Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Urban Poverty and Slums.

1. The issue of price stability. 

2. The levy issue.

Grama Sabha is at the bottom of the 3-tier Panchayat Raj System. It is an integral part of the Grama Panchayat. In the Grama Sabha, all the voters of the village are members. It presents development plans, discusses them and takes decisions. The Ward Member will lead the meeting of the Grama Sabha. Under the Chairmen of various Standing Committees, the discussions are codified and decisions made.

A farm practice through New Scientific method to grow high yielding varieties of crops.

Suvarna TV, Udaya TV, Public TV, Doordarshan (Chandana)

1. Provision of water supply. 

2. Maintenance of sanitation.

1. The Issue of price stability 

2. The levy issue.

Provision of water supplay and maintenance of minor Irrigation.

• Flipkart.com 
• Amazon.com

Print media and electronic media.

Rama Rao hoped to over come his financial difficulties through cross word puzzles competition. He would send in entry every week but all in vain , then he was filled with despair. Everytime he faced failure. Thus Rama Rao alternated between hope & despair.

99 Grama Panchayat are there  in kerala.

The word demography is derived from two Greek words.

1. Demos (people) and 

2. Graphein (describe) implying the description of people.

Panchayat Raj is a real democratic political apparatus, which would bring the masses into active political participation to establish a genuine political reign of rural India. Generally it is also called as ‘Decentralization of Democracy’. Since 1959 Democratic Decentralization has been gradually extended throughout India. After the implementation of the 73^rd Amendment Act of the Constitution 1992, Panchayat Raj has brought politics down to village level. Balawant Rai Mehta Committee recommended a three Tier Structure of the Panchayat Raj institution. Namely,

1. Village Panchayat – at the village level. 

2. Panchayat Samithi – at the Block level and 

3. Zilla Panchayat – at the District level

Functions of Village Panchayat: 

The functions of the Village Panchayat are

1. Provision of water supply 

2. Maintenance of minor irrigation 

3. School buildings 

4. Family Planning 

5. Construction of wells and tanks 

6. Promotion of agriculture and animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries.

Apart from the above, they also manage promotion of village and cottage industries, providing electric power, construction and maintenance of Roads and Bridges, creating awareness regarding primary and secondary education, maintenance of Public Health, general Sanitation, Welfare of the weaker section, maintenance of public properties and regulation and fairs and festivals and promotion of social and cultural activities.

The Constitutional Amendments Acts 73, 74 helped in the growth of the local self-government.

Kozhikode, Thrissur, Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram.

The 73^rd Amendment Act made the Panchayat Raj a Constitutional system. 

It brought a 3-tier system by having Village-Block- District level Panchayats in all the States.

The block-level can be avoided if the State has less than 20 lakh population. The Grama Sabha Concept is also included in the Amendment, The Chairmen of the Block Panchayat and Zila Parishad will be elected by the concerned Panchayat members. The local MLAs and MPs will be ex-officio members of the Block Panchayat.

The Chairman of the Grama Sabha will be elected as per the law approved by the State Government. Based on the population of the place, in all the 3 levels there will be proportionate representation for SC’s and ST’s.

One-third of the seats are reserved for ladies. Proportionate to the population, some Chairmen should be SCs and STs.

One-third of the chairmen will be ladies. Reservations are by rotation.

The duration for all Panchayat Raj Institutions is 5 years. After dissolution, elections must be done within 6 months and new committees are to be formed. The Act makes provision for the appointment of an independent State Election Commission.

It is the Governor who appoints the State Election Commission. The Act also makes provision for the appointment of a Financial Commission once in 5 years to look into the financial status of the Panchayats and give the Government suggestions.

Grama Panchayat is the basic level of the Panchayat Raj System.

