Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Market is a social institution where parties are engaged in the exchange of goods and services.

Name one racial group of India Negritos.

Nambudary Brahmins Patriarchal Joint family.

Mangalour Samachar.

Chari, Metcalf.

d) Organised religion

Charl, Metcalf.

Charles Metcalfe.

Following are the important economic and agricultural problems of villages.

• Disparities.
• Discriminatory Policies. 
• Vulnerability of the Agricultural Sector. Increase in cost of cultivation and environmental degradation. 
• The deliberate withdrawal of welfare programmes from state. 
• Globalization and the resultant competition and exploitation by big Capitalists. 
• Peculiar Banking Practices and non-availability of Loans from Institutional Sources. 
• Failure of the co-operative sector. 
• Problems of marginal farmers. 
• Dependency on groundwater for irrigation. 
• Increase in drought prone areas.

Micro finance: Micro Finance is defined as, financial services such as Savings Accounts, Insurance Funds, and credit provided to poor and low income clients so as to help them to raise their income and thereby improve their standard of living. Micro finance is a source of financial services for entrepreneurs and small businesses lacking access to banking and related services. 

Major features of Micro finance:

• Loan without security. 
• Loans to people who live BPL (Below Poverty Line) 
• Even members of Self Help Groups may get benefit from Micro finance 
• Maximum limit of loan under micro finance is relatively a small amount. 
• The terms and conditions given to poor people

Types of Micro finance:

1. Informal Financial Service Providers: These include moneylenders, pawnbrokers, savings collectors, chit funds and input supply shops. Because they know each other well and live in the same community, they understand each other’s financial circumstances and can offer very flexible, convenient and fast services.

These services can also be costly and the choice of financial products limited and very short-term. Informal services that involve savings are also risky as many people have lost their money in Chit funds run by unscrupulous people.

2. Member-Owned Organizations: These include self-help groups, credit unions, and a variety of hybrid organizations like ‘Financial service associations’. They are generally small and local, which means they have access to good knowledge about each other’s financial circumstances and can offer convenience and flexibility.

Grameen Bank, Bangladesh is a member-owned organization started by Muhammad Yunus in 1970. They have proven very innovative, pioneering banking techniques like solidarity lending, village banking, and mobile banking that have overcome barriers to serving poor populations.

3. Formal Financial Institutions: In addition, to commercial banks, these include State banks, Agricultural development banks, Savings banks, Rural banks, and Non-bank financial institutions. They are regulated and supervised, offer a wider range of financial services, and control a branch network that can extend across the country and U internationally.

However, they have proved reluctant to adopt social missions, and due to their high costs of operation, often can’t deliver services to poor or remote populations. Efforts are being made to link self-help groups to commercial banks, by integrating mobile banking and e-payment technologies into their extensive branch networks.

The following welfare programmes are implemented for the up lift ment of tribal.

1. Economic Programmes: The amount allocated for the tribal welfare schemes in different plans go to prove that tribal development is one of the priorities. The amount allocated in the fifth plan was Rs. 1100 crore and it was Rs. 5535 crore and Rs. 10.500 crore in the sixth plan (1980- 85) and seventh plan (1985-90) respectively.x..

a. The 20-point Programme: The 20- Point Programme too focused attention on the development of Scheduled Tribes. Economic assistance was lent to tribal families to move above the poverty line.

b. Establishment of LAMPS and TRIFED: To relieve the tribals of the ‘ bonded labour system, the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act. 1976 was passed. That apart, to loosen the grip of the moneylenders and the middlemen on the tribals, the government organized ‘Large Area Multi-Purpose Societies’ (Lamps). These were intended to provide adequate credit facilities for productive purposes.

