minister to complete a full 5-year term in the top post in Karnataka in 40 years. Siddaramaiah was a member of various Janata Parivar fuctions for several years. Earlier as a Janatha Dal (Secular) leader, he was Deputy Chief. Minister of Karnataka on two occasions. On 13^th May 2013, he was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Karnataka.

Siddaramaiah is also regarded as the leader of ‘Ahinda’. His programmes are most popular and familar with relates to the sections of below poverty line. During the time of his rule as a Chief Minister, his main popular programmes are Anna Bhagya, Ksheera Bhagya, Shaadi Bhagya, Mythri Bhagya, Indira Canteen, Arogya Bhagya, etc. still he remained as an unquestionable leader in Indian National Congress.

• all over the world, back-breaking work like stone breaking, digging, carrying heavy weights etc are invariably done by the poor people. 
• located at the lower ranks of the society, they rarely are able to improve their life chances.

Mahatma Gandhi was great national leader. He was bom on 2^nd October 1869 at Porbandar of Kathiawar in Gujarat. Gandhiji was very much influenced by the dramas of Sathya harishchandra, Shravan Kumar. He also very much of influenced by the dramas Ramayana,

Aristotle wrote the book “The Politics”.

Achievements of U.N.O are manifold:

The U.N.O. has carried out several successful programs and operations. The achievements of the U.N.O may be grouped under two headings, namely, political and non-political.

Political: In the political field, the U.N.O has notable achievements. The foremost achievement of the U.N.O is that there has not been a global war and the use Of nuclear weapons since 1945.

• The first issue that was solved by the U.N.O was the case of Iran. Russian Troops were stationed on the Northern borders of Iran during the Second World War. After the war, Iran complained to the U.N.O. So, U.N.O intervened and made the Russian Troops to withdraw from Iran in 1946.
• In 1947, a quarrel started in Indonesia between Holland and Indonesia. It was settled by the U.N. in 1948. 
• In September .1948, France, England and U.S.A. complained to the Security Council about the blockade of Berlin by the U.S.S.R. Later, an agreement was reached due to the efforts of U.N.O. 
• U.N.O. was able to stop the fighting between the Israeli Jews and Arabs in Palestine in 1948. 
• The U.N.O ordered cease-fire in Kashmir in 1948. 
• In the Korean crisis when war broke out between North and South Korea, the U.N.O used armed forces to settle the dispute.
• The Suez Canal and Vietnam problems were solved with the mediation of the U.N.O. 
• It also put an end to the fighting between Iraq and Iran in 1989. 
• Iraq occupied Kuwait in 1990. Immediately, Kuwait approached U.N.O for help. So, the U.N. made Iraq vacate Kuwait in 1991. 
• It has worked to maintain peace in several countries of the world. It has carried out peace keeping missions in Greece, Lebanon, Cyprus, Congo, Cambodia, Korea, Kosovo, etc., 
• South Africa was following the Apartheid policy. U.N.O. set up a special committee and imposed sanctions against South Africa in 1954. Ultimately the Apartheid regime came end in 1991.

Non-political: A notable achievement of the U.N.O was the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the General Assembly on 10th December 1948. The . Declaration included articles like the right to life, liberty and security of person, freedom from slavery, freedom of thought, the right to vote, to work, etc.

• U.N.O has done excellent work through its specialized agencies. The ILO has made the member nations to improve the conditions of the labourers. 
• FAO has assisted the nations to increase the food production in farms, forests, fisheries and increase nutrition levels. It has also helped to feed millions of hungry children in the third world countries. 
• IMF and IBRD are giving funds for the economic development of different backward countries. 
• UNESCO has done much work in many backward countries in the social, educational, economic, technological and other fields. U.N.O. helped the refugees of war, earthquake, tsunami etc. It had arranged for food, shelter and rehabilitation of war victims throughout the world. The U.N.O has helped preserve many cultural sites throughout the world as World Heritage Sites like Hampi, Pattadakal, Konark etc.

Corporations are constituted as per Karnataka Muncipal Corporation Act-1976. Wards are created on the basis of city population. A population exceeds more than 3 Laks can be called as Corporation. The members are called as corporators and elected by the city residents for a period of 5 years. Some seats are reserved for SC/ST, OBC, and Women. State government nominates 5 members to the corporation from different field.

The MP’s and MLA’s in that jurisdiction are also the members of corporation and can attend the meetings with voting right. The Mayor elected by the Corporators presides over the meetings. The state government appoints administrative head as a commissioner from the IAS cadre. The meetings are held once in two months. 

The Standing committees of Pura Sabha are:

• Taxation, Finance and Appeal committee. 
• Basic health, Education and Social justice committee. 
• Tour planning and Improvement committee. 
• Accounts and Audit committee.