Local Governments before the 73^rd Amendment:

Before the 73^rd Amendment, local government was in the State list. The State Governments had full authority to makes laws in this. Before the 73^rd Amendment, there was no condition that elections should be done immediately after the local government have been dissolved by the State Government. Before the 73^rd Amendment, there was no reservation for women and SC’s and ST’s. Before the 73^rd Amendment, it was the responsibility of the State Government to conduct elections for the local committees. Before the 73^rd Amendment, in the local committees, dominant castes and feudal lords had the upper hand.

Local Governments after the 73^rd Amendment: 

After the 73^rd Amendment, the power of the State governments to enact laws on local government was restricted. The States were now forced to make laws in conformity with the Amendment.

After the 73^rd Amendment, direct election came into effect. 

After the 73^rd Amendment, the condition came that if the local governments are dissolved, within 6 months fresh elections must be conducted. 

After the 73^rd Amendment, there was reservation for women and SC’s and ST’s. 

After the 73^rd Amendment, the duty of conducting elections to the local governments was vested in a State Election Commission. 

After the 73^rd Amendment, in the local committees, dominance of the dominant castes and feudal lords came to an end to a certain limit.

The +1 Political Science students in Kannur Government HSS organized a seminar on the topic “Panchayat Raj in India”. The students were divided into groups, and the leaders of the groups presented the views of their groups. 

Panchayat Raj in India/Three-tier administrative decentralization:

• In 1957 the Indian Government appointed a Committee with Balwant Rai Mehta as its chairman to study the rural development schemes.
• Panchayat Raj came into existence as per this Committee’s report. 
• The Committee recommended a 3- tier system for decentralization of powers. 
• In the village, there was Village Panchayat, at the block level there was Panchayat Samiti and at the district level there was Zila Parishad.

a) Village Panchayat: 

• Panchayat is at the bottom of the village administration. Panchayat is a committee the members of which are elected directly by the people of the Panchayat. 
• There are reservations for women and also Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe members. 
• The main responsibilities of the Panchayat are sanitation, drinking water distribution, street lamps, land use, keeping cattle register, relief work, maintenance of roads, culverts, bridges, sewers and ponds, supervision of primary education, welfare of the backward classes and revenue collection.
• The Panchayat also has to maintain the birth-death register and propagate family planning. 
• Apart from all these, the Panchayat can work as the agents of the Samiti for implementing developmental plans. 
• Village panchayats are recommended to be agents for revenue collection.

b) Panchayat Samiti: 

• This is the mid-level or Block level administrative setup. 
• The members are indirectly elected. The members of the Samiti are: The chiefs of the village Panchayats in the block’s jurisdiction, nominated women members, Representatives of Cooperative Societies, the local MLA and the M.P.
• All the development projects in the Block are its responsibility. 
• Their responsibility includes agriculture, animal husbandry, Cooperation, small scale irrigation, rural industries, primary education, local communication, sanitation, health, and medical help. It is the duty of the State Government to delegate powers to the Samiti.

c) Zila Parishad: 

• This is the topmost part of the local government set up. The members of the Zila Parishad are Representatives of the Panchayat Samiti, Representatives of the SC’s and ST’s, Women Representatives, MLAs of the District and MP’s. 
• The Presidents of the Panchayat Samiti will be ex-officio members. 
• District level officers from spheres like medical, health, agriculture, veterinary, engineering education, welfare of Back Ward Classes, Public Works, etc. 
• It is the Zila Parishad that examines and passes the budgets of Panchayat Samitis. 
• It gets funds from the Government and distributes it among the Panchayat Samitis. 
• It collects the various schemes of the Blocks of the district and coordinates them. 
• It collects the various applications from Panchayat Samitis and forwards them to the State Government. 
• It has the duty of supervising the working of the Panchayat Samitis.
• The Chairman of the Zila Parishad is the Collector. Otherwise, he can function as the Secretary of the Parishad. 
• The recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta were approved by the Development Council in 1959.