These were the Co-operative societies helping tribals in selling their agricultural and minor forest produce and providing them with improved varieties of seeds, manure, -insecticides, agricultural implements, etc. For . marketing the tribal produce, the ‘Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India” (TRIFED) has been set up. It works to eliminate exploitation of tribals and realization of better prices.

c. Assistance to Agriculture: Tribal cultivation is uneconomic and also unscientific. They are being persuaded to take up scientific agriculture. Agricultural implements, manure, seeds and loan facilities are being provided and tribals are also given land rights.

2. Educational Programmes: They are also provided with free hostels, faculties such as free tuition, stipends, scholarships, mid-day meals, text-books, etc. ‘Ashrama Schools’ with lands attached to them and ‘Technical Schools’ have come up in tribal areas. They are also given training free of cost in poultry, forestry, animal husbandry, apiculture, etc.

Tribal-students taking competitive examinations are given preexamination coaching free of cost. There are pre examination training centers and coaching- cum-guidance centers exclusively meant for students of Scheduled Tribes. National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and Central Institute of Indian languages – Mysore have already prepared teaching module for more than 60 tribal dialects to popularize education among the tribals.

3. Research Programmes: For the study of tribals in a scientific way, Tribal Research centres have been set up. There are at present 11 such centres in India. To coordinate their activates, a 30 member ‘Central Research Advisory Council’ has also been set up. The council provides guidance on policy formulation.

4. Health, Housing, and other Schemes: Under various schemes, houses and sites have been given to the tribals. There are a number of voluntary organizations working for the welfare of tribals. For instance, Dr. H. Sudarshan’s Vivekananda Girijana Kendra and Karuna Trust has done commendable work in the upliftment of Soligas, a tribal community inhabiting Biligiri Ranga Hills in Chamarajnagar district of Karnataka. They are helping in Education, Health, and Empowerment of Soligas.

Formal demography is primarily concerned with the measurement and analysis of the components of population change. Its focus is on quantitative analysis for which it has a highly developed mathematical methodology suitable for forecasting population growth and changes in the composition of population.

Mention any one Indo-Aryan language Sanskrit.

Social capital is in the form of networks of contacts and social associations. Someone with influential relatives and friends (social capital) may through access to good advice, recommendations or information manage to get a well-paid job.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

Jawaharlal Nehru laid down the policy of Integration to five principles (1957) in his foreword note to Verrier Elwin’s book, called “The Philosophy of NEFA” (NEFA – North East Frontier of Assam).

The tribal panchasheela as enunciated by him as follows:

1. People should ‘develop along the lines of their own genius‘ and we should avoid imposing anything on them. We should try to encourage in every way their own traditional – arts and culture. 

2. Tribal rights in land and forests should be respected.

3. We should try to train and build up a team of their own people to work, administration and development. Some technical personnel from outside will, no doubt be needed especially in the beginning. But we should avoid introducing too many outsiders into tribal territory.

4. We should not over-administer these areas or overwhelm them with a multiplicity of schemes. We should rather work through and not in rivalry to their own social and cultural institutions.

5. We should judge the results not by statistics or the amount of money spent but by the quality of human character that is evolved.

The problems of Tribals are as follows:

1. Geographical Isolation: Tribals are the people who have been living in remote areas and hill tracks, without any access to socio-economic inputs. For centuries, tribals were isolated from the rest of the community, which has also given them wide cultural variations. Their geographical isolation from the mainstream deprived them the chances for progress.

2. Cultural Problems: At present due to contact with outsiders, the tribal culture is undergoing a change. It has led to the degeneration of Tribal life and Tribal arts such as their dance, music and different types of crafts. In several tribal areas, influence of other religions have affected their culture. This is also responsible for alienating them from their culture. The tribal groups have got divided into several sects on the basis of religion. This has shattered their collective life.

3. Social Problems: Due to the influence of outsiders, the tribals are facing the problem of dowry, child marriage, infanticide, and un touchability. The contact with outsiders has created several social and health related problems.