Financial Sources: 

• Taxes on assets, water, professions, and advertisements. 
• Rents from markets, complexes, and other properties. 
• Grants and contributions from the State government. 
• Income collected for providing drainage and sanitary facilities. 
• Loans raised from the public with government approval.

Pakistan occupies the North-Western corner of the Indian subcontinent. To the West is Iran, to the North-west Afghanistan, to the Northeast, China and to East India.

India and Pakistan were part of British India before Independence. It was partitioned due to ‘divide and rule policy’ of British. Pakistan has close ethnic, cultural and historical links with India. Common blood flows across the land. The trauma, agony and fratricidal conflicts of partition of 1947 still haunt the relationship between the two countries. The mutual distrust and animosity affect Indo-Pak relations.

1. Causes for Dispute: India and Pakistan represent not only different state systems but also different approaches towards society and polity. The undivided India was a nation many diversities and composite nationalism. During the struggle for liberation from British colonialism, Religious Communalism was promoted which spoiled the composite nationalism. After the achievement of independence with partition of the country.

India opted for Socio-cultural pluralism recognizing multi-religious, multi-lingual and multi-regional and multicultural diversities, while Pakistan opted for a Islamic Democratic style by emphasizing religion as the major and operative principle of its nation-building. As a result, in India, the composite nationalism emerged with its secular overtones in Pakistan triumphant religious communalism with Islamic orientation emerged.

2. Kashmir Issue: In India’s Perspective Kashmir is an integral part of the Republic of India and to Pakistan, it is a disputed territory. The argument of Pakistan on Kashhmir is that, since the partition of the country was done on religious basis and majority of populations are Muslims, Kashmir should be part of Pakistan.

This argument failed to recognize the following facts:- 

1. Partition was done of the British Indian provinces and not of the Indian princely states.

2. National Conference was the only major political party in Kashmir, which was affiliated to Congress, it was opposed to Pakistan and had faith in secular politics.

3. The Indian princely states had the freedom to join either India or Pakistan.

4. India is a secular state consisted of multi-religious population. So, the Kashmiris formally decided to join India after the invasion of its territory by Pakistani tribals supported by the members of Pakistan Army.

3. Major Pacts: After wars between India and Pakistan in 1966 and 1971, both the countries affirmed the need for negotiated peaceful settlement of disputes in the Tashkent Declaration of 1966 between Lai Bahadur Sastri and Ayub Khan. In 1988 both the countries signed the agreement not to attack nuclear installation and facilities of each other, but in May 1999, Pakistan conducted the nuclear test at the Chagai Hills Region.

Though this has been reiterated by successive governments in Indio and Pakistan, the infiltration by well-armed Pakistani troops across the line of control (LoC) continued.

After the meeting in Lahore between the Indian Prime Minister, A.B. Vajpayee and Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in February 1999 with his historical bus journey to Pakistan the infiltration in the Kargil sector took place which cretated a war-like situation in Kashmir in June and July 1999.

There are indications that India and Pakistan are trying to overcome the past and build a future of mutual trust and understanding as independent countries with frequent visits of leaders of both countries, to discuss several bilateral issues. As a members of SAARC both countries are trying for solutions to their problems mutually and to establish peace in the South Asian region.

Correct option  (ii) Mg

Explanation:

Formula of chloride al X is XCl₂. Its valency is 2. It shows element belongs to second group. As per option X = Mg

[Hint : Barbaturic acid derivatives are called barbiturates. They are highly effective pain relieving agents.]

[Hint : (i) C₁₅H₃₁COO-Na+ (ii) C₁₇H₃₃COO-Na⁺]

Polya created his famous four-step process for problem solving, which is used all over to aid people in problem solving:

• Step 1: Understand the problem.
• Step 2: Devise a plan (translate).
• Step 3: Carry out the plan (solve).
• Step 4: Look back (check and interpret).

Correct option is A) in 

Correct option is A) during 

Correct option is C) on

Correct option is C) at

Correct option is D) on

Correct option is A) in

Correct option is D) on

Correct option is A) on

√2x + 9 - √x + 1 = √x - 4

√2x + 9 - √x + 1 - √x + 4 = 0

√2x - 2√x + 13 = 0

√2x - 2√x = -13

An active cell helps to identify what cell is being worked with data and where the data will be entered.

Correct option: (B) 

Explanation: 

In the following reaction, NH₃ changes of NaNH₂ which contains NH₂ ion. This means that NH₃ has donated a proton to Na and hence acts as an acid.

An acid is a molecule/ion which can accept an electron pair with the formation of a coordinate bond. 

Acid → e^– pair acceptor

Ex: Electron deficient molecules : BF₃, AlCl₃ 

Cations : H⁺ , Fe²⁺, Na⁺ 

Molecules with vacant orbitals : SF₄, PF₃

A base is any molecule/ion which has a lone pair of electrons which can be donated. 

Base → (One electron pair donate)

Ex: Molecules with lone pairs : NH₃ , PH₃ , H₂O, CH₃OH