According to Alfred Gell (1982), the anthropologist who studied Dhorai, the market Has significance much beyond its economic functions. For example, the layout of the market symbolises the hierarchical inter-group social relations in this region. Different social groups are located according to their position in the caste and social hierarchy as well as in the market system.

1. The wealthy and high-ranking Rajput jeweller and the middle ranking local traders sit in the central ‘zones’. 

2. The tribal sellers of vegetables and local wares in the outer circles.

3. The quality of social relations is expressed in the kinds of goods that are bought and sold, and the way in which transactions are carried out. For instance, interactions between tribals and non-tribal traders are very different than those between Hindus of the same community, they express hierarchy and social distance rather than social equality.

An Adivasi Village Market in Dhorai is the name of a market. Village located deep in the hinterland of North Bastar district, Chattisgarh. On non-market days Dhorai is sleepy i.e., every day except Friday, Dhorai on a market day might be a totally different place.

The forest officials disburse payments to the tribal labourers. They are joined by vegetable sellers, and by specialised craftsmen, potters, weavers, and blacksmiths.

1. Small in size: Indian villages are small in size. Due to that, the density of population is less in Indian villages.

2. Importance to Primary Relations: Villages share so many daily requirements and their relationships are close and intimate and face to face interactions.

3. Social Homogeneity: Village is more homogeneous in language, belief, mores, and pattern of behavior. In their occupations, villagers participate together and share common interests.

4. Informal Social Control: Individual behavior is controlled by family, traditions, customs, religion, etc.

5. Agriculture and its allied occupations: Agriculture is the main source of livelihood. Along with agriculture, animal husbandry, floriculture, fishing, mining and apiculture, and cottage industries are the other occupations.

6. Role of Neighbourhood and simplicity of life: Neighbourhood relation plays an important role in the social life of village people and a simple way of life is common. There is an interdependent neighbourhood relations.

7. Village Autonomy: Each village is relatively self-sufficient and independent. Charles Metcalfe called ‘Indian villages as Little Republics’. Recent studies proved that the Indian villages were never self-sufficient and Republic.

Reliance and Pepsi.

Correct answer is (i) Aristotle 

Technology and Institutions.

1. Absolute power: Dictatorship is characterized by absolute power where the dictator controls the constitution. He can make and unmake laws. All the laws must originate from him and there is neither a limit on his tenure nor is he subjected to any other authority.

2. Based on Force: Dictatorship stands on the twin pillars of force and coercion. The word of the dictator should be honored in letter and spirit. Any violation of the order may result in severe punishment or even death.

3. Totalitarian state: Dictatorial regimes regulate and control all aspects of human existence. It provides security, basic necessities such as food, shelter and clothing, education and order in society. In totalitarian state’s individual personality is suppressed and all aspects of an individual are regimented and brought under the control of the state. The totalitarian approach is well summarized by Mussolini when he says: “Everything within the state, nothing above the state, nothing outside the State’’. Thus, the State is the central point around which all human activities must revolve.

4. One Nation one party: In a dictatorship, for the whole state, there is only one constitution and the administration is managed by one single party and that is responsible for the whole state. Any kind of criticism of the party or the leadership is not tolerated. The distinct feature of dictatorship is its intolerance to criticism and new ideas.

5. No individual liberty: In a dictatorship, individual freedom and liberty do not find place. Freedom of thought and expression is restricted. 

The 74^th constitutional amendment act which came into effect in 1993 can be explained as its provisions as below. The state government can conduct the elections. It ensures a firm relation between state government and urban local bodies with regards to taxation powers and revenue sharing. 

• It provides adequate reservation facilities to SG, ST, Backward class and women. 
• The state government has power to legislate about reservation in urban local bodies. 
• The members should elect directly by the residents who are living in urban area. 
• The tenure of the urban local bodies in 5 years. 
• Elections shall be held within 6 months from the date of dissolution. 
• Members of parliament and assembly are the ex-officio members of urban local bodies. 
• The state government can nominate 5 members to the urban local bodies. 
• The state government has power to prepare plan for economic and social development. 
• State finance commission has been established to review the finances of urban local bodies.