4. Economic Problems: Tribal people are economically backward. The major economic problems of tribals are as follows:

• Alienation of Tribal Land to the Non- Tribal
• Problem of indebtedness 
• Exploitation in Forestry Operations 
• Primitive methods of Cultivation

5. Educational Problems: According to the 2011 census, the literacy among the scheduled Tribes was 29.6 percent. Main causes of slow progress in literacy among the scheduled Tribes are poverty of the parents, content of education, inadequate educational institutions and supporting services, absenteeism, medium of instruction and educational policy, etc.

6. Exploitation of tribals by the Moneylenders: He Tribals continue to be the victims of exploitation by the moneylenders. Indebtedness among the Tribals may be attributed to the following reasons:

Poverty loopholes in the existing money lending laws, lack of awareness about sources of institutional finances and existing legal protection, inability to follow the complicated procedures to obtain loan and consumer credit from institutional sources are the major hindrances. Indifferent attitude of government and bank officials, private money lenders willingness to advance money to the Tribals without any security paves way for later exploitation.

Absence of alternative credit facility has compelled the tribals to compromise their fate with moneylenders and accept indebtedness as almost an inescapable aspect of their existence. Lack of employment opportunities add to their woes.

6. Health Problems: The main cause of their sickness is the lack of clean drinking water, nutritive food, and prevalence of communicable diseases.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

Jawaharlal Nehru laid down the policy of Integration to five principles (1957) in his foreword note to Verrier El win’s book, called “The Philosophy of NEFA” (NEFA – North East Frontier of Assam). 

The tribal Pancha Sheela as enunciated by him is as follows:

1. People should develop along the lines of their own genius and we should avoid imposing anything on them. We should try to encourage in every way their own traditional – arts and culture.

2. Tribal rights in land and forests should be respected.

3. We should try to train and build up a team of their own people to work and manage administration and development. Some technical personnel from outside will, no doubt be needed especially in the beginning. But we should avoid introducing too many outsiders into tribal territory.

4. We should not over-administer these areas or overwhelm them with a multiplicity of schemes. We should rather work through and not in rivalry’ to their own social and cultural institutions.

5. We should judge the results not by statistics or the amount of money spent but by the quality of human character that is evolved.

I.P. Desai studied a small port town in Gujarat called ‘Mahuva’ in the early sixties. Based on the data collected. i.P. Desai examined the question of jointness in terms of religion, occupation, relations, property, education, urbanisation, kinship obligations, and household composition. Besides the structural aspect of family, I.P. Desai examined carefully the types of jointness based on degree, intensity and orientation with regard to functions and obligations which people perform for each other, though living separately and at different far off places.

Desai finds the following five types of degrees of jointness: 

1. Households with zero degree of jointness. 

2. Households of low degree of jointness. (Joint by way of the fulfillment of mutual obligations.) 

3. Households with high degree of jointness (Jointness by way of common ownership of property.) 

4. Households with higher degree of jointness (Marginallyjoint families.) 

5. Households of highest degree of jointness. (Traditional joint families.)

Thus according to I.P. Desai, the structural breakdown is only apparent but not real. Today’s joint family may give rise to several nuclear families and each nuclear family may become a small joint family and after two decades when grand children are born, the depth of generations becomes three. Indian family is altering between nuclearness and jointness in a cyclical fashion.

The advent of Colonialism in India produced major upheavals in the economy, causing disruptions in production, trade and agriculture. A well-known example is the demise of the handloom industry due to the flooding of the market with cheap manufactured textiles from England. In the colonial era, India began to be more fully linked to the world capitalist economy.

Before being colonised by the British, India was a major supplier of manufactured goods to the world market. After colonisation, India became a source of raw materials and agricultural products and a consumer of manufactured goods, both largely for the benefit of industrialising England. At the same time, new groups (especially the Europeans) entered into trade and business, sometimes in alliance with existing merchant communities and in some cases by forcing them out.

But rather than completely overturning existing economic institutions, the expansion of the market economy in India provided new opportunities to some merchant communities, which were able to improve their position by reorienting themselves to changing economic circumstances. In some cases, new communities emerged to take advantage of the economic opportunities provided by colonialism and continued to hold economic power even after Independence.