1. Industrialization: With the establishment of factories in many places of the country, agriculture was pushed to the background . and with it changed those social institutions which were its products. The industrial centers pulled persons of different families out of the traditional peasant society comprising of joint families. This struck at the roots of joint families and the process of change started. Furthermore, the process of change in joint family gained momentum from the rapid development of transport and communication.

2. Urbanization: The percentage of workers dependent on agriculture comes down and more and more people migrate to cities and towns in search of jobs. The urban centers also provide people with various amenities of life communication, sanitation, and health, education, and employment, etc., People are tempted by the lure of urban facilities and there is a rural to urban type of migration. Gradually they lost control over the Joint family remained an independent in cities in nuclear families.

3. Rapid Growth of Population: Rapid growth of population brought corresponding increased of the pressure on land. Agriculture being the prime occupation of the villagers, the rural youth faced the problem of unemployment. People began to move into cities and industrial centers in search of jobs. Thus they had to leave the traditional joint families which resulted in the breakdown of jointness.

4. Education: Education changes the attitude of people. It enables people to get into jobs or profession. Modem education leads to occupational mobility. It has not only brought changes in the attitudes, beliefs, values, and ideologies of the people but has also created the individualistic feelings. The increasing education not only brings changes in the philosophy of life of men and women but also provides new avenues of employment and led to economic independence.

5. Changing Status of Women: Social reform movements, awareness among the women for their own position, all affected the patriarchal authority of the joint family system. The spread of modem education enlightened the women. Education made them conscious of their rights and status in the society. It brought about drastic changes in the practices and ideals of family.

They were no more prepared to remain within the four walls of the household in the traditional subordinate position. Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Keshab Chandra Sen, Jyothi Rao Phule, Maharshi Kar-ve, Pandit Ramabai, and many others worked and achieved considerable success for the cause of women. All these factors affected the patriarchal authority of the joint family. As a sequel to that, the process of disintegration started in the joint family.

6. Social Legislations: Legislations enacted during the British rule proved harmful for joint family. Gains of Learning Act of 1930, the right of women to share in the property of the joint family by the Hindu Law of Inheritance Act of 1929, and the Hindu women’s Right to Property Act of 1937. Sati Prevention Act 1782, Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856, Child Marriage Restraint Act 1902 have brought changes in family relations. After independence the process has continued and fundamental changes in the law of inheritance have been brought about by the Hindu Succession Act, 1956.

The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and the Civil Marriage Act, 1957 gave the freedom to the adult males and females to marry according to their choice and helped the women to seek divorce on certain grounds. All these legislations gave enough facility to the members to divide the joint family immediately after the death of the father. The necessity of jointness has also weakened due to various governmental provisions relating to old-age pension, widow pension, etc.

The powers and functions of Taluk Panchayats are as below: 

• Preparation of annual plans and submit to Z.P. 
• Preparation of annual budget and report to Z.P. 
• Providing basic felicities to victims of natural calamities. 
• Promotion of agriculture and horticulture. 
• Ensuring overall development of the Taluk. 
• Constrictions and maintenances of roads, bridges, and buildings 
• Promotes poverty alienation programmes, literacy programmes. 
• Development of primary and secondary education. 
• Promoting the welfare of women children and physically handicapped. 
• Providing electric and water felicities. 
• Promoting animal husbandry, poultry and fisheries. 
• Promoting the welfare of SC, ST and backward class. 
• Regulating the markets in rural areas. 
• Conducting health and family welfare programmes. 
• Encouraging small irrigation programmes.

Correct answer is (iii) Right to leisure

Correct answer is (iii) Aristotle

1. Depth of Generations: A joint family consists of people of three or more generations including grandparents, parents, and children. Sometimes, other kins such as uncles, aunts, cousins, and great-grandsons also live in a joint family.

2. Common Roof: Henry Maine called the joint family a ‘Greater Home’. Members of the joint family normally reside together under the same roof. It is a place to uphold the family Heritage. It is a place for Socio, Economic, Religious, Entertainment, etc. Due to the scarcity of accommodation members of the joint family may reside separately. Still, they try to retain regular contacts and the feeling of belonging to the same family. They have emotional and economic links with the original family.

3. Common Kitchen: Members eat the food prepared jointly at the common kitchen. Normally, the eldest female member of the family (the wife of the Karta) supervises the work at the kitchen. Rest of the female members engaged in different kitchen work. A single kitchen under a common roof is a unique element of joint family.

4. Common Worship: Joint family derives its strength from religion. Hence, it is associated with various religious rituals and practices. Every family may have its own deity of ‘Kula devata’ and its own religious tradition. Members of the family take part in common worship, rites, and ceremonies. At least once a year they join other members to take part in the festivals, feasting, marriage ceremonies and so on.

5. Common Property: The members hold a common property. As O’ Malley writes: “The joint family is a co-operative institution similar to a joint-stock company in which there is a co-operative institution similar to a joint-stock company in which there is a joint property”. The ‘ total earnings of the members are pooled into a common purse of the family and family expenses are met without of that.

Panchayat Raj is as a real democratic political apparatus, which would bring the masses into active political participation to establish a genuine political of rural India; Generally, it is also called as “Decentralization of Democracy”.

Since 1959 “Democratic Decentralization has been gradually extended throughout India. After the implementation of the constitution 73rd Amendment act 1992. Panchayat Raj has brought politics down to village level. Balawant Rai Mehta committee recommended three Tier Structure of the Panchayat Raj institution. Namely,

• Village Panchayat – at the village level. 
• Panchayat Samithi – at Block level and 
• Zilla Panchayat – at the District level In brief, we can understand the general functions of panchayat raj.

Functions of Village Panchayat: The functions of Village Panchayat are:

1. Provision of water supply 

2. Maintenance of minor irrigation 

3. School buildings, 

4. Family Planning 

5. Construction of wells and tanks.

Analyse the factors facilitating Mala prabha movement. Promotion of agriculture and animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries, promotion of village and cottage industries providing electric facility. Construction and maintenance of Roads and Bridges, creating awareness regarding primary and secondary education,maintenance of Public Health, general Sanitation and Welfare of weaker section, maintenance of public properties and regulation and fairs and festivals and promotion of social and cultural activities.

The impact of British rule on caste system in India may be studied under the following heads.

1. Introduction of universalistic Legal system 

2. Impact of English Education 

3. Impact of Social Reform Movement 

4. Influence of New Social Formation 

5. Impact of Freedom struggle 

6. Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization

1. Introduction of Universalistic Legal System: The establishment of British courts removed authority from the purview of caste panchayats. They introduced a new principle s of justice, according to which all are equal before the law, and the caste panchayat in proportion lost their former importance. 

Some of the legislation which brought changes in the caste system can be made as the, following.

a. The Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850 This act served to remove some of the disabilities associated with castes including the practice of untouchability.

b. The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856, This act made legal provision for the Hindu widows to remarry.

c. The Special Marriage Act of 1872 which considered marriage as a civil- contract and legalized inter-caste or inter-religious marriage.

d. Other Legislative and Administrative Measures. In 1858 British government announced that all schools maintained by the government shall be open to all the classes of its subjects without any discrimination. In 1923, the government issued a resolution that no grants would be paid to any aided educational institutions, which refused admission to the children of the depressed classes.

In 1925, a bill was passed by the Madras- legislative council, throwing open all public office, well, tank, or place of public resort, to all classes of people including the depressed. Montogue Chelmshford reforms made constitutional provisions for the special representation of depressed classes in the local as well as in the legislative bodies.