A good example of this process is provided by the Marwaris, probably the most widespread and best- known business community in India. Represented by leading industrial families such as the Birlas, Ambanis,Mittals etc., the Marwaris became a successful business community only during the colonial period, when they took advantage of new opportunities in colonial cities such as Calcutta, Bombay and settled throughout the country to carry out trade and money lending.

Like the Nakarattars, the success of the Marwaris rested on their extensive social networks, which created the relations of trust necessary to operate their banking system. Many Marwari families accumulated enough wealth to become moneylenders, and by acting as bankers also helped the commercial expansion of the British in India.

a. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is a major social problem in Indian villages. Lack of educational institutions and poor quality education coupled with high rate of dropout rate has aggravated the situation. Majority of the educational institutions are suffering from educational infrastructures like adequate buildings, libraries, and reading rooms, sports grounds, etc. There is a great disparity among rural and urban regions of Indian society regarding educational opportunities. Further, basic facilities like drinking water, sanitation facilities, transport and communication facilities are not up to the mark.

b. Rural Poverty: On the basis of an empirical study in seven districts in Rajasthan in 1996 sponsored by the World Bank it has identified the.

following causes of poverty in rural areas:

1. Inadequate and ineffective implementation of anti-poverty programmes. 

2. Low percentage of population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits. 

3. Non-availability of irrigational facilities and erratic rainfall. 

4. Dependence on traditional methods of cultivation and inadequate exposure to modern skills. 

5. Non-availability of electricity for agriculture. 

6. Poor quality of livestock. 

7. Imperfect and exploited credit market, communication facilities and markets. 

8. Low level of education. 

9. Absence of dynamic community leadership. 

10. Failure to seek women’s cooperation in developmental activities and associating them with planned programmes. 

11. Inter-caste conflicts and rivalries. 

12. Spending a large percentage of annual earnings on social ceremonies like festivals, marriages, death feast, etc., and people unwilling to discard expensive customs.

c. Health Problems: About 74% of the doctors are in urban areas while 70% of the country’s population live in villages. This shows the extent to which skilled medical care is lacking in the rural areas. Fertility and Birth rate, as well as death rates, are very high in the villages.

Infant mortality’ and maternal mortality are also high. The problems of Malnutrition, the sporadic outbreak of epidemic diseases like Cholera, Malaria, Plague, Dengue and other communicable diseases are quite common. The housings are very much unsanitary’ while the addiction to alcohol & nicotine drugs makes the state of health condition even worse.

Pesticides like Endosulfan also have caused much health hazards in rural areas. There are more than 5000 people affected by endosulfan in Uttara Kannada District alone. At the same time soil has been degraded rendering it infertile due to excessive use of chemicals and-fertilisers. It affects J23 not only the yield but also health of the agriculturists.

Changes in Joint Family: Changes in joint family can be divided into structural and functional changes.

Chang es in the Structure of the Joint Family system:

1. Changes in the Size of the Joint family: The size of the joint family is decreasing. Joint family consists of people belonging to two or three generations, which may be comprised of 8 – 10 members.

2. Changes in Ownership of Property: The ownership of property of joint family has changed due to the implementation of The Hindu Inheritance and Succession Act 1956 and other legislative and legal facilities which provide equal property rights for women.

3. Changes in Authority: In the present day, the authority of head of the family or Kartha has changed. The patriarchal character of joint family is losing its importance.

4. Changes in the Status of Women: In the post-independent India, women have a very respectable position, if not entirely an equal position on par with men. This is a positive improvement in this regard.

5. Change in the selection of mates and Conjugal relationships: Earlier, elder members of the family used to select partners for their children without consulting them. But nowadays, both parents and children jointly make the selection of spouses.

6. Changes in the Relations of In-laws: In the recent times, the relationships among in laws in a joint family have undergone drastic changes.

7. Weakening of Family Norms: Due to the impact of ideas like liberty, egalitarianism, and democracy, the traditional norms and values of joint families have changed.

8. Increasing popularity of dependent Nuclear Family: Education, economic and employment opportunities have compelled young men and women to go out of the family to faraway places and settle in the places of their choice. But at times of difficulties and happy situations, these families seek support from the joint family and are ready to provide necessary assistance to the basic family.

M.S.A. Rao in his edited volume on Social Movements in India has highlighted the significance of ideology, collective mobilization, organization and leadership in social movements.

1. Ideology: provides a broad frame of action and collective mobilisation in the social movement. It also provides legitimacy to the process of interest articulation and organized collective action.

2. Collective Mobilization: The nature and direction of a social movement is widely shaped by the nature of collective mobilisation. Collective mobilisation may be radical, non-institutionalized, spontaneous, large scale or it may be non-violent, institutionalized, sporadic and restricted.

3. Leadership and Organization: These are closely linked to the process of collective mobilisation. A leader can be a charismatic figure or a democratically elected one.

Head of a Hindu Joint family

ಸಂಘಟಿತ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಕಂಪನಿಯ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಸಾಮೂಹಿಕ ಚೌಕಾಸಿಯ ಮೂಲಕ ಉದ್ಯೋಗಿಗಳ ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಕೆಲಸದ ಪರಿಸ್ಥಿತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಸುಧಾರಿಸಲು ಏಕ, ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿ ಘಟಕವಾಗಿ ಒಗ್ಗೂಡಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರ ಸಂಘವಾಗಿದೆ.

Michael Aldrich.

A market is one of the social institutions, whereby parties engage in exchange of goods and services. Markets rely on sellers offering their goods or services in exchange for money from buyers. It can be said that a market is the process by which the prices of goods and services are established.

In the field of Sociology, the concept of a market is a structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services, and information. The exchange of goods or services for money is a Transaction.

The features of Market are as follow:

1. Market is a place where things are bought and sold: In common usage, the word ‘market’ may refer to particular markets that we may know of, such as the market next to the railway station, the fruit market, or the wholesale market. 

2. Market is not just a physical place, but the gathering of people – buyers and sellers: Thus, for example, a weekly market may be found in different places on different days of the week in neighbouring villages or urban neighbourhoods. 

3. Market is a type of trade or business: Market refers to an area or category of trade or business, Such as the market for cars or the market for readymade clothes.

institutions: In this very broad sense, then, ‘the market’ is almost equivalent to ‘the economy’. We are used to thinking of the market as an economic institution, but this chapter will show you that the market is also a social institution. In its own way, the market is comparable to more obviously social institutions like caste, religion or family.

Globalization refers to the growing interdependence of societies across the world, with the spread of 5 the same culture and economic interests across the globe. 

For example: media and consumer products are often produced for a world market, by the same firms running business all over the world.

Factors Contributing to Globalization: Anthony Giddens has explained the following factors as contributing to Globalization:

1. The Rise of Information and Communications Technology: The explosion in global communications has been facilitated by a number of important advances in technology and the world’s telecommunication infrastructure. The spread of communication satellites has also been significant in expanding international communications.

Today a network of more than 200 satellites is in space to facilitate the transfer of information around the globe. The use of Satellites, Internet, Telephones, Computer Networking, known as Information and Communication Technologies – ICT – have revolutionised the way the world communicates.

You could be chatting online, through the internet, with your friend or family, who is thousands of miles away, and feel that you share your everyday travails much more than a person who is closer home like your neighbour. You could be working in India for a company that is located in the United States of America through telecommunication technologies.

2. Information Flows: It has also facilitated the flow of information about people and events in distant places. Every day, the global media brings news, images, and information into homes, linking them directly and continuously to the outside world. Some of the most gripping events of the past three decades such as the fall of the Berlin Wall, the violent crackdown on democratic protesters in China’s Tiananmen Square and the Terrorist attacks on Mumbai on 11 September 2001, Spring movement in Arabian countries, have unfolded through the media before a global audience.