2. Impact of English Education: British education was based on scientific, secular and universal principles. It made an accessible to everyone, irrespective of caste or community, who could pay for it. It remained liberal in content. It propagated principles such as the liberty equality and fraternity. As education spread to the lower strata, It kindled libertarian impulses among them.

Western education provided an indispensable passport to the new economic opportunities. Members from the lower castes became different professionals and took new commercial opportunities offered, by the western education.

3. Impact of Social Reform Movements: Social reforms movements brought changes in ‘the caste system in British period. They were set out to eradicate caste and to establish a casteless and, classless society. They were against the fictitious difference between caste. They attacked the tendencies of separatism and Inequality in the caste system. 

Some important social reform movements are:

1. The Brahma Samaj founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy 

2. Prarthana Samaja’s Athma Rama Pandurang Justice M. Ranade 

3. The Arya Samaja founded by Swamy Dayananda Saraswathi 

4. The Ramakrishna Mission represents the synthesis of the ancient and the modem thoughts. Swamy Vivekananda started Ramakrishna Mission. 

5. Other Reform Movements such as Annie Beasant’s Theosophical society, Maharshi Arabindo Ghosh’s Divine life Society and etc. Thus all these organizations aimed at the destruction of caste system and social reconstruction of Indian society.

4. Impact of New Social Formations: The new economic system brought about a new grouping of the population in the economic sphere. The Indians could be differentiated into such categories as capitalists, workers, peasants, propritiators, merchants, tenants, landlords, doctors, lawyers, teachers, and technicians.

Each category being composed of individuals belonging to various castes, but having identical material and political, interests.

This division weakened the vertical caste lines. Thus there came into existence such organization as Mill Owners Associations, All India Trade Union Congress, All India Kishan Sabhaand, etc., these groups struggled for their own interests.

In the process of this struggle, they developed a new consciousness and outlook and a new solidarity, which slowly weakened the caste consciousness.

5. Impact of Freedom Struggle: The growth of the nationalist movement played a great role in weakening caste consciousness. In India, the presence of foreign rule was a permanent stimulus to the Indians to unite on a national basis. Thus the growth of the national movement undermined the caste consciousness.

6. Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization: The growth of Industries destroyed the old craft and provided new ways to earn a livelihood. Occupational t mobility and movement from compact ancestral village started breaking down in the caste norms. New transport facilities, specially crowed trains and buses, which threw together millions of people of all castes and left little room for the necessities of ceremonial purity.

Taboos on food and water gradually weakening when industrial workers belonging to various castes started working under one roof. The demarcation observed by the members of different castes regarding eating food, physical contact with those of other castes, steadily crumbled in cities.

• Politics 
• Aristotle wrote it.

• People of India belong to different religions. 
• They speak different languages.
• They follow different customs and cultures. 
• They have different dress habits.

Unity of diversity is the most important characteristic of Indian Society .

The invisible and indivisible element of state. Sovereignty

The term diversity denoting collective differences so as to find out dissimilarities among groups of people: geographical, religious, linguistic, etc. All these differences presuppose collective differences or prevalence of a variety of groups and culture. Indian society is characterized by unity as well as diversity.

Primarily there are four major types of diversities in India, which are:

1. Regional diversities 

2. Linguistic diversities 

3. Religious diversities and 

4. Cultural and Ethnic Diversities

1. Regional Diversities: India is a vast country. From the Himalayas in the North to the Indian Ocean in the south, there are quite lot of differences in altitude, temperature, Flora, and Fauna. India has every conceivable type of climate, temperature, and physical configuration. There is the scorching heat of Rajastan and the biting cold of the Himalayas, Rainfall varies from 1200 to 7.5 ems per year.

The result is that India has some of the wettest and driest areas in the world. India also possesses arid desserts and fertile riverine lands, bare and hilly tracts, and luxuriant open plain.