Such events, along with thousands of information, have resulted in a reorientation in people’s thinking from the level of the nation state to the global stage. In the case of natural disasters, such interventions take the form of humanitarian relief and technical assistance. In recent years, earthquakes in Armenia and Turkey, floods in Mozambique and Bangladesh, famine in Africa and hurricanes in Central America have been rallying points for global assistance.

3. Knowledge Society: The emergence of the knowledge society has been linked to the development of a broad base of consumers who are technologically literate and eagerly integrate new advances in computing, entertainment, and Telecommunications into their everyday lives. The very operation of the global economy reflects the changes that have occurred in the information age. Many aspects of the economy now work through networks that cross national boundaries, rather than stopping at them.

4. Transnational Corporations: In globalization, the role of transnational corporations is particularly important. Transnational corporations are companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country. For example Coca-Cola., Pepsi, Johnson and Johnson, Ford, General Motors, Colgate-Palmolive, Indian corporations like Reliance, TATAs, Birla Groups, Infosys, Mahindras, TVS group, Wipro, etc. Even when trans-national corporations have a clear national base, they are oriented towards global markets and global profits. Transnational corporations are at the heart of economic globalization.

5. The Electronic Economy: Globalization is also being driven forward by the integration of the world economy. In contrast to previous eras, the global economy is no longer primarily agricultural or industrial in its basis. Rather, it is increasingly dominated by activity that is weightless and intangible. This weightless economy is one in which products have their base in information, as is the case with computer software, media, and entertainment products and Internet-based services.

The ‘Electronic Economy’ is another factor that underpins economic globalization. Banks, corporations, fund managers and individual investors are able to shift funds internationally with the click of a mouse. As the global economy becomes increasingly integrated, a financial collapse in one part of the world can have an enormous effect on distant economies.

6. Political changes: Another driving force behind contemporary globalization is related to political change. 

These are:

a. The collapse of Soviet-style communism in 1991. The collapse of communism has hastened processes of globalization but should also be seen as a result of globalization itself.

b. The important political factor leading to intensifying globalization is the Growth of International and Regional Mechanisms of Government namely The United Nations and the European Union. SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation) and BRICS (Brazil; Russia, India, China, and South Africa) are the two most prominent examples of international organizations that bring together nation-states into a common political forum.

Finally, globalization is being driven by International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) and International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs). An IGO is a body that is established by Participating governments and given responsibility for regulating or overseeing a particular domain of activity that is transnational in scope. The first such body, The International Telegraph Union, was founded in 1865. Since that time, a great number of similar bodies have been created.

In 1909, there were only 37 IGOs in existence to regulate transnational affairs; by 1996, there were 260. Some of the best known INGOs such as Greenpeace, Medicines Sans Frontiers (Doctors Without Borders), the Red Cross and Amnesty International-are involved in environmental protection and humanitarian efforts. But the activities of thousands of lesser known groups also link together countries and communities.

No. 

• New social movements are not just about ‘old’ issues of economic inequality. Nor are they organised along class lines alone. Often, these social movements unite participants across class boundaries. 
• Identity politics, cultural anxieties and aspirations are essential elements in creating social movements and occur in ways that are difficult to trace to class-based inequality.

National integration refers to national unity and a sense of belonging to the nation.

Television Rating Point.

UNESCO – The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation seeks to encourage the identification ,protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity. The main objectives are to define the World Heritage in both cultural and natural aspects, to enlist Sites and Monuments from the member countries which are of exceptional interest and universal value ,the protection of which is concern of all mankind and to promote cooperation among all Nations and people to contribute for the protection of these universal treasures intact for future generations.

Santhal tribe started the Jaharkhand Movement in India.

1. Small in size: Indian villages are small in size. Due to that the density of population is less in Indian villages.

2. Importance to Primary Relations: Villages share so many daily requirements and their relationships are close and intimate and face to face interactions.

3. Social Homogeneity: Village is more homogeneous in language, belief, mores and pattern of behavior. In their occupations, villagers participate together and share common interests.

4. Informal Social Control: Individual behavior is controlled by family, traditions, customs, religion, etc.

5. Agriculture and its allied occupations: Agriculture is the main source of livelihood. Along with agriculture, animal husbandry, floriculture, fishing, mining and apiculture and cottage industries are the other occupations.

6. Role of Neighbourhood and simplicity of life: Neighbourhood relation plays an important role in the social life of village people and a simple way of life is common. There is an interdependent neighbourhood relations.

7. Village Autonomy: Each village is relatively self-sufficient and independent. Charles Metcalfe called ‘Indian villages as Little Republics’. Recent studies proved that the Indian villages were never self-sufficient and Republic.

M.N SRINIVAS defines caste as a “Hereditary, endogenous, usually localized group, having a traditional association with an occupation and a particular position in the local hierarchy of castes. Relation between castes is governed, by the concept of pollution and purity, and generally maximum commensality occurs within the caste.

Television Rating Point.

Correct answer is

(c) Using any one of both of the above

1. Market is a place where things are bought and sold 

2. Market is not just a physical place, but the gathering of people buyers and sellers.

Pepsi and Coca Cola.

Women Empowerment is the act of empowering women i.e. to give them the power or authority.

The primary role of travel intermediaries in tourism is to provide travel-related products and services to consumers. Whether they offer tours, tickets, transportation seats, accommodation, or any other related service, they purchase them from suppliers and resell them to travelers.

Tourism Terminologies are the terms or words that are commonly used by people of tourism industry. This term help to identify work as well as to communicate with each other while on work. These terminologies are usually acronym or one word that are used in tourism business to book air tickets ,hotel rooms or book a tour package. The list of words used in Tourism business is long and have origin from either tourism or hospitality, but commonly used in all the tourism activities. Some of the terminologies related to tourists are: Guests, Customer, PAX,FIT,GIT.

India is a land of many languages and it has been called as a ‘museum of languages’.

Brahma Samaja, Arya Samaja.

Provision of water supplay and maintenance of minor Irrigation.

1. Market is a place where things are bought and sold. 

2. Market is not just a physical place, but a place where people (buyers and sellers) meet.

B.S.Guha has identified six major racial elements in the population of India: 

• Negrito 
• Proto-Australoid 
• Mongoloid 
• Mediterranean 
• Western Brachycephals and 
• Nordic

In the south, the Kadars, the Irulas, and the Paniyans, and in the Andaman Islands the Onges, Jarwas and the great Andamanese have definite Negrito characteristics. Some traits of this group are found among the Angami Nagas and the Bagadis of the Rajmahal hills. On the western coast there are some groups with pronounced Negrito traits, but they perhaps represent later arrivals, who came to India with the Arab traders.

The Proto-Australoid group is numerically more significant; most of the tribes of middle India belong to it. These were the people described by the Indo-Aryans as Anas, Dasa, Dasyu, and Nishad – all derogatory terms. The Mongoloid group is sub-divided into two branches – Paleo-Mongoloid and Tibeto-Mongoloid.

Tribal groups in the Himalayan region and those in the north-east are of Mongoloid stock. Some Mongoloid features are seen in the non-tribal population of the eastern States – Assam, West Bengal, Manipur, and Tripura.

The Western Brachycephals (sub-divided into the Alpinoid, Dinaric, and Armenoid groups), Alpinoid and Dinaric characteristics are seen in some groups of northern and western India; the Parsis belong to the Armenoid section. The Mediterraneans are associated with Dravidian languages and cultures.

The Nordics were the last major ethnic element to arrive in India and make a profound impact on its culture and society. But before they came a unique civilization had slowly developed in India. It is known as the Indus Valiev Civilization.