2. Linguistic Diversities: Language is another source of diversity. It contributes to collective identities and even to conflicts. The Indian Constitution has recognized 22 languages in the 8th schedule for its official purposes but as many as 1652 languages and dialects are spoken in the country. These languages belong to five linguistic families, namely; Indo Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Austric languages, Tibeto – Burman languages and European languages. 

This makes language planning and promotion difficult. But the mother tongue does evoke strong sentiments and reactions. As a consequence of this multiplicity, there is considerable bilingualism and administration has to use more than one language. Linguistic diversity has posed administrative and political challenges. Apart from that for people with different mother tongues, communication becomes a problem.

3. Religious Diversities: There are 8 major religious communities in India. Hindus constitute the majority followed by Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs. Buddhists, Jains, Zoroastrians, and Jews are less than 1% each. Each major religion is further divided along the lines of religious documents, sects, and cults. Hindus are broadly divided into Shaivites, Vaishnavaites and Shaktas (worshippers of Shiva, Vishnu, and Mother Goddess – Shakthi respectively) and other minor sects.

Even though they took birth in India, both Jainism and Buddhism have lost their hold in India and are confined to a few small pockets. Diganibars and Shw’etambars are the two divisions of Jains. Indian Muslims are broadly divided into Shias and Sunnis.

Indian Christians, apart from Roman Catholics and Protestants have other small regional denominational churches. Sikhism is a synthesizing religion that emphasizes egalitarianism. Pars is even though a small community have played an important role in India’s industrial development. The Jews have a white and black divisions.

4. Cultural and Ethnic Diversities: Another important source of diversity is the cultural diversity. The people differ considerably in their social habits. Cultural difference varies from state to state.

The conflicting and varying shades of blood, strains, culture, and modes of life, the character, conduct, beliefs morals, food, dress, manners, social norms, Socio-Religious customs, rituals and etc. causes cultural and ethnic diversities in the country. Dr. R.K. Mukherji rightly said that “India is a museum of cults and customs, creeds and culture, faiths and tongues, racial types and social systems”.

Westernization is a major cultural process of change. The term Westernization is introduced in Indian Sociology by M. N. Srinivas. It has been used to analyze the exogenous source of social changes in contemporary India. M. N. Srinivas, in his book ‘Social Change in Modem India’, explains Westernization in the following words.

“The changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule, and the term subsumes changes occurring at different U levels; technology, institutions, ideology, values”. Westernization virtually indicates the process of imitation of western lifestyles by the Indian.

The process of westernization brought about a number of socio cultural changes in the Indian Society, among which the following may be noted in three main areas: 

Technology, Institutions, Ideology, and values.

1. Technology: The new and large scale industries introduced by the British exposed the average Indian to the influence of Western Technology. The widespread use of the western technology led to the process of industrialization. The process of industrialization is normally associated with the growth of towns and cities which started attracting people from the rural areas.

Cities provided a favourable atmosphere for the spread of western influence. Technology led to the development in the fields of Communication, Post and Telegraph, Telephone and Radio, Railways, Roadways, etc.,

2. New Institutions: Westernization brought about changes in institutional systems also. 

For example

a. In the place of Traditional Educational Institutions, the western type of formal educational Institutions such as Schools, Colleges, Technical Institutes, Research Centres, Universities, etc., got established. English became the medium of instruction in these Institutions and gained prominence. It also served to spread the English culture,

b. In the place of Traditional caste panchayats, the modem law, legislation, court, police, and other legal systems came to stay.

c. The modem capitalist mode of Economy gave a fatal blow to the erstwhile Jajmani System. New Commercial Establishments, banks, and new accounting system came into practice.

d. New institutional arrangements such as Social Welfare Schemes, Life insurance schemes, Social security schemes, etc., were introduced in order to provide protection and security to people where ever required.

3. Ideology and Values: Westernization implies certain value preferences also. Humanitarianism, Rationalism, Egalitarianism, and Secularism are associated with westernization. These ideologies and values had a great impact on Indians. They changed the traditional attitudes and outlook of the people. Western ideologies and values provided inspiration for social reform movements, such as Brahma Samaja, Arya Samaja, Ramakrishna Mission, etc.,

Correct answer is Government

Distribution of constitutional powers from union level to village level is called democratic decentralisation The importance of local governments is so paramount that it is called the “Primary school of democracy”.

1. Welfare state: Modern states are welfare states. If the overall development of the state is to take place; the development of local governments is very vital. Because national progress can’t be divorced from rural progress.

2. Cradle of Democracy: A citizen, not aware of the working of democracy is a burden on the nation. In local governments, people are introduced to functioning of democracy step by step and over a period of time they learn the nuances of democracy. Democracy can survive only when majority of the masses living in rural areas participate. That’s why local governments are called “cradles of democracy”;

3. Power to the People: The other name of local government is power of the people; the local governments take power to the doorsteps of the people and empower them not only identify problems but also to solve them. 

4. Knowledge of Administration: Local governments aim at imparting knowledge of administration to locals, though the local people are aware of the government, they are not aware of the working of administration. But when interacted with officials, due to proximity, they get working knowledge of administration.

5. Local Solutions: The basic principle of local government is, local problems must be solved at the local level. The centre or state government can’t understand local problems due to paucity of time, interest and information. But locals can, based on experience, identify suitable solutions to problems. 

Jeremy Bentham

Correct option is C) spacious 

Educational Criteria.

1. Children between 5 and 15 years never attending school 25% above the state average. 

2. Student drop-out-rate 25% above the state average.

Correct option is D) forecast

Correct option is D) prospect

Jeremy Bentham

The application of human ecological perspective poinfcToufM the three basic functions of natural environment for the human beings and also for many other animal species. 

1. The Environment provides the resources essential for life. These resources include air, water and materials used to create shelter, transportation and such other needed products. If human beings exhaust these resources in an irresponsible way for example by polluting the water supply or destroying rain forests then serious consequences will be the result 

2. The environment houses our species: Environment is our home, our living space, the place where we reside work and play, at times we take this truth for granted, but some others times we forget it and make our own living conditions very unpleasant and horrible. It is only when our air becomes heavy with smoke, dust etc., if our tap water turns brown, if toxic chemicals seep into our garden- only then we remember why it is vital to live in a healthy environment

3. The environment serves as a waste respiratory: more than any other species on earth human beings produce a huge quantity and variety of products-bottles, boxes, papers, plastics, sewage, garbage, and so on. Various types of pollution have become more common because human societies are generating more waste than the environment can safely absorb.

4. The 1972 rule of wild life protection provided complete protection to the wild life and birds. As per the directed of this rule every state government and centralized states must create a committee for wild life suggestion. This law restricts the hunting of wild animals violates of this law will be punished

5. Control and prevention of water pollution act has enforced and the water pollution is prohibited through this law and for prevention of water pollution a special rule in 1981 is introducedf prevention on control of air pollution)

6. 1986, rule of environment protection act 1986 have intended to protect and improve the environment; it implements nationwide programs on environment pollution and encourages the researches on Environment Pollution.

7. The motor vehicles act 1988 control the air pollution caused by the vehicles traffic.

8. The noise pollution act of 1989: This law controls the decibels of the sounds residential places, schools and colleges, hospitals, courts premises are declared as silent zones and prohibits using mikes crackers etc. in these areas.

9. 1991 rule of public security: the Government of India has introduced this law in 1991 this law suggested to establish a environment solution fund and provided security to the citizen, it enables to lodge a criminal cases on the law breakers.

10. State pollution controls board is active in state level and with the co-ordination of central pollution control board is engaged in the environment protection. Environment department will implement many works regarding environment protection.